Paradigma Sosial 2020

PARADIGMA SOSIAL 2020 | 51

Sumber: Contoh Perlindungan COVID-19 oleh AIA PUBLIC Takaful Bhd.

Bertakaful mengikut keperluan dan mendapat gaji pertama dan mengkaji terlebih
kemampuan semasa dahulu produk takaful yang ditawarkan dalam
Bertakaful mestilah mengikut keperluan dan pasaran industri sebelum membuat keputusan
kemampuan semasa, tidak perlu berlebihan untuk melanggan.
mengambil jumlah perlindungan maksimum
sehingga tidak mempunyai wang untuk Individu disarankan untuk mengambil pelan
memenuhi keperluan lain. Perlindungan perlindungan lebih awal untuk mengelakkan
pendapatan dan wang simpanan peribadi daripada pembayaran sumbangan/premium
mempunyai tahap kepentingan yang sama. yang tinggi yang mana ia dipengaruhi oleh
Simpanan wang kecemasan sangat penting beberapa faktor seperti umur, jantina, status
jika perlu digunakan secepat mungkin untuk merokok, tempoh manfaat dan manfaat
perkara yang lain. Setiap individu perlu bijak perlindungan yang dipohon seperti contoh yang
mengatur kedudukan kewangan selepas berikut;

Contoh Amaun Kadar Tahunan Sumbangan Takaful

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Kesimpulannya, setiap individu yang
berkemampuan mestilah bertakaful untuk
kehidupan yang lebih sejahtera dengan
melindungi diri daripada risiko yang bakal
dihadapi pada bila-bila masa sahaja. Semoga
coretan ini memberi manfaat kepada mereka
yang telah bertakaful mahupun yang belum
bertakaful. Kepada yang masih mencari
jawapan berkenaan takaful, bersiap siagalah
dengan ilmu sebelum bertakaful.

Rujukan
Aziz, S., Md Husin, M., Hussin, N., & Afaq, Z. (2019). Factors that influence individuals’ intentions to purchase family takaful

mediating role of perceived trust. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 31(1), 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/
APJML-12-2017-0311
Department of Statistics. (2019). Department of Statistics Malaysia Press Release: Statistics on Causes of Death, Malaysia,
2019. Department of Statistics Malaysia, (October).
Hassan, R., Salman, S. A., Kassim, S., & Majdi, H. (2018). Awareness and Knowledge of Takaful in Malaysia: A Survey
of Malaysian Consumers. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.30845/ijbss.
v9n11p6
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2018). Siaran Akhbar 2016. (July), 7–10. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.
my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=164&bul_id=ZzNBdUlWT2l4NE4xNCt6U2VNc1Q2QT09&menu_
id=Z0VTZGU1UHBUT1VJMFlpaXRRR0xpdz09
Mohamed, O. E. B., & Alhabshi, S. O. (2016). Factors Influencing the Penetration Rate of Malaysian Takāful Industry from
Takāful Managers’ Perspective. The International Journal of Excellence in Islamic Banking and Finance, 5(1), 1–13. https://
doi.org/10.12816/0024362
myMetro. (2020). 85 peratus tiada perlindungan takaful. MyMetro. Retrieved from https://www.hmetro.com.my/
bisnes/2019/07/481118/85-peratus-tiada-perlindungan-takaful
Sinar Harian. (2020). Lelaki pendek umur? Kumpulan Karangkraf. Retrieved from https://www.sinarharian.com.my/
article/22903/LIFESTYLE/Oh!-Lelaki/Lelaki-pendek-umur

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BUILDING AN
INCLUSIVITY
AND EQUALITY

MALAYSIA

Dana Zulkiflee
Institut Sosial Malaysia

Article 8(1) of our the capabilities, opportunities, One of the strategic thrusts
Federal Constitution responsibilities and resources in Malaysia 11th Plan is to
states that all to learn, work, engage and empower inclusivity towards
Malaysians are have a say (ASI Board, 2012). a more equality society. It has
equal under the law and enjoy Inclusion is a basis for forming been a very important socio-
national identity, fostering economydevelopmentagenda
the equal protection of the diversity and building in Malaysia and the main goal
solidarity (Lee, 2019). It is of New Economic Model. The
law, and the rest of the article hard to make an environment effort enables developments
inclusive that is to create result to be shared among
prohibits discrimination. an atmosphere in which people regardless gender,
all people feel valued and ethnic, socio-economic level
Malaysia is being looked up respected and have access to and location. Inclusivity
the same opportunities. One development is not only
by other countries where of the reasons that inclusion to increase prosperity of
has been difficult to achieve individual and society,
Malaysian live in harmony for communities are they but also to maintain the
tend to be distracted by the economic growth in the
and peacefully despite social norms and the difficulty long-term. The Government
to gain support among the has been implementing
having a multi-racial and dominants. While equality a balanced development
is the state of being equal, approach by emphasizing
divided society. To be able especially in status, rights, economic growth and
or opportunities. Equality people’s prosperity. Prosperity
to be an inclusivity and enables us to create a fairer refers to living standards and
society where everyone quality of life that fulfil the
equality nation, we need to can participate and has the socio-economy, physical and
opportunity to fulfil their psychology individual needs.
consolidate pluralist national potential. Equality is defined It is important as it increases
as foundation for upholding productivity and social
identity, foster interaction basic rights, providing basic mobility, strengthening social
needs and securing common integrity and national unity.
and understanding across ground (Lee, 2019).

ethnicity, culture and religion.

