PETTY’S ISLAND – TIMELINE OF ITS HISTORY
This Timeline Summary of the History of Petty’s Island is divided into the following segments:
1. Native Americans, European, and Quaker Settlement (8000 BC – 1796 AD)
2. Slavery, Shipbuilding, and the Industrial Revolution (1759‐1910)
3. Petroleum and Port Operations (1910 ‐ 2000)
4. Competing Visions for the Island’s Future (2000 – 2012)
1. NATIVE AMERICAN, EUROPEAN, AND QUAKER SETTLEMENT
8000 BC
North American Indians live on and near the island.
1000 BC
The Lenape Indians settle in the Delaware Valley and call the island “Acquikanasara” (“the place where
the panther was bound.”)
1492
Columbus discovers the New World.
1600
About 20,000 Lenape live in Lenapehoking (Lenape Country) in the Delaware River Valley. They speak
Algonquin.
1609
August 28. Henry Hudson discovers the Delaware River and tries to navigate it sailing about nine miles
up until it became too shallow and full of shoals. He finds the outward current set with such force as to
assure him that he was as the mouth of a large and rapid river. He claims its valley for the Dutch East
India Company then withdraws to head north along the coast.
1610
Samuel Argall, an English ship’s captain employed by the Virginia Company of London, discovers a large
bay of water and names it Delaware Bay in honor of Virginia governor Sir Thomas West, Third Lord De La
Warr.
1620
Puritan Pilgrims sail for the New World and land at near present day Plymouth, Massachusetts.
1626
The Susquehannock, an Iroquoian people living adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries,
attack the Lenape from the west to get better access to the Dutch trade.
1634
The Susquehannock force the Lenape to retreat east across the Delaware River into New Jersey and
south into Delaware. The Susquehannock take full control of the fur trade with both the Dutch and the
newly arriving English traders.
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The Lenape population is cut in half due to smallpox and war. They must first receive permission from
the Susquehannock to sell land to the Swedes.
1631
Navigator David Pieterzoon de Vries, in the employ of the Dutch West India Company, is the first
European to land on the island.
1638
Peter Minuit, formerly the Dutch Director General of New Netherlands, brings the ships Fogel Grip and
Kalmar Nyckel into the Delaware and purchases land on all parts and places of the Delaware River up to
the Trenton falls from the Lenape on behalf of his new patrons, the Swedes.
1654
Peter Lindestrom, a young Swede, explores and maps the Delaware and adopts the island’s Indian name
"Aequikonaska," in his writings and on his map of “the Smenska Revier”( now Delaware River).
Lindestrom observes that “it is difficult to get to the land east of the island because the water between
the island and the east river shore is very shallow and “entirely covered with reeds.”
Lindestrom also mentions that the Delaware River shad is “a very fine flavored and excellent tasting
fish.”
1655
The Dutch take the region from Swedish control.
1661
A devastating outbreak of Smallpox hits the Susquehannock and spreads to the Lenape.
1664
Peter Larsson Cock receives patents on a 600 acre tract at Shackamaxon from the Dutch Governor
Alexander D’Hinoyossa. D’Hinoyossa maintains a residence on Matinicunk Island he calls “High” Island.
Insisting that John Cabot had been the first to discover North America for England, Charles II gives the
region between New England and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York.
The Duke of York orders a British fleet to sail into what is now the Port of New York and New Jersey and
to seize the colony from the Dutch. Nicholls gives the name “New Albania” to lands west of the Hudson
River.
The Duke sells all the land “adjacent to New England, and lying and being to the westward of Long
Island: Bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by the Hudson’s River, and hath upon the
west Delaware Bay or River, and to the northward as far as the northernmost branch of said Bay or River
of Delaware” to John Lord Berkley of Stratton and Sir George Carteret for the sum of ten shillings. The
indenture states that the tract of land is to be called Nova Caeserea or New Jersey.
1665
The English take control of the entire Delaware Valley, including all of New Amsterdam and New
Sweden.
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1674
March 18. John, Lord Berkley, sells West Jersey to London brewer and Quaker convert Edward Byllynge.
The indenture is made out to John Fenwick in trust for bankrupt Byllynge. The price is one thousand
pounds.
William Penn mediates a dispute between Byllynge and Fenwick and becomes a trustee for New Jersey.
Fenwick, his family, and other sail to New Jersey and found Salem.
1675
The Iroquois defeat the Susquehannock and take over control of the Lenape. The Susquehanna Valley
loses much of its population as Iroquois raiders have all but annihilated the natives.
1676
William Penn and other Quaker Trustees acquire proprietary rights in the province of West Jersey, divide
the land into “tenths” or equal parts, outline procedures for creating townships, divide farmland, and
appoint a board of land commissioners. They also obtain a guarantee of civil rights set forth in a
document called the Concession and Agreement. Penn writes “The Charter or Fundamental Laws of
West Jersey” that includes freedom of conscience and an assembly elected by the people.
1677
A migration of a thousand Quakers to the Delaware Valley begins due to persecution in England. French
Huguenots, escaping violent persecution in France accompany the Quakers. Many settle at Chygoes
Island, now Burlington.
John Kinsey, one of the commissioners appointed to head up the settlement of West Jersey, embarks on
the ship Greyhound on May 19 and arrives near Old Swedes Church, present Philadelphia, but dies on
August 14.
Thomas Fairman arrives at Burlington, West Jersey.
1678
Elizabeth Kinsey, a Quaker, purchases a 300 acre estate at Shackamaxon from Lasse Cock an original
Swedish settler who was also later Penn’s interpreter at Penn’s Peace Treaty of 1682. This land
transaction had been initiated by her father, John Kinsey the previous year, who died before it was
completed.
July 18. Elizabeth also purchases “the great island lying before Shackamaxon in the River Delaware for
six hundred gilders” (Equivalent to 2 yearly wages of an unskilled worker or about $56,676 today) and
annual payments of 16 barrels of rum and gunpowder from four Lenape sachems. The Lenape reserve
the right to hunt and fish on the island and promise to “save her hogs from killing and her hay from
burning.”
1679
April. John Petty, having embarked from London on the ship Success on September 7, 1678, arrives in
West Jersey.
1680
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December 7. Elizabeth Kinsey marries Thomas Fairman and the island becomes known as “Fairman’s
Island.”
1681
William Cooper, a former London iron‐monger, moves from Burlington and purchases a three hundred
acre tract from chief Arasapha and a small band of friendly Lenape on the southern bank of Deer Creek
also known as Aroches Creek (now the Cooper River) directly across from the island. The land includes a
magnificent pine‐covered point of high ground that juts out at a bend in the Delaware River. Cooper
erects a large house, a blacksmith shop, and stable on his Pyne Poynt plantation overlooking the island.