On top of that, we need to

establish a rights-based

system for safeguarding

equality and dignity (Lee,

2019). According to English

Oxford Living Dictionaries,

inclusivity is an intention or

policy of including people who

might otherwise be excluded

or marginalized, such as those

who are handicapped or living

disabled or racial and sexual

minorities. An inclusive nation

is where all the citizens have

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This can be done by reinforcing the community youth entrepreneurship program for building
to develop a productive and prosperous society. their potential, women’s involvement in labor
Through Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 (SPV with flexible arrangement, improvising children
2030) that was launched in early October 2019, care and protection, supporting active aging
Malaysia would be able to achieve sustainable environment for senior citizens, and increase
growth along with fair and equitable distribution, employment and training for empowerment of
across income groups, ethnicities, regions disabled people.
and supply chains. The objective of SVC 2030
is to provide a decent standard of living to all The 11th Malaysia Plan is parallel to Sustainable
Malaysians by 2030. It focuses on transforming Development Goals (SDGs) by United Nation
the Malaysian economy from a low-skilled, (UN). Goal number 10 is to reduce inequality
labor intensive economy to a knowledge-based within and among countries. One of the targets
economy as well as strengthening governance in this goal is to empower and promote the
and integrity to mitigate corrupt practices and social, economic and political inclusion of all,
abuse of power. The vision’s initiatives protect irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity,
those that are economically vulnerable, such as origin, religion or economic or other status. This
those categorized under the B40 income bracket goal also targets to ensure equal opportunity
(UKEC, 2020). The Government is committed and reduce inequalities of outcome, including
to ensure fair opportunity given to all segment by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and
of society especially the vulnerable groups by practices and promoting appropriate legislation,
providing better access to quality educations policies and action in this regard. It seeks to
and trainings, smart infrastructures and basic ensure that income growth among the poorest
facilities, better jobs and entrepreneurship 40 percent of the population in every country is
opportunities as well as wealth ownership. more rapid than its national average. To achieve
Transformation in rural areas will take place greater equality, this goal sets to adopt policies,
through upgrading accessibility and mobility, especially fiscal, wage and social protection
and creating a conducive business environment policies through labor share of GDP, comprising
by creating job and business opportunities. On wages and social protection transfers.
top of that is to improve relationship between
rural areas and cities, to upgrade accessibility Goal number 5 of SDGs is to achieve gender
to the Government basic service and to widen equality and empower all women and girls.
financial services. Households are to enjoy Gender inequality persists worldwide, depriving
the increment of income and wealth by these women and girls of their basic rights and
initiatives such as strengthening the vulnerable opportunities. Among the targets is to end all
households, tackling the increase in cost of living, forms of discrimination against all women
empowering delivery system of households’ and girls everywhere by setting frameworks
program and balanced regional growth of to promote, enforce and monitor equality and
targeted groups. Investment stagnation in five non-discrimination based on sex. It is to ensure
region economic corridors will ensure a better women’s full and effective participation and
income to the locals. Masterplan of region equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of
development strategic plan review and speed decision-making in political, economic and public
up the investment in region corridor economy life where it can be measured by the proportion of
will expedite region growth towards a better women in managerial positions and parliament
geography impartiality. The implementation of seats. Women throughout the world are still
Corridors Economic Transformation Program underrepresented in managerial positions and
is to bring development in border areas. This political commitment. Besides that, it is to
initiative includes entrepreneurship programs, recognize and value unpaid care and domestic
skills training, technology adoption, asset work through the provision of public services,
ownership, and investment in accessibility and infrastructure and social protection policies and
basic needs. The Government will strengthen the promotion of shared responsibility within
family institution with integrated support the household and the family as nationally
system, implementation of leadership and appropriate. Legal frameworks and forceful

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PARADIGMA SOSIAL 2020 | 55

efforts are required to counter deeply rooted services, primary health care and local facilities
gender-based discrimination that often results such as libraries, community centers, corner
from male-controlled attitude and related social shops and public transport need to consider
norms. accessibility for all kind people (Carnaby, 2016).
An included life of someone means a person
What makes people like and identify each other who is valued, respected, and able to access
is similarity. In a community, people tend to gang everything accessed by others. Communities
up with those who have the same view, opinion, that are oriented towards adaptation and bring
and attitude as them. Some tend to show their out radical innovation. Implications for policy
ability to gain attention by the community. These and practice include a thorough understanding
people will be the chosen ones and somehow of the inclusive learning community, the various
sets up a prototype of characters that limits the benefits, tensions and concerns that networks
group of potential candidates for placements. and networking bring with them. Networks
An environment is influenced by the aura of mean a culture of dialogue, common rules
its surrounding. When a community is led and common purposes. Networking means
by a person a group of people with a strong cooperation and solidarity. (Bezzina, 2006).
vision, a strong character and a will to succeed,
improvements within a short span of time, do A community may consist of diverse culture
take place. We need a professional re-orientation with different characteristics including gender,
towards inter-professional collaboration and culture, ethnicity, religion, experience, skills and
community-based change. A healthy, inclusive language. Managing diversity is about making
community does not just happen. It requires sure people are culturally competent so they are
hard work and ongoing commitment to resolve not led to believe a lie or stereotypical statement
tensions. The recurring tensions found in a (Mutjaba, 2013). One may not treat some people
community are a dependency culture, isolated very well because of societal conditioning and
practices, an insular mentality, a focus on autobiographical responses based on their own
administrivia, weak internal capacity and weak socialization and biases. These unpleasant and
governance structure (Bezzina, 2006). biased memories must be dissolved by focusing
personal, religious and professional obligations
Appreciating the importance of understanding to the community and achievement of synergy.
individual needs and developing a skilled
workforce, recognizing the contributions, skills Inclusivity requires maintaining a co-operative
and role of the public in achieving community approach that will assist the implementation
integration (Carnaby, 2016). Communities are of continuing developments and overcome a
largely defined by place and social behavior. culture of isolation and dependency (Bezzina,
The two elements that are central to a definition 2005). Studies find that the minorities often
of community in the context of social care are felt excluded and not entitled to do the same
the focus upon local social relations within a things as the other people they lived amongst.
geographical area and the sense of belonging They need supportive one-to-one relationships
(Bulmer, 1987). The sense of belonging can be such as with community agencies or families.
achieved through the degree of interaction people Once engaged, they will fill qualitatively different
have with each other, couple with the idea that engagement with health services. Wide societal
they are able to enjoy a shared set of values and acceptance of the principle of inclusive design of
interest (Wilmott, 1984). Greater effort needed to buildings and services for people with physical
maximize the potential of minority to celebrate disabilities is just not enough. The community
achievements and progress, and maintain the are less aware of the need to address a disabling
development that has been made. To be part of psychosocial environment, and to uphold similar
the community is a right not a privilege, so social access rights for people with mental health
inclusion for the minorities will be successful with problems (Fieldhouse and Donskoy, 2013).
planning, commitment, courage and the belief
that they have the right to part of the community. Inclusiveness element that is close to rights and
Local leisure facilities, education, emergency equality is an aspect that need to be emphasized

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and translated through the concept of social enabling that society to function effectively.
responsibility to be carried out by all towards Engagement in mainstream community-based
achieving a developed country. Necessary activities somehow re-connects the minorities
support towards disadvantaged people reduce with cherished life roles and developed feelings
exclusions through increased participation, of self-efficacy, belonging, and wellbeing. Social
allow them to achieve the best of their abilities. inclusion is the responsibility of the community
To keep up the momentum of Malaysia 11th as a whole. A wider and specific intervention
Plan, the Department of Welfare (JKM) aimed to need to be in place with the expansion of social
achieve five goals. The first one was to identify media that is playing a role at a national level
potential products made by the disabled to be (Carnaby, 2016). Faith comes from commitment
marketed and assessed through the strategic to a cause and belief in a set of values. The
cooperation of Malaysia Marketing Council. aim is to cultivate inclusivity in communities to
The disabled and women group have been promote equality. If these minorities had more
strengthened through productive welfare, social support, perhaps they would not be quite so
entrepreneur, social innovation approach and so vulnerable, and they may then be able to deal
on. This approach helps to promote their living with most of their fears and truly become socially
standards. In line with the implementation of integrated. Those living in institutions seems to
deinstitutionalization (DI), JKM has identified 450 be more obstructed by institutional control than
children in institution to undergo replacement those living alone. Despite difficulties, distress,
family-based care program. On top of that, loneliness, insecurity, fear and fragility, there are
250 children in institution sent for training for opportunities to construct a sense of identity
technical capabilities and skills to obtain in the social and spatial context (Baltazar et.al,
Malaysia Skill Certificate. The fourth one was to 2013). The community plays a big role to enable
assist people with disabilities (PWDs) to secure citizens from all backgrounds to develop and
jobs and ensure their involvement in the industry excel in their lives. This includes developing their
though Job Coach program. While for active, in potential and to promote confidence at every
good health and productive senior citizens will level. Equality of opportunity will only exist when
be selected to be senior citizens’ health and care we recognize and value difference and work
coach. There will be about 30,000 senior citizens together for inclusion. The community to need
expected to benefit from this program. ensure these minorities are not marginalized, or
labelled by their support needs, except where is
The community’s greatest resource is its social needed to access specialist services, and be able
capital, the networks of relationships among to live in safety in the community of their choice
people who live and work in a particular society, and at the same time fell valued and included.

References
ASI Board (2012). Social Inclusion in Australia. How Australia is faring 2nd Edition. Retrieved from https://melbourneinstitute.

unimelb.edu.au/
Baltazar, A.P., Kapp, S., Tugny, A., Furtado,J.P. (2013). Spaces for differences: dwelling after deinstitutionalization. Facilities.

Vol. 31 Issue: 9/10, pp.407-417. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771311324963
Bezzina, C. (2006). Inclusive learning communities: the real challenges facing reform in Malta. International Journal of

Educational Management. Vol.20 Issue: 6, pp.453-465. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540610683702
Carnaby, S. (2016). Commentary: enhancing community inclusion for people with complex needs through partnership

working. Tizard Learning Disability Review. Vol.21 Issue: 3, pp.140-143. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-
04-2016-0011
Fieldhouse, J., Donskoy, A.L. (2013). Community participation and social inclusion in Bristol. Mental Health and Social
Inclusion. Vol. 17 Issue: 3, pp.156-164. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-05-2013-0014
Lee, H. (2019). Sociah Cohesion And National Unity: Equality, Fairness and Inclusion. Yusof Ishak Institute. MEA 12MP Kick-
Off Conference. Retrieved from http://rmke12.epu.gov.my/ciopapers
Mujtaba, B.G. (2013). Ethnic diversity, distrust and corruption in Afghanistan: Reflections on the creation of an inclusive
culture. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal. Vol. 32 Issue: 3,pp. 245-261. Retrieved from https://doi.
org/10.1108/EDI-12-2012-0113
UKEC (2020). Goodbye Wawasan 2020. Hello Wawasan 2030?. CEKU News That Matter. Retrieved from ukeconline.com/
wawasan-2020