1682
Under a great elm tree in Shackamaxon, William Penn signs the “Great Treaty” with Lenape chiefs of the
Turtle Clan. There is no actual record of this treaty and historians disagree as to the time when the
event took place.
The Lenape are predisposed to get along with Penn and the newcomers, especially as he was willing to
pay for lands his people settled. Intertribal wars and epidemics brought by Europeans have reduced the
Lenape population to about 4,000.
1683
Thomas Fairman allows Penn to take over his house at Shackamaxon and moves to Frankford. While
Penn and many of his most senior advisors lived in Shackamaxon, it was in effect the initial working
headquarters of Penn’s colony.
Penn hires Fairman to assist his Surveyor‐General and to negotiate the purchase of the land for the
location of the City of Philadelphia, which was owned by the Swanson family, some early Swedish
settlers.
1684
Fairman registered the island as “Shackamaxon Island”.
1689
Cooper purchases William Roydon’s license to operate a ferry between Jersey and Pennsylvania. The
Cooper family operates a monopoly on ferry traffic crossing the Delaware between Cooper and Newton
Creeks.
1693
August 13. Quaker religious leader George Keith gives “An Exhortation & Caution to Friends Concerning
Buying or Keeping of Negroes at the Monthly Meeting in Philadelphia. It Is the first printed protest
against slavery in America and relies heavily on references to God’s commandments, including the
golden rule: “All things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so to them.”
1696
The Yearly Meeting of the Quakers of New Jersey and Pennsylvania votes to recommend to Friends to
cease from further importation of slaves.
1698
Gunnar Rambo sells Shackamaxon Island to Thomas Fairman.
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1701
October 25. Penn conveys his ownership interest in Shackamaxon Island (Petty’s Island) to Fairman
reserving a right of way for four coach horses and a supply of sufficient “grass, hay, and oats” to feed
them.
1702
West and East Jersey surrender the right of government to the British Crown. With the two Jerseys
united, England’s Queen Anne encourages commerce in the African slave trade. Because New Jersey
allowed duty free importation of African people and nearly all other colonies imposed a tax, New Jersey
becomes the slave conduit to other states.
1703
The New Jersey Assembly voids all previous bargains as had been entered into by individuals with “red
men.”
1714
The province of New Jersey imposes a duty of ten pounds on every slave imported for sale.
John Fairman dies. Ownership of the island passes to his wife Elizabeth and her son Benjamin.
1721
The slave import duty law of 1714 is permitted to expire and for the next fifty years there were no
duties upon the importation of African slaves.
1723
October 6‐7. After a late start, Benjamin Franklin, on his first trip to Philadelphia (from Burlington by
boat), spends a cold October night on the Jersey shore next to the Cooper River across from Petty’s
Island. Around midnight his traveling companions stopped rowing when they thought they had gone
too far and could not see the lights of Philadelphia. They were in the channel between Petty’s Island
and the Jersey shore and the island blocked their view.
1722
A British commission inspects the Delaware River islands. It reports that “Fairman’s Island” is
uninhabited except by “hoggs” pastured there in the summer by Jersey people and recommends that
the Crown take possession of it and all other uninhabited islands.
1726
There are 2,581 African people counted as slaves in New Jersey.
1732
May 24. Elizabeth Kinsey Fairman and her son Benjamin sell the island to John Petty, an Indian trader
and “pacifier” dispatched as an envoy to Native Americans from time to time by James Logan, the
secretary of the estate of Pennsylvania.
William Cooper’s family purchases a part of Petty’s Island in the river at the mouth of Cooper’s Creek.
They own land on both sides of the creek despite proprietary restrictions against the practice and they
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continue to hold a near monopoly on all ferry traffic crossing the Delaware between Cooper’s and
Newton Creeks.
1742
John Petty sells 20 acres of the island’s meadowland and about six and a quarter acres of marsh, middle
land, and flats to a Mr. Green. Benjamin Franklin, a justice in Philadelphia, signs the transfer of deeds.
1745
John Petty sells the island to John Dobbins on May 11.
1756
Caldwalder Evans seeks title to the island as part of a complicated title case. Samuel Wharton, a witness
for the Crown, states that there were few improvements on Petty’s Island and that neither Pennsylvania
nor New Jersey had ever claimed it, that no tax was levied, and no constable included it is his bailiwick.
He stated that a “Mr. Pemberton” had landed a cargo of Negroes at the north end of the island and later
landed them in Jersey “privately” to avoid duty, for Philadelphia stood for a protective tariff on human
chattels.
1758
August 28. The New Jersey Assembly establishes the first "Indian reservation" in Burlington County.
Called Brotherton by Governor Francis Bernard and its supervisor, the Rev. John Brainard, and
“Edgepillock” for the sub‐tribe who live there, the reservation includes about 3000 acres in then
Evesham Township and is a home for about 200 remaining Lenape, who had relinquished all rights to
New Jersey except for hunting and fishing privileges. The reservation includes grist and sawmills, a
blacksmith shop, a school, a trading store, and a log meeting house and becomes known as Indian Mills.
Brainard said that some Lenape stay away because they have observed that “white people lie, defraud,
steal and drink worse than Indians… who before the coming of the English knew of no such thing as
strong drink.”
As a result of a moving appeal by John Woolman, the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Quakers votes that
the Christian injunction should induce Friends who held slaves to set them at liberty and make a
Christian provision for them.
1771
September. Handbills announce a lottery in which the prize will be 46 acres of “Pettie’s Island.”
1776
Friends (Quakers) begin to deny the right of membership to their Society to slaveholders.
1785
A petition is presented to the New Jersey Assembly seeking the gradual abolition of slavery and an end
to slave importation.
1786
The Assembly passes an act imposing a 50 pound penalty for bringing slaves into New Jersey that had
been imported from Africa since 1776 and a penalty of 20 pounds for all other slaves imported. The
preamble of the act states that the principles of justice and humanity require that the barbarous custom
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of bringing the unoffending Africans from their native county and connections into the state of slavery
must be discontinued.
1787
May. John Fitch, inventor of the steamboat, launches a trial of his invention on the Delaware and went
slowly from Kensington, where it was built, round Petty’s Island and near the New Jersey shore and
returned to its starting place.
1790.
There are 14,185 slaves in New Jersey, comprising nearly eight percent of the colony’s population.