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Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz @Dorashid PENYESUAIAN KENDIRI
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia DAN STRATEGI DAYA

TINDAK PELAJAR DALAM
MENEMPUH NORMA

BAHARU PENGAJARAN
DAN PEMBELAJARAN

Pandemik COVID-19 Ekoran dari wabak yang atas talian.
yang melanda
Malaysia berlaku ini, kerajaan Malaysia
dan
telah mengumumkan Walau bagaimanapun, institusi

seluruh dunia telah pelaksanaan Perintah Kawalan pendidikan di peringkat rendah

mencetuskan kebimbangan Pergerakan (PKP) bermula dan menengah mampu

kepada semua serta 18 Mac 2020 bertujuan untuk menarik nafas lega apabila

menjejaskan pelbagai aspek memutuskan rantaian wabak kerajaan telah membenarkan

dalam kehidupan manusia. dengan mengawal penularan pembukaan institusi tersebut

Berpandukan statistik terkini virus. Antara pelaksanaannya secara berperingkat dengan

Pertubuhan Kesihatan ialah penutupan semua mengamalkan Prosedur

Sedunia (WHO), wabak taska, sekolah kerajaan dan Operasi Standard (Standard

COVID-19 telah mencatatkan swasta termasuk sekolah Operating Procedure) atau SOP

sebanyak 33 juta kes dengan harian, berasrama penuh, yang telah dikuatkuasakan.

angka kematian mencecah antarabangsa dan pusat Taman asuhan kanak-kanak

1 juta orang dan melibatkan tahfiz. Turut ditutup ialah (TASKA) telah mula beroperasi

235 buah negara yang terjejas institusi pendidikan tinggi sejak 3 Jun lalu dan taman

dijangkitinya (Data WHO yang melibatkan universiti didikan kanak-kanak (TADIKA)

sehingga 1 Oktober 2020). awam dan swasta serta pula telah mendapat kelulusan

Di Malaysia wabak COVID-19 institut latihan kemahiran di untuk beroperasi sejak 1 Julai

telah memberi dampak yang seluruh negara. Krisis global 2020. Manakala, sekolah

sangat besar kepada pelbagai akibat penularan wabak menengah juga sudah dibuka

sektor termasuklah politik, COVID-19 ini bukan sahaja secara berperingkat mulai 24

ekonomi, sosial dan kesihatan. menyebabkan pembelajaran Jun 2020 sehingga 15 Julai

Malah, sektor pendidikan dan pengajaran secara 2020, termasuklah sekolah

negara turut tidak terlepas konvensional tertangguh, rendah. Situasi yang berbeza

dari impak COVID-19 ini, sama bahkan menjadikan tugasan berlaku di institusi pendidikan

ada pendidikan di peringkat para pengajar dan pelajar tinggi di mana pihak

rendah, menengah mahupun semakin mencabar apabila Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi

pengajian tinggi sekaligus mereka perlu menyesuaikan (KPT) telah mengumumkan

ianya telah mengubah cara diri dengan norma kehidupan bahawa pengajian di universiti

serta sistem pengajaran dan dan kebiasaan baharu awam akan diadakan

pembelajaran konvensional yang memerlukan proses melalui atas talian sehingga

yang sedia ada. Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran 31 Disember 2020. Hal ini

(PdP) dilaksanakan secara terkecuali bagi pelajar yang

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58 | PARADIGMA SOSIAL 2020

berkeperluan untuk hadir drastik tersebut. Lantaran itu, persekitaran. Sejak lahir
secara fizikal ke makmal, apakah penyesuaian kendiri
bengkel, studio reka bentuk yang perlu dilakukan dalam hingga melangkah ke alam
atau memerlukan peralatan kemelut yang sedang melanda
khusus bagi menjalankan kini? kanak-kanak, remaja, transisi
penyelidikan.
ke zaman sekolah sehinggalah

ke universiti, memerlukan

pelajar membuat penyesuaian

Secara umumnya, setiap kendiri. Penyesuaian juga

Melalui Pelan Pembangunan benda hidup di muka diperlukan apabila individu

Pendidikan Malaysia 2015- bumi melalui proses berhadapan dengan peristiwa,

2025 (Pendidikan Tinggi) atau penyesuaian dan adaptasi impak atau perubahan yang

PPPM (PT), kerajaan telah untuk memenuhi keperluan, besar dalam hidup seperti

menggariskan fokus, strategi mencapai kesejahteraan kehilangan dan kematian orang

utama dan pelan pelaksanaan diri dan keamanan sejagat. tersayang serta berhadapan

bagi menjadikan pendidikan Walaupun istilah penyesuaian penyakit kronik atau wabak

negara relevan mengikut dan adaptasi ini mempunyai sepertimana COVID-19.

keperluan semasa dan masa perbezaan, namun sering Natijahnya, penyesuaian boleh

hadapan dan dalam masa yang kali digunakan dalam membawa kepada kesan buruk

sama memastikan sistem menggambarkan keadaan psikologi seperti tekanan,

pendidikan tinggi di Malaysia yang sama disebabkan wujud kebimbangan, murung, cemas,

adalah merupakan antara pertindihan dalam kedua gagal mengawal kemarahan,

yang terkemuka di dunia bagi takrif tersebut. Penyesuaian kecelaruan minda dan masalah

membolehkan Malaysia terus juga membantu makhluk tingkahlaku sekiranya tidak

bersaing di peringkat global. untuk mencapai keperluan diurus dengan baik.

Terdapat sepuluh lonjakan diri dan persekitaran untuk

yang membentuk asas bagi kelangsungan hidup (survival). Tuntasnya, impak penyesuaian

Pelan Pembangunan ini. Oleh itu, dapat difahami kendiri yang baik terhasil

Antaranya termasuklah bahawa penyesuaian kendiri berdasarkan beberapa

pembelajaran sepanjang hayat merujuk kepada proses indikator seperti keupayaan,

dan pembelajaran atas talian seseorang beradaptasi dengan sikap, dorongan, keinginan,

yang sangat releven dalam diri serta persekitaran dalam matlamat, tabiat dan

situasi hari ini. Menginjak kehidupan bagi mencapai kefahaman individu. Dalam

era Revolusi Industri 4.0 keperluan dan matlamat yang konteks norma baharu

dan Internet Pelbagai Benda diharapkan (Pragholapati, dalam PdP setelah COVID-19,

(Internet of Things) atau IoT di 2020; Kazlauskas & Quero, penyesuaian kendiri tetap

mana setiap maklumat berada 2020). berlaku sekiranya seseorang

dihujung jari, para pelajar dan pelajar menerima mahupun

tenaga pengajar seharusnya Namun demikian, penyesuaian menolak norma baharu.

cakna terhadap fenomena juga boleh membawa kepada Secara ringkasnya, setiap

baru dalam memanfaatkan gangguan psikologi dan pelajar melalui penyesuaian

teknologi untuk platform bagaimanakah untuk kita kendiri dalam dua fasa.

pendidikan atas talian. menguruskan penyesuaian Pertama adalah penyesuaian

Justeru, konteks pendidikan dengan baik agar beroleh kendiri dalaman (internal)

masa kini memerlukan pelajar manfaat dan bukannya iaitu pelajar membuat

menguasai dan mempunyai mudarat. Hal ini kerana, penyesuaian pada dirinya

literasi teknologi komunikasi penyesuaian bukanlah untuk memenuhi kehendak

dan maklumat (ICT). Ironinya, mekanisme baru terhadap dan perubahan luaran bagi

kewujudan norma baharu sesuatu perubahan, malah mencapai kesejahteraan diri.

ini juga memberi impak individu seringkali dituntut Ia melibatkan komponen

yang buruk terhadap aspek untuk bersifat dinamik bagi sikap yang meliputi elemen

psikologikal sekiranya individu setiap fasa kehidupan yang tingkahlaku diri, kognitif dan

gagal membuat penyesuaian dilalui berhubungkait dengan emosi (Racheli & Haya, 2005;

kendiri terhadap perubahan penyesuaian kendiri dan Du & King, 2012). Kognitif

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PARADIGMA SOSIAL 2020 | 59

merujuk kepada minda masalah atau tekanan semasa pelajar menetapkan matlamat
diri dalam pembelajaran
positif iaitu meletakkan aktiviti PdP melalui komunikasi mereka. Ibu bapa yang menjadi
sumber inspirasi dalam
persepsi dan pemikiran yang bersama ibu bapa ataupun mencapai kejayaan sentiasa
berada hampir dengan mereka
baik dan positif atas setiap kaunselor. Tambahan pula, semasa sesi pembelajaran.

dasar, perintah dan polisi pelajar boleh melakukan aktiviti

yang ditetapkan oleh pihak riadah untuk mengurangkan

kerajaan berhubung wabak tekanan yang dialami. Regulasi

COVID-19 yang beraspirasikan dan pengurusan emosi yang

kesejahteraan sejagat. baik adalah dipengaruhi oleh Dalam membincangkan isu

Sekiranya minda subur dengan elemen kognitif dan tingkah penyesuaian kendiri, ianya

elemen positif terhadap norma laku diri bagi menzahirkan amat berkait rapat dengan

baharu sepanjang tempoh emosi positif seperti gembira, strategi daya tindak yang

PKP ini, maka pelajar dapat ceria, tenang dan seronok. diambil oleh individu dalam

melihat dan menetapkan Penyesuaian kendiri luaran menempuhi sesuatu situasi

sesuatu matlamat dengan (external) pula berhubung kait yang tertekan. Strategi

jelas seterusnya melalui dengan faktor persekitaran daya tindak melalui aspek

penyesuaian kendiri dengan yang berubah, sehubungan psikospiritual atau kerohanian

baik waima halangan serta itu menuntut seseorang (berlandaskan perspektif

ujian mendatang. Misalnya untuk menyesuaikan diri agama) adalah antara strategi

dengan memahami konsep dengan perubahan tersebut yang boleh diamalkan oleh para

perubahan itu adalah lumrah (Racheli & Haya, 2005; Du & pelajar. Strategi daya tindak

kehidupan atau istilah ‘change King, 2012). Misalnya dalam melalui aspek psikospiritual

is constant’ menjadikan pelajar sektor pendidikan menuntut ini termasuklah menggunakan