The famous Continental frigate “Alliance,” which had been commanded by John Paul Jones and had
been converted to use as a merchant ship, is sold, broken up, and her remains run upon the island.
2. SLAVERY, SHIPBUILDING, AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1759‐1910)
1740
Slaves plant, work and prepare 75% of all corn and flax in South Jersey.
1759
Joseph Cooper purchases 10 acres of the middle of the island.
1760
Joseph Cooper purchases 40 acres at the north end of the Island.
1761
Philadelphians conduct lotteries to raise funds for church chimes and paving streets to the intense
disgust of the Quakers. A lottery was held for disposing of 46 acres of land on “Pettie’s Island,” the
property of Alexander Alexander.
1762
Slave traders use Petty’s Island for detaining Africans to be sold into slavery, a site chosen to avoid
Philadelphia import duties.
1773
The German Charitable Society, founded in 1764, holds a lottery on Petty’s Island to raise money for
poor German immigrants. Lotteries were banned in Philadelphia.
1775
About one twelfth (9,500) of New Jersey’s total population of 115,000 are of African descent; all but a
small number are slaves.
1776 – 81
Most Camden County owners free their slaves during the American Revolution when Friends’ Meetings
threatened to disown members resisting manumission.
1783
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A Convention between Pennsylvania and New Jersey makes the island officially part of Newton
Township in old Gloucester County in exchange for assigning the other nearby Smith's and Windmill
Islands to Pennsylvania.
1788
New Jersey bans the importation of slaves.
1791
American inventor John Fitch receives a U.S. patent for his steamboat, but loses his latest steamboat,
the Perseverance, which gets caught in a violent north east storm, breaks from its moorings, and drifts
upon Petty's Island, opposite the upper part of Philadelphia.
1797
The New Jersey Supreme Court confirms that Indians may be held as slaves in New Jersey.
1800
May 9. Three men are lynched on Petty’s Island according to Solomon Wardell’s letter to his mother
dated June 23. He wrote that it was “a very [sic] sorrowful sight to be sure.” It is not known why the
three were hanged or if there have been other executions on the island.
Absalom Jones and other Philadelphia African Americans petition Congress against the slave trade and
the fugitive slave act of 1793.
1804
The New Jersey state legislature passes a law for the gradual abolition of slavery, freeing only slaves
born after the law was passed.
1815
A commercial fishery, established on the New Jersey side of the island, is embroiled in a federal court
case because its “net throw area” overlaps another fishery located on the East Camden shore. The
Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers were among the most abundant commercial fisheries, supporting
shad hauls of over 6 and 10 million pounds respectively in the late 1890’s and 1900’s.
1800
Griffith Morgan becomes the chief owner of the island.
1816
Humphrey Day, Charles Fish, Jacob Evual, Joseph Cooper, Benjamin Loxley, Isaac Hockley, Jonathan
Bales, and others own portions of the island.
1830
Shipbuilder William Cramp, after working as a journeyman ship‐carpenter for a year or two, secures
premises on the Delaware River at the foot of Palmer Street in Philadelphia and opened a ship yard.
His first work was building barks and brigs, but after constructing several of these he needed greater
accommodations and to secure them he moved to Petty’s Island.
1830
Two thirds of remaining northern slaves live in New Jersey.
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1840
Shipbuilders commence their trade on the island.
1843
A dikeline surrounds the island.
1846
New Jersey completely abolishes slavery
1848
Delaware Township passes a resolution to petition the New Jersey Legislature to grant it jurisdiction
over Petty’s Island.
1849
The Legislature assigns Petty’s Island to Delaware Township.
1850
Manderson’s Shipyard, also known as Doughty and Kappella, is on the island featuring dual ship
railways.
1851
Ralston Laird arrives from Ireland and is hired as a farm manager on Petty's Island. On his arrival he
finds an island that is divided into small farms with about 18 families living on it. Laird raises cows and
horses.
1852
Hugh and Joseph Hatch Manderson, in the lumber business at Shackamaxon Street Wharf on the
Pennsylvania side of the river, acquire two large tracts on and rename the island “Treaty Island.”
1860 ‐ 1870
The west shore of the island was used for repairing ships and for a shipyard. Doughty & Keppela,
shipwrights and caulkers, invested $36,000 to build tugboats and schooners on the island.
Cramp is followed onto the island by Henry Simons, the wagon builder, who had a mill there; by
Doughty and Kappella, boat builders; John H. Dialogue, shipwright, and Donaghy & Rilat, marine railway.
1865
Jacob Armbruster erects a building and manufactures chains on the island.
1868
River Road, the first highway from Cooper’s Creek to Pennsauken Creek is completed. Pennsauken
begins as a tiny village.
1870
Joseph Rilatt installs a marine railway. Rilatt’s shipyard began as a construction and repair facility
specializing in barges. Rilatt cuts a notch into the island’s western shore for shipbuilding work. Many of
the yard’s workers reside on the island.
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1872
The merchant steam vessel Undine, 93 feet long and 17 feet wide, is built on the island. It sinks on
March 13, 1912 when a log punctures a hole in its bottom headed for Coinjock from Norfolk, Va.
1874
The island has shipyards and wharves on the Philadelphia side and pierheads and bulkheads on the New
Jersey side.
1880
John F. Betz, a brewer, rents part of the island, plants numerous willow trees, and calls his dancing and
drinking resort "Willow Grove."
Pennsauken village is established.
1882
Twenty three acres on the western side of Petty’s Island are cut away and bulkheads inserted to
maintain the widened and deepened ship channel. Subsequently, at the lower island end, about 50
acres were cut off.
Prior to these “improvements,” visitors could gather Calamus or Sweet Flag, a semi‐aquatic plant, from a
veritable bed surrounding the island fed by the tides. Native Americans esteemed Calamus as one of
the most useful, important, and Sacred of the herbs they use. Traditional western uses include as a
digestive bitter and carminative used for treating cramps and colic. It is also used for treating
dyspepsia, heartburn, and indigestion. It is also used as a chewing breath freshener and a strewing herb
that deters insects and releases an enlightening, lemony scent.
1884
Camden vainly attempts to have Petty’s Island annexed to Camden Township, which had been lately
created and was adjacent to the island.
1886
Over 30,000 shad were caught for the year along the Camden and Pennsauken shoreline opposite
Petty’s Island with gill nets.
1889
November. A document titled “What Philadelphia Is,” by Albert F. Matthews, prepared for the visit of
the International American Conference, states that “a portion of Petty’s Island… will be cut away” to
deepen and widen the Delaware River channel so as “to admit in easy access the largest of steamships.