menerima perubahan dengan proses penyesuaian aspek ayat al-Quran, menunaikan

berlapang dada. persekitaran menerusi solat, zikir, doa, munajat

pembelajaran secara atas dan melakukan amal ibadat

Selain itu, penyesuaian melalui talian (online platform). lain dengan prinsip-prinsip
kawalan terhadap tingkah laku
diri dan emosi memainkan Peruntukan masa yang lebih yang telah digariskan oleh
peranan penting menerusi
strategi daya tindak yang betul. panjang di rumah bagi sesi Syariah. Dari sudut pandang
Misalnya apabila aktiviti PdP
dijalankan secara atas talian, pembelajaran antara perkara Islam, pendekatan spiritual
pelajar haruslah berfikiran
terbuka. Mereka perlu melihat yang menjadi norma baharu. berasaskan psikologi Islam
situasi ini dari sudut pandang
yang positif di mana mereka Olehitu,individuakanmengolah ini juga adalah satu aspek
boleh mendengar dan
menelaah video pembelajaran dan membuat penyesuaian pengubahsuaian perlakuan
(kuliah) yang diberikan oleh
pensyarah secara berulang dengan sumber yang mereka berdasarkan hubungan antara
kali jika dibandingkan dengan
sesi kuliah yang hanya ada untuk memenuhi manusia dan Allah SWT yang
berjalan sekali sahaja bagi
sesuatu topik pembelajaran. tuntutan persekitaran. menunjukkan sisi paradigma
Masa pembelajaran mereka
juga adalah lebih fleksibel dan Menariknya, rumah bukan moral Islam.
mereka boleh menjalani sesi
pembelajaran dengan lebih lagi menjadi tempat untuk
selesa di rumah. Manakala
dari aspek tingkah laku, pelajar pelajar beristirehat, tetapi Islam telah menggariskan
boleh menyalurkan apa jua umatnya dengan pelbagai cara
segala aktiviti pembelajaran dan usaha dalam mendepani
setiap ujian dari Allah SWT.
turut dilakukan di rumah. Sesungguhnya, Allah SWT
telah melengkapkan manusia
Penyesuaian dengan dengan satu instrumen
canggih iaitu akal fikiran
persekitaran rumah sebagai yang dapat membantu
manusia mengatasi pelbagai
ruang belajar, aktiviti riadah masalah yang dihadapi dalam
kehidupan. Sebagai seorang
keluarga dan beristirehat Muslim, terdapat banyak
amalan yang boleh diamalkan
hendaklah dilakukan mengikut

peranan dan fungsinya

dalam mencapai keperluan

individu atau secara bersama.

Implikasinya, proses ini

boleh menjadi sesuatu yang

menggembirakan sekiranya

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60 | PARADIGMA SOSIAL 2020

oleh setiap pelajar dalam ini amatlah penting dalam efisien dalam melaksanakan
mendepani norma baharu memastikan pelajar dapat setiap tugasan dan kelas yang
PdP. Misalnya, amalan seperti memahami apa yang dipelajari dilaksanakan sewaktu aktiviti
bertadabbur al-Quran, bersolat, dan memenuhi setiap PdP.
berzikir dan berdoa jika keperluan yang diperlukan oleh
diamalkan dapat memberikan tenaga pengajar. Dalam masa Sesungguhnya norma baharu
kekuatan dan kesabaran yang sama, pelajar haruslah ini dapat dijalani dengan tenang
dalam menempuh setiap ujian menetapkan matlamat mereka dan memberi impak positif
dan juga mengajar kita untuk dalam pembelajaran. Matlamat kepada setiap pelajar sekiranya
sentiasa redha dengan setiap ini boleh dibahagikan kepada penyesuaian kendiri dan
ketentuan Alah SWT. Bak kata matlamat jangka pendek strategi daya tindak dilakukan
peribahasa Melayu, ‘laut mana seperti menguruskan jadual serta diurus dengan baik. Hal
tidak bergelora, bumi mana tidak belajar yang sistematik serta ini seterusnya menjamin fasa
ditimpa hujan’. matlamat jangka panjang pembelajaran secara atas
mereka seperti mendapat gred talian berjalan lancar, sesuai
Di samping itu juga, para yang baik. Di antara elemen dalam memaknai ungkapan
lain yang perlu dipupuk dalam ‘A blessing in disguise’ iaitu
pelajar haruslah fokus dalam diri pelajar ialah berdisiplin. sesuatu yang tampak buruk
Pelajar haruslah pandai namun memberikan hikmah
menjalani pembelajaran membahagikan masa dengan tersembunyi di sebaliknya.
baik, dedikasi dan sentiasa
secara atas talian ini. Tumpuan

dan perhatian mereka terhadap

pembelajaran medium baru

Rujukan

Du, H., & King, R. B. (2012). Placing hope in self and others: Exploring the relationships among self-construals, locus of
hope, and adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences. 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.015

Kazlauskas, E., & Quero, S. (2020). Adjustment and coronavirus: How to prepare for COVID-19 pandemic-related
adjustment disorder worldwide?. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), 22-24. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000706

Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2015-2025 (Pendidikan Tinggi). (2015). Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.

Pragholapati, A. (2020, May 25). New Normal “Indonesia” After COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7snqb

Racheli, L., Haya, I. (2005). Social Support, Mastery, Self-Esteem and Individual Adjustment Among At-Risk Youth. Child &
Youth Care Forum, 34(5), 329-346.

World Health Organization (WHO) Official Update, dicapai pada 11/7/2020 menerusi https://www.who.int/emergencies/
diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019

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PARADIGMA SOSIAL 2020 | 61

PERSONS WITH
DISABILITIES AND
PANDEMIC COVID-19

Hamidah Hassan
Institut Sosial Malaysia

Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 with 115 deaths. pandemic affecting many
(COVID-19) (WHO, 2020) countries globally.
While in 24th of March 2020, as
Malaysia was ranked among According to the World the spread of the coronavirus
the best countries in the world accelerates, “the United
in managing the pandemic Health Organisation, Novel Nations is working to ensure
professionally. Looking back that the needs of the most
at the history of the evolving Coronavirus define as a large vulnerable are reflected in its
pandemic. It started at Wuhan response to the emergency.
China on December 2019, family of viruses which may Women, children, people with
brought into notice of the disabilities, the marginalized
authorities in late December. cause illness in animals or and the displaced, all pay
Only on early January and the highest price in conflicts
after its investigation It was humans. In humans, several and are also most at risk
declared as an emergency of suffering devastating
in the third week of January coronaviruses are known to losses from COVID-19,” (UN
2020. While WHO declared Secretary-General António
this as the Public Health cause respiratory infections Guterres, 2020).
Emergency of International
Concern (PHEIC) on 31st of ranging from the common cold COVID-19 is a common
January 2020 and finally a enemy that does not care
pandemic on 11th of March to more severe diseases such about ethnicity or nationality,
2020. Globally, as of 26 of faction or faith. It attacks
May 2020, there have been as Middle East Respiratory all, relentlessly. Persons
5,406,282 confirmed cases of with disabilities (PWD’s)
COVID-19, including 343,562 Syndrome (MERS) and Severe community are non-exception.
deaths, reported to WHO. Out
of that Malaysia reported Acute Respiratory Syndrome In this article the writer
7,417 confirmed cases of will focus only on persons
(SARS). The most recently

discovered coronavirus

causes coronavirus disease

COVID-19. (WHO, 2020)

COVID-19 is the infectious
disease caused by the
most recently discovered
coronavirus. This new virus
and disease were unknown
before the outbreak began in
Wuhan, China, in December
2019. COVID-19 is now a

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with disabilities group by highlighting their 400,000 are registered as persons with
challenges not only due to their limitation disabilities in Malaysia. However, according
or condition as a disable but also how they to WHO it is estimated that 15% of the world
dealt with the situation during pandemic with population has some types of disabilities.
movement control order. Highlights are on their Person with disabilities are encouraged to
emotional, economic, communication and register under the Department of Social Welfare
social challenges. A study on 125 respondents on voluntary basis to respect human rights
from various category of disabilities including and dignity. The highest number of statistics
their carer done during this period from range are the learning disability followed by physical
age of 18 to 60 years and above are done. disability.
Out of 125 respondents 43.2% are physically
disabled, 22.4 % are deaf, 20 % are blind while Ministry of Health provide updated statistics
the rest are carers and other types of disability every day on their websites, the highest states
(mental and learning disability). with coronavirus cases as per 15 March 2020
is Selangor with 92 cases followed by Kuala
Persons with Disabilities (PWD’s) Lumpur 43 cases, Sabah 26 cases, Johor 22
In Malaysia PWD’s is define as those who cases, Negeri Sembilan 19 cases, Penang 7
have long term physical, mental, intellectual cases and as illustrated in the graph below.
or sensory impairments which in interaction
with various barriers may hinder their full and
effective participation in society (PWD’s Act,
2008).

There are seven main categories that is Chart 1: Number of COVID-19 Cases in Malaysia
considered as PWD’s under the Department
of Social Welfare Malaysia. There are hearing
Impairment, visual Impairment, speech,
physical disability, learning disability, mental
and multiple disability. According to the
Department of social Welfare there are about

Issues during pandemic COVID-19 among A study conducted during MCO among
persons with disabilities: PWD’s involving few categories via physically
i) Emotional challenges disabled, deaf, blind and parents who have
Person with disabilities is already struggling children with disabilities distributed through
WhatsApp application group and social
with emotional challenges issue in their media to find out what are the challenges
everyday life despite of pandemic. Adapting faced by them during MCO. The results
with their disability condition, limitation of gathered from the emotional challenges part
movement, interaction, opportunities while of the questionnaire when they were asked,
their surrounding barriers via attitudes such Do you feel worried during this MCO? 80%
as statements, body language and negative respondents answered “yes” while only 20%
perception made them feel stressful and answered “no”. and when question asked “I
worthless. Furthermore, movement control have problem in sleeping?” 63% respondents
order during pandemic COVID-19 made an answered “yes” while 29.6% answered “no”,
additional total isolation to them. Whereby while the rest answered they have illness,
restricting every individual including PWD’s to depressed and overthinking that made them
go out from own home in order to control the worried resulted to having problem in sleeping
risks of COVID-19 pandemic from spreading (Hassan, 2020).
and being the vector.