1892
In order to control taxes and development in their area of operations, Hugh and Joseph Hatch, who had
acquired the Fairview Brick Works, lead the movement to separate their area from Stockton Township.
The Hatch kilns and other businesses have brought hundreds of new workers, including African, Irish,
and German laborers, many of whom reside around the tiny village of Pennsauken. They are successful
as the Legislature sets Pennsauken Township (and Petty’s Island) apart from Stockton Township.
1893
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The federal government condemns a portion of the lower end of the island and paid $200,000 for the
land and damages to straighten the Delaware River channel. Most of the dredge spoils taken to remove
Smith and Windmill Island from between Camden and Philadelphia are deposited in the marshy
lowlands and back channel of the new Philadelphia Navy Yard at League Island. However, scow crews
deposited enough dredged material on the lower end of Petty’s Island to add 21 acres to it.
1900
The island’s parcels are owned by a diverse group, including the American and New York Dredging
Companies; Andrew, James, and John Manderson; J. Rilatt, Dr. J. Pancoast; J.J. Hatch; M.C. Cope;
Elizabeth Collins; and M.A.C. Morris.
1901
Philip J. Ross of New York purchases Petty’s Island for $650,000 on behalf of a company that wants to
build ships.
1902
Joseph P. Mack purchased all the interests on the island for the purpose of selling the island to the city
of Philadelphia for a municipal hospital. This was blocked when the New Jersey Legislature passed a law
prohibiting cities outside of the state taking title to lands within its bounds. This project was followed by
a scheme to convert the property into a Coney Island type amusement park. The scheme fails because
of the inability of the promoters to float a bond issue.
1904
Ralston Laird, 82, who has remained on the island with a deaf daughter for 50 years, fails to extinguish a
fire in his house and it burns down February 26. The police boat stationed at Penn Treaty Park less than
a mile away had difficulty getting to the island and had to battle through ice fields that encircled the
island with a 200 yard wide wall.
1911
Laird dies. A front‐page obituary in the Camden Post‐Telegram proclaims "Death Takes King of Petty's
Island."
3. PETROLEUM AND PORT OPERATIONS (1910 ‐ 2000)
1910
Pioneer oilman Henry L. Doherty creates the Cities Services Company.
1916
June 9. Cramp Shipbuilding purchases 45 acres of Petty’s Island for an enlargement of its present plan
and the construction of a large oil refinery by the Crew‐Levick Company.
Crew‐Levick Company purchases 50 acres on Petty’s Island. George C. Priestley, vice president of Crew‐
Levick, heads a company that plans to develop a large refinery on the island.
Elkins, Morris & Company of Philadelphia and Montgomery, Clothier & Tyler of New York acquire the
Crew ‐ Levick Company for $5 million on behalf of the Cities Services.
1917
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John Morrison’s book, “The Romance of Petty’s Island,” is published.
1918
A two‐gun Anti Aircraft battery (3‐inch) is installed on Petty's Island.
1920
The Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) constructs the first of four Delaware electric generating
station on the Pennsylvania shore opposite Petty’s Island and arranges to store vast piles of coal on the
lower end of Petty’s Island to prevent an interruption of fuel to its riverfront plants. Petty’s Island coal
storage yards were abandoned later when a new coal yard was constructed next to PECO’s Richmond
station.
1927
The Crew Levick Company, now a subsidiary of Cities Service Oil Company, constructs a drawbridge from
36th street to the island and erects a tank farm, refinery, and tanker ship port on Petty’s Island. By 1930
it had storage capacity for 26 million gallons, soon increased to 100 million gallons. The southern part of
the island was left undisturbed as a natural and ecological haven for wildlife.
1932 ‐ 1933
Cities Service Company owns 10 oil refineries (Cities Service Refining Company, Empire Oil & Refining
Company, Crew Levick Company / Eastern Oil Processing Company, Louisiana Oil Refining Company).
Bright stocks, neutral oils, kerosene and naphtha are shipped by rail from Titusville to the Petty’s Island,
N.J. refinery blending / compounding plant for processing into high pressure greases, insecticides and
solvents. Cities Services also bought and stored tires, batteries, and other accessories on to the island
for distribution to their service stations along the eastern seaboard.
1941
The army sends a canine corps to the island with the outbreak of World War II because of the danger of
sabotage.
1942‐1945
At its height during World War II, Cramps Shipbuilding employed roughly 18,000 men and women. The
company grew so large that it ran out of storage space and had to use Petty’s Island as a storage yard.
1964
The last house on Petty’s Island burns down. It was formerly the residence of the Williams family whose
daughter, Marguerite, was born there.
1965
Cities Service changes its marketing brand to CITGO, retaining the first syllable of its name and ending
with “GO” to imply power, energy, and progressiveness.
1975
Crowley Maritime Corporation is formed.
1978
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Crowley develops the world’s largest roll‐on roll‐off barges for the mainland/Puerto Rico service. By the
end of the 1970’s, Crowley had become the largest RO/RO carrier in the Caribbean trade operating out
of the U.S. Southeast and Gulf.
1980
Crowley constructs new terminal to handle new triple‐deck barges at Petty’s Island.
1992
Crowley serves the Caribbean trade in three barge routes from the U.S. to Puerto Rico. Barges bound
for San Juan sail from Jacksonville, Florida three times a week and from Petty’s Island, Pennsauken, New
Jersey, weekly.
2000
Citgo Petroleum Corporation begins to wind down its operations and terminates its oil terminal
operations on Petty’s Island.
4. COMPETING VISIONS FOR THE ISLAND’S FUTURE (2000 – 2012)
2001
June 5. Marc Shuster, a planner hired by Pennsauken Township to study the waterfront, reports that
the area would be well suited for marinas, hotels, high‐end housing, businesses and offices.
June. The Pennsauken Planning Board finds that its waterfront, including Petty’s Island, is “in need of
redevelopment.” The finding is the first step towards acquiring land through negotiation or seizure
through the use of eminent domain.
The Township Committee of Pennsauken adopts Ordinance No. 2001‐29 adopting a redevelopment plan
of the Pennsauken Waterfront area.
2002
A CITGO employee discovers an American bald eagle's nest on Petty’s Island. CITGO decides to forgo the
option of redeveloping the island and to donate it to the State of New Jersey as a wildlife preserve.
December 7. Pennsauken announces a major push to redevelop its waterfront and restore public access
to the shoreline that still retains some of its natural beauty and wildlife despite decades of
industrialization.
2003
August 3. An engineering consulting firm advises Pennsauken Township that “the recent appearance of
a pair of American bald eagles, an endangered species, on Petty’s Island has created further challenges
… [and] “stringent regulatory protection of habitat potentially used by the eagles to nest, perch and
forage may have a significant impact on the redevelopment Master Plan for the waterfront.“
December 18. Governor McGreevey announces the Cramer Hill Project in Camden, NJ. It will include:
an 18 hole golf course, 5,000 homes, and big box stores (500,000 square feet of retail apace) and a
marina.
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2004
February 4. The development company, Cherokee, accompanied by senior NJ state officials from the
Departments of Community Affairs and Environmental Protection and Cherokee avian consultant
Thomas Cullen, meet with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to ask how the Petty’s Island eagle nest
could be moved without violating federal or state regulations.
March 2. For the second year a nest observer reports that a pair of eagles nested on Petty’s Island.
March 8. Thomas Cullen proposes a bald eagle monitoring contract to Cherokee.
March 11. Cherokee signs Cullen’s contract agreeing that a major focus of the study will be to identify
the eagles’ “tolerance to disturbances.”
March 19. Bradley Campbell, commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection,
indicates that he favors accepting a conservation easement from CITGO to preserve Petty’s Island and
announces the state’s acceptance on April 22, 2004, Earth Day.
April 3. NJ DEP biologists remove the eagle’s egg and place a two‐week old foster chick into the nest.
The fostered nestling appeared to be doing well.
April 5. CITGO advises the NJDEP Commissioner that its management has approved granting the Deed
of Conservation Easement to the New Jersey Natural Land Trust on Petty’s Island.
April. 16. M. Robert DeCotiis – head of the law firm that represents Cherokee – meets with Governor
McGreevey about Petty’s Island. McGreevey gives assurances that the island would not be turned into a
state park and that he was in favor of the proposed development.
May 21. Cherokee submits a proposal to Pennsauken Township with respect to the redevelopment of
Pennsauken’s water front, including Petty’s Island.
May 27. Pennsauken announces selection of Cherokee to oversee a Waterfront Development Project
that would include 2,650 new homes. As part of the project Cherokee would build a hotel/ resort
complex and conference center, an 18‐hole golf course, restaurants, and retail, and 750 upscale homes
on Petty’s Island. Newspapers report that the anticipated economic impact of the mostly privately
funded project includes more than $1 billion of assessed property value that would generate more than
$25 million in property tax revenue.
June 10. A baby eaglet is found liming on the ground near its next on Petty’s Island with injuries around
its tail. It dies on the way to a raptor rescue facility.
June 25. State environmental officials are investigating the death of a bald eagle chick on Petty’s Island.
July 20. A CITGO attorney informs the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that CITGO intends to pursue
Federal acquisition of Petty’s Island to ensure the long‐term protection of the bald eagles that have
established a nest on the island.
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July 21. William Gauger, President of Cherokee Camden , LLC and Cherokee Pennsauken, LLC sends a
letter to Thomas Cullen terminating his independent consulting agreement effective July 19. Cullen’s
tent was discovered in the location where a bald eagle chick was found in June limping on the ground on
Petty’s Island.
September 22. A newspaper article reports that CITGO plans a wildlife preserve for Petty’s Island.
September 28. Ten members of the New Jersey General Assembly from South Jersey, including Majority
Leader Joseph Roberts, Jr. and Budget Chair Louis D. Greenwald, send a letter to Pennsauken Mayor Rick
Taylor expressing their support for the town’s plan to redevelop its waterfront and “to take problems
created by years of abuse and neglect and turn them into a new and exciting opportunity.”
September 29. Camden County Freeholder Director Jeffrey Nash sends a letter to Mayor Taylor
expressing his support for the Town’s “bold plan for the redevelopment of a tired, polluted Pennsauken
waterfront.”
September 30. NJ state employee members of the New Jersey Natural Lands Trust vote against
accepting CITGO’s offered conservation easement for Petty’s Island at a Land Trust meeting. While the
Trust votes 5‐3 to accept at least one state employee member must vote affirmatively for the motion to
carry. The motion to accept fails. State officials argue the island simply does not have enough
conservation value because a petroleum tank farm and large parking area for a container‐shipping firm
encompass much of the island.
October 12. Cherokee files a civil complaint seeking access to the island so that it can begin negotiations
to purchase the land, or, if necessary, condemn it.
October 26. US Fish and Wildlife Service spokesperson states that Petty’s Island would not probably
rank nationally for inclusion in the national wildlife refuge system because of the presence of a tank
farm and active container freight operations. CITGO continues to seek U.S. Interior Department
acceptance of the island in the U.S. system. Unless a state or federal government entity accepts a
conservation easement to protect the island from development, it will continue to be vulnerable to
seizure by Pennsauken Township by eminent domain.
October 28. Some of the state’s most prominent environmental groups launch an effort to get the
federal government to preserve Petty’s Island as a national wildlife refuge and thwart the centerpiece of
Pennsauken Township’s billion dollar waterfront redevelopment plan.
November 8. The State of New Jersey charges Tom Cullen, Cherokee’s bird expert consultant, with
violating New Jersey’s environmental laws and causing the death of a baby bald eagle.
November 16. Former NJ Governor and former US Environmental Protection Agency Administrator
Christine Todd Whitman states that “Petty’s Island is an ideal candidate for federal protection” and “a
unique opportunity to preserve something in the heart of the most densely populated areas.”
November 23. Cherokee obtains a federal court order requiring CITGO to give it access to island for the
purposes of preparing an appraisal of its value.
November 29. The Save Petty’s Island Coalition, including the Delaware RiverKeeper Network, NJ
Chapter of the Sierra Club, the New Jersey Environmental Federation, the NJ Audubon Society, and the
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Cooper River Watershed Association announce they have collected 3,227 signatures from New Jersey
citizens who support preserving Petty’s Island.
December 15. Camden community leaders and environmentalists hold a press conference at Pine Point
Park overlooking Petty’s Island to announce that they will file an application to have Petty’s island listed
on the National Register of Historic Places. Participants said that historic documents showed that
slavers used the island as a trading post to avoid paying taxes in Philadelphia.
2005
January 6. Bret Schundler, Republican Candidate for Governor, calls on Senator Jon Corzine and Acting
Governor Dick Codey to support the preservation of Petty’s Island in Pennsauken.
January 12. The NJ Department of Environmental Protection enters an agreement with Pennsauken
Township and Cherokee Investment Partners under which Cherokee would pay DEP $10 million when
Pennsauken or Cherokee acquired Petty’s Island or when a New Jersey court approved a Declaration of
Taking of the island from CITGO under the Township’s powers of eminent domain. It also provides that
DEP would “forgo CITGO’s offer to donate the property to the New Jersey Natural Lands Trust” and
would “not support donation of the property to any entity other than Pennsauken.”
January 29. Frustrated by environmentalists’ opposition to development on Petty’s Island, a group of
Pennsauken Township residents announce that they have formed to join the township’s effort to make
the island the centerpiece of a billion dollar development effort.
February 23. Pennsauken Township approves an Ordinance authorizing Pennsauken to purchase or
seize the island from CITGO using the power of eminent domain.
February 24. Senator Jon Corzine, a candidate for Governor of NJ, meets with the Save Petty’s Island
Coalition which urges him to accept CITGO’s open invitation to visit the island.
March 3. The New Jersey Attorney General Office filed a lawsuit against Cullen and Cherokee charging
that a bald eagle died due to a developer’s secret effort to study the endangered species’ tolerance to
human disturbances on Petty’s island.
March 17. CITGO asserts that the state Department of Environmental Protection improperly and
illegally facilitated the condemnation of Petty’s Island on behalf of Pennsauken Township and its
redevelopment firm, Cherokee Pennsauken.
May 1. A report by Robert W. Burchell entitled “Fiscal Impact of the Pennsauken Waterfront
Redevelopment Project” is revised and released. The analysis defines a fully built out project containing
3,000 housing units (600 age restricted), a golf course, a 300 room hotel, 145,000 sq. ft of retail space,
and a 400 slip marina, and a project where there will be a payment in lieu of taxes, or PILOT. It would
add 6,500 residents to Pennsauken’s population of 36,000 (an 18% increase) and 600 school‐age
children compared to the then current Pennsauken student enrollment of 6,000 (a 10% increase). The
report states that the project would increase Pennsauken’s 2004 assessed property tax base by 49%,
adding $788 million to $1.62 billion. It would add $3.6 million in added municipal expenditures and $6.6
million in yearly school outlays for a total of $10.2 million. However, the report said, those increased
costs would be offset by an increase of $13.7 million in municipal and $2.3 million in yearly school
district revenues for a total of $16 million, resulting in an annual fiscal surplus of $5.8 million.
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March 3. NJ DEP initiates an enforcement action against Cherokee and its consultant, filed by the
Attorney General in Superior Court, alleging violations of New Jersey’s Endangered and Nongame
Species Conservation Act.
May 1. DEP terminates its agreement with Pennsauken and Cherokee dated January 12, 2005 and cites
cause the enforcement action against Cherokee and its consultant and Pennsauken’s failure to acquire
Petty’s Island by eminent domain.
May 11. Pennsauken Township and Cherokee Pennsauken, LLC enter into a Redevelopment Agreement
that defines how the parties will develop Pennsauken’s waterfront, including a “Petty’s Island Project,”
that taken together would have no more than 3,100 residential housing units, a Hotel Component, a
Golf Course Component, a Retail Component, a Mixed Use Component, and a Marina Component
consisting of not more than 200 boat slips.
May 24. Pennsauken Township attorney Luthman warns that if CITGO won’t cooperate, the township
will go to court to try to take the land through eminent domain, a government right to seize property in
the name of the public good.
June 28. New Jersey's Republican candidate for governor, Douglas R. Forrester, has a press conference
at Petty’s island and calls for an end to construction there. Forrester cites the project as a stunning
example of the state's pay‐to‐play culture, which allows political bosses to profit at the expense of New
Jersey residents. Mr. Forrester said he was troubled that Mr. Corzine had not yet spoken out against the
project.
Senator Jon Corzine, Forrester’s opponent in the race for New Jersey Governor, responds stating that he
would not take a position on the project until it undergoes a more thorough environmental review. But
he said he would not summarily oppose the project because it could bring desperately needed economic
development to the blighted Camden waterfront. ''I have been and continue to be a very strong
advocate for the protection of our open spaces and environmental heritage,'' Mr. Corzine said. ''We
must and can, however, have urban redevelopment, economic prosperity and environmental
protection.''
July 25. In a motion with the appeals court, CITGO argues that the state of New Jersey bowed to
political pressure in rejecting its offer to protect the island which, at the time, was home to a nesting
pair of bald eagles.
August 7. Newspaper reports indicate that Cherokee Investment Partners is seeking more than $560
million from state loans to clean up landfills and industrial sites that are key to its massive
redevelopment projects in the state, including the proposed projects for Camden and Pennsauken.
August 12. At a news conference Pennsauken Mayor John Killion and Cherokee presented their
development plans for Petty’s Island, which would include 1,000 housing units, ranging from $200,000
for a one bed room condominium to $500,000 for a four bedroom single family home. Also included are
a 350 room Victorian style hotel, an 18 hole golf course, a clubhouse, some retail space and a small
marina. Killion says the plan would leave more than two thirds of the land as open recreational and
conservation open space.
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August 30. Republican gubernatorial candidate Doug Foster tells a newspaper editorial board meeting
that the Petty’s Island controversy “is a case study of what is wrong in New Jersey,” citing “pay to play”
issues and environmental concerns as two major issues. He charged that his opponent, Senator Jon
Corzine, has not taken a stand on the issue and that the issue should stand as a litmus test for any
prospective governor.
September 17. Doug Forrester calls for the release of a plan from the state Department of
Environmental Projection on protecting endangered species in New Jersey. Forrester also blasts the
plan to develop Petty’s Island.
November 6. NJ Department of Environmental Protection terminates its agreement with Cherokee and
Pennsauken. DEP Commissioner Campbell cites a pending suit in which DEP claims that Cherokee
disturbed bald eagles nesting on the island that resulted in one eaglet dying as one of the reasons for
terminating.
2006
January 26. Thomas Cullen is sentenced in federal court in White Plains, NY to four months in prison for
importing birds in violation of the Wild Bird Conservation Act and making false statements to the US Fish
and Wildlife Service. He was also sentenced to three years of supervised release and a $1,000 fine.
February 12. NJ DEP Commissioner Lisa Jackson agrees to reopen the state’s decision on Petty’s Island
after being asked about it in her confirmation hearing. She said she was keeping open the possibility of
reconvening the state's Natural Lands Trust. Even if she decides against that, however, DEP still controls
any development permits on Petty's, she said. Protection of the eagles' nest is a "no‐brainer," Jackson
said, but pointed out that the eagles had chosen to build near the island's noisy trucking facility. She
also is emphasizing the island's cleanup. "First things first: Let's get the settlement with CITGO."
February 15. The Asbury Park Press publishes a letter from Gregory Schofield, mayor of Pennsauken,
stating that his residents overwhelmingly support the Township’s plan for Petty’s Island. He wrote “If
CITGO is allowed to donate Petty’s Island as a nature preserve, Pennsauken will lose local tax revenue
that is now $785,000…. [and] the opportunity to strengthen our tax base and increase our annual reveue
by more than $7 million.
February 23. Lisa Jackson visits Petty’s Island for a tour and to hear CITGO’s arguments for preserving
the island as a wildlife refuge.
March 6. Clifford Day, the head of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service New Jersey office, writes a letter to
the new DEP Commissioner Lisa Jackson stating that the “Service’s position has and continues to be in
support of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection acquisition of Petty’s Island.” The
letter states that public stewardship “will ensure the long term protection of a bald eagle pair that
established a nest on the island … as well as other migratory bird and fish that use the Delaware and
Cooper River.”
March 10. NJ DEP Commissioner Lisa Jackson and her staff meet with members of the Save Petty’s
Island Coalition to discuss the future of Petty’s Island. She tells the group that Governor Corzine had
given her a clear charge to not consider anything short of a real clean up of the island and that she
doubted that CITGO’s position was driven out of an “environmental ethic.”
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March 29. Several weeks into her review, DEP Commissioner Jackson says she hopes to strike a
"reasonable compromise" that may not result in the complete preservation sought by environmental
groups or the full plans proposed by Pennsauken Township and its developer. "I think that there's no
side who's entirely right and no side who's entirely wrong," Jackson said in an interview. "It's not a black‐
and‐white issue." "Certainly as an environmentalist, all other things being equal, of course I would
rather see open space…”
April 8. Governor Corzine says that the state should not allow CITGO off the hook for the costs of
cleaning up Petty’s Island.
May 12. A state superior court judge rules that New Jersey can move forward with a civil case against
the potential developer of Petty’s Island and its avian consultant for the 2004 death of a baby eagle on
the island. Judge Paul T. Koenig said he saw enough bases to the state’s argument that falconer Tom
Cullen harassed the island’s endangered bald eagles – and that Cherokee, which wants to build on
Petty’s Island, knew or should have known what Cullen was doing.
August 6. The NJ State Appellate Division denies Thomas Cullen and Cherokee’s appeals of a trial court’s
ruling against their motions to dismiss multi‐count claims against them in NJ DEP v. Thomas Cullen, et.
al, MER‐L‐559‐05.
August 9. The Save Petty’s Island Coalition has a press conference calling on Governor Corzine to order
an environmental impact review of Cherokee’s projects in Camden and Pennsauken.
August 23. A coalition of groups opposed to a redevelopment project on Petty’s Island announces that it
intended to file an application to place the island on the National Register of Historic Places.
2007
February 15. A documentary, “Petty’s Island: The Untold Story,” has its film debut. Narrated by actor
Danny Glover, the film was produced by the Camden City African American Commission and Scribe
Video Center as part of Scribe’s “Precious Places Community History Project.” It describes Petty’s
Island’s history and its use as a slave depot.
February. The subprime mortgage industry begins to collapse with more than 25 subprime lenders
declaring bankruptcy, announcing significant losses, or putting themselves up for sale.
March 20. Cherokee announces that it has revised its plans for Petty’s Island, cutting land use in half.
According to the Philadelphia Inquirer the revised plan eliminates construction of a proposed golf
course, and leaves 72 percent of the island undeveloped. “Tonight’s plan is entirely different,” Mayor
Rick Taylor told a group of reporters prior to disclosing the plan to close to 100 residents in the Central
Elementary School auditorium. “It calls for a footprint of only 28 percent development.” That, he said, is
12 percentage points less than the current, controversial footprint proposed by developer Cherokee
Pennsauken L.L.C. for the island’s 392 acres.
September 17. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan states that "we had a bubble in
housing" and warns of "large double digit declines" in home values "larger than most people expect."
2008
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January 24. The National Association of Realtors (NAR) announces that 2007 had the largest drop in
existing home sales in 25 years and "the first price decline in many, many years and possibly going back
to the Great Depression."
March 20. Cherokee and Pennsauken exchange letters agreeing to let their waterfront redevelopment
agreement expire at the end of the month. "It is currently difficult to obtain private financing for
construction and development," wrote James Dausch, president of Cherokee Pennsauken. "Under these
circumstances, we have concluded that our continued pursuit of the current development ... would be
inadvisable."
April 22. Six environmental groups criticize Governor Corzine and his administration for not accepting
CITGO’s offer to donate a conservation easement on Petty’s Island. State officials state they will not
accept until it is clear that CITGO will clean up pollution on the island.
2009
January 16. NJ Governor John S. Corzine announces that the New Jersey Natural Lands Trust voted to
accept CITGO’s offer of a conservation easement for Petty’s Island, marking a crucial first step toward
restoring and preserving one of the Delaware River’s largest islands, and that CITGO will create a $2‐
million stewardship fund for the Natural Lands Trust to manage the island and another $1‐million fund
to assist the Trust in establishing a cultural and education center.
April. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announces that the Venezuelan Government (owner of
CITGO) will donate the Island to New Jersey for environmental developments.
April 21. Governor Jon S. Corzine celebrates Earth Day by announcing the finalization of plans to accept
the donation of Petty’s Island on behalf of the residents of New Jersey, to preserve one of the Delaware
River’s largest islands as an urban oasis for wildlife that will be enjoyed by people throughout the region.
“Earth Day is a fitting time to consummate the donation of this special place,” Governor Corzine said.
“Petty’s Island has become an important home to bald eagles, kestrels and a wide variety of waterfowl.
We are opening a new chapter in the island’s long history by restoring it and giving it back to nature and
the people of New Jersey.”
December 24. NJ Superior Court Judge Andrew Smithson rules that Judge Koenig was wrong in 2006 not
dismiss charges against Cullen and Cherokee on the basis that eagle monitoring should not have been
undertaken during the breeding season. He also rules that there no evidence to support the proposition
that Cherokee Pennsauken hired Cullen to harass the eagles on Petty’s Island in a manner prohibited by
law or that Cullen in fact harassed the eagles and caused the death of the eagle chick.
2010
February. Artist Duke Riley develops a show "Reclaiming the Lost Kingdom of Laird" as part of the 2010
Philagrafika at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. His show is about Ralston Laird and Petty’s Island,
and includes artifacts and photos from his excursions to Petty’s Island.
March 1. Five years after accusing a developer of causing the death of a bald eagle on Petty's Island, the
state Department of Environmental Protection files an appeal to salvage its case, which was dismissed
by a Superior Court judge. The DEP claims a 10‐week‐old eaglet was "scared" or otherwise harassed out
of a nest in June 2004 by a consultant hired by Cherokee Investment Partners to monitor the tolerance a
nesting pair of eagles had to human disturbances.
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2011
New Jersey Natural Lands Trust awards New Jersey Audubon with a professional services contract to
develop educational programming and volunteer management for the Petty’s Island Preserve.
This historical overview was compiled by Bob Shinn of the Cooper River Watershed Association in 2012
using the following resources:
1. The New Jersey Historical Commission
The mission of the New Jersey Historical Commission is to enrich the lives of the public by preserving the
historical record and advancing interest in and awareness of New Jersey's past. It provides materials for
Teachers (http://www.state.nj.us/state/historical/dos_his_teachers.html), including various teacher
guides (e.g., New Jersey Legacy: Teachers Guide http://www.state.nj.us/state/historical/pdf/nj‐legacy‐
teachers‐guide.pdf and Afro‐Americans in New Jersey
http://slic.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/Digidox9.php)
2. The New Jersey Historical Society
The New Jersey Historical Society is a state‐wide, private, non‐profit historical museum, library, and
archives dedicated to collecting, preserving, and interpreting the rich and intricate political, social,
cultural and economic history of New Jersey to the broadest possible audiences. Founded in 1845, it is
the oldest cultural institution in the state. Through exhibitions, publications, and programming, the
Society examines who and what we are, what it means to live and work in New Jersey, what contributes
to New Jersey's distinct identity, and what are the unique contributions New Jerseyans make to the
region and the country. http://www.jerseyhistory.org/whoweare.html These hands‐on lessons are
linked to the state Core Curriculum Content Standards and teach students how to interpret documents
and artifacts, and can include writing activities, role‐playing, and art projects. Whether you are teaching
geography or the Civil War, Colonial times or the Industrial Revolution, these lessons use unique
resources from the Historical Society's museum and library collections and give your students the New
Jersey perspective on a larger theme or topic in history. Examples of relevant Jersey Journey stories
include Native Americans, http://www.jerseyhistory.org/assets/njhs_jjourneys_pdf/pdf_file/oct98.pdf,
and John Fitch: http://www.jerseyhistory.org/assets/njhs_jjourneys_pdf/pdf_file/oct2000.pdf
3. The Camden County Historical Society
Founded in 1899, the Camden County Historical Society is a private, non‐profit organization dedicated to
the collection, preservation and presentation of the history, historic resources, historical artifacts and
documents of Camden County and South Jersey. Serving its members as well as the public, the Society
conducts ongoing historical research, exhibition and education programs throughout the year. The
Society's three‐building complex on the eastern edge of Camden is one of the region's largest historical
facilities. Its museum, eighteenth‐century mansion, library, offices and auditorium include more than
20,000 square feet of public area and 10,000 square feet of service and storage area. Its auditorium
seats 100. Particularly relevant works available at the Society include: “The Waterborne Slave Trade of
18th‐Century Philadelphia and Camden, N.J.” written and produced by Hoag Levins
http://historiccamdencounty.com/ccnews136.shtml which includes a seven‐minute video documentary
tells the story of the slave ships that serviced the Philadelphia and Camden areas in the 18th century
http://www.cchsnj.com/aboutus.shtml.
4. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
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Founded in 1824 in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania inspires people to create a better
future through historical understanding. One of the oldest historical societies in the United States, it is
home to some 600,000 printed items and more than 21 million manuscript and graphic items. Among
its holdings is Morrison’s The Romance of Petty’s Island. Its unparalleled collections encompass more
than 350 years of America’s history—from its 17th‐century origins to the contributions of its most
recent immigrants. The society’s remarkable holdings together with its educational programming make
it one of the nation’s most important special collections libraries: a center of historical documentation
and study, education, and engagement. The society is one of the largest family history libraries in the
nation, has preeminent printed collections on Pennsylvania and regional history, and offers superb
manuscript collections renowned for their strength in 17th‐, 18th‐, and 19th‐century history.
http://www.hsp.org/node/2270 In 2010, the Society invited contemporary artist Duke Riley to delve
into its historic collections for inspiration, and Riley has emerged with a unique work of art. The exhibit,
titled Reclaiming the Lost Kingdom of Laird, was on display at the Historical Society from January 29
through April 9, as part of the citywide Philagrafika 2010 festival. Riley focused on Petty’s Island and
the life of Irish immigrant Ralston Laird who settled on the island in 1850 and declared himself king.
For this project, Riley tracked down Laird descendants and “reclaims” the island on behalf of the family.
Items from Riley’s project—including artifacts excavated from the island and decorative plates with
images of Laird descendants—were on display. http://www.dukeriley.info/projects/reclaiming‐the‐lost‐
kingdom‐of‐laird.
5. The New Jersey Council for History Education
The New Jersey Council for History Education, Long Valley, NJ 07853, is a non‐profit organization
promoting the teaching of history in our schools and colleges. The NJCHE links history educators with
many activities sponsored by national, state, and local organizations. It has been an active forum for all
advocates of history education in schools, colleges, museums, and historical societies since 1993.
www.njche.com
6. The New Jersey Council for the Social Studies
The New Jersey Council for the Social Studies (NJCSS) is the only statewide association in New Jersey
devoted solely to social studies education. A major goal and accomplishment of the NJCSS has been to
bring together educators from all social studies disciplines, including history, economics, political
science, sociology geography, anthropology, and psychology. NJCSS members are elementary,
intermediate, secondary and college educators as well as other professionals who share the
commitment to the social studies. Together, NJCSS members work toward a better understanding of the
social studies and its importance in developing responsible participation in social, political, and
economic life. http://www.njcss.org/index.php
7. National History Day
National History Day (NHD) is a highly regarded academic program for elementary and secondary school
students. Each year, more than half a million students, encouraged by thousands of teachers
nationwide participate in the NHD contest. Students choose historical topics related to a theme and
conduct extensive primary and secondary research through libraries, archives, museums, oral history
interviews and historic sites. After analyzing and interpreting their sources and drawing conclusions
about their topics’ significance in history, students present their work in original papers, websites,
exhibits, performances and documentaries. These products are entered into competitions in the spring
at local, state and national levels where they are evaluated by professional historians and educators.
The program culminates in the Kenneth E. Behring National Contest each June held at the University of
22
Maryland at College Park. In addition to discovering the exciting world of the past, NHD