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ii) Economic challenges medical supply or medical equipment Even
Persons with disabilities are already having if it is available to buy online, they would not
have the opportunity to choose and to make
difficulties in finding job not because they their best decision in buying. Furthermore, not
don’t have the qualifications, but it is more all PWD’s is affordable to have smartphone.
towardstheconditionthattheyareinwith their Living in a hardship condition in everyday
disabilities. It made the employer reluctant to lives deprived most PWD’s to own luxury
employ PWDs. In everyday life it is already in items even though it’s considered as a basic
the struggle condition. This worsens during need to most of Malaysian’s today.
MCO on Pandemic COVID-19. A study done During MCO social media like WhatsApp,
during MCO resulted in this showed that Facebook, telegram, WeChat were used by
most of PWD’s who is self- employed are PWD’s to communicate with each other as
affected, and they could not do their usual their main medium of communicator. These
business, especially in small entrepreneur medium is not only used to get updates info’s
business. They don’t have any back-up, nor but also to cry for help and from the study
do they have security support or insurance conducted out of 60% of respondents agrees,
that could backup their situation at this “yes”, they have problem in communication
moment. The Economic package has also and only 38.4% answered “no”. Some
affected them with not much of protection answered “other “and among short answers
only for those who are receiving salary lower given are they don’t know which medium to
than RM1200 per month which is eligible to use to ask for assistance this unable them
receive the Employment Encouragement to communicate when they have any issues
Allowances. This does not cover the total of or problem to ask for urgent needs (Hassan,
PWD’s population. 2020).
The Study found that out of 125 respondent
68.4 agreed that they are worried if MCO iv) Mobility challenges
are going to be continued they will lost their Mobility challenge are faced more by
income while 13.6 % are not worried (Hassan,
2020). physically disabled and the blind community.
As explained in the earlier part of this article
iii) Communication and Social Challenges physically disabled have limitation in moving
Apart from economic challenges, there are around when their wheelchair is exposed
to more risks during the pandemic. Most
communication challenge for the deaf to get wheelchair users and crutches are made
their needs they hardly could speak or write from metal, and this will increase more
or to sign to the staffs on duty to get what risks to them when they to go out and buy
they need especially at the petrol station their necessities including medication and
since physical distancing are practice and appointments. With restrictions for a helper
most non disable people do not have sign going to houses, PWD’s have mobility
language interpreter. challenges to get their needs.
For the blind community people are afraid to In the study conducted, a question was
give assistant due to avoid touching and body asked if the government should provide
contact whereas it is impossible for the blind transportation services for PWDs and send
people not to be hold in order to lead them the them their basic needs during the MCO out
way through with their direction. People are of 76.8% of the total respondents agrees and
afraid therefore it is a challenge for them to only 3.2% disagree (Hassan, 2020).
communicate and get their assistance during
pandemic COVID-19. Who affected most?
Physical disability with severe condition COVID-19 has affected everyone without
especially those who are bed ridden faced exception, regardless, the elderly and the persons
challenges in getting their assistance or helper with disabilities are the most vulnerable group
during MCO. As most individual are avoiding that can easily infected. During the pandemic
getting out from their house or visiting others. there are measures and precaution introduced
Physical disabled found it difficult to get

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64 | PARADIGMA SOSIAL 2020

in order to protect and avoid ourselves from MCO period. Understanding their challenges
getting infected. Social distancing, washing could make a better planning especially in
hands or sanitize, wearing face mask are developing risk management plan catering
common nowadays. This is the new norms that special group during disaster or pandemic as
we are required or forced to adapt immediately. such in the country. Special attention is important
However, by introducing all these nevertheless, to give as their needs requires a different
there are some circumstances that is quite approach from the abled-bodied community.
difficult to be applied or practice by persons with Their needs are also differed compared to the
disabilities. able community. The study conducted showed
limitation in getting data as every category of
For instance, the wheelchair user with severe disability have their own needs and requires an
injury that could not be independent. The individual measure by its own. Every category
tetraplegic group or even the paraplegic who has its limitation and advantages. It does not
requires helper. Or the visual impaired group reflect the whole challenges and situations. For
of community (totally blind) that requires a instances deaf does not have mobility issues
helper to guide them the way or to identify as worst as the physically disable because they
things (without touching it is impossible for still can move around however the deaf have
them to be know the unfamiliar place/ to get to more communication problem compared to
the stores) or the deaf community that needs physically disabled because they have limitation
something but public could not understand in communicating with others apart from using
their communication eventually they need to smartphones or sign language interpreter.
be close to other individual in order to convey Therefore, more study is suggested to be
their messages. It is hardly to avoid physical conducted to explore in this area of research by
distance. While in the other hand other individual the policymaker.
or the public are afraid to be closer due to the
pandemic situation. The deaf community used Study findings shows that the pandemic urges a
to write down or to type in their phone in order to specific kind of approach in handling each need
show the particular person or staffs what they by each level of disability or categories. Therefore,
need to convey their message. In contarary, the it is important to engage with this community in
general public are not aware of. considering the best approach not only to handle
their needs but at the same time to ensure policy
What can be done? makers cater their circumstances in the policy or
PWD’s are among the vulnerable group that have standard operating procedures especially during
high risks affected by COVID-19. Their challenges the pandemic. Most importantly this will surely
are arising and exists before pandemic begun. It transpire the spirit of not leaving their needs and
has been worsening more by the pandemic and rights behind!

References
Hassan, H., (2020). Tinjauan Cabaran-Cabaran Di Kalangan Orang Kurang Upaya Menghadapi Pandemik COVID-19

Dalam Tempoh Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP). ISM.
Majlis Keselamatan Negara, (18 Mac 2020). JP, Kenyataan Media
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-

detail/q-a-coronaviruses on 22 March 2020.
Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/un-working-ensure-vulnerable-groups-not-

left-behind-covid-19 on 22 March 2020.
Retreived from https://www.labmanager.com/lab-health-and-safety/covid-19-a-history-of-coronavirus-22021 on 6th May

2020.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen on 6th May

2020
Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/12/637885/oku-ada-potensi-dinamika-tersendiri 6

May 2020
Saebu, M., (2010). Physical Disablity and Physical Activity: A Review of The Literature on Correlates and Associations,

European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(2), 37-55.

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INSTITUT SOSIAL MALAYSIA



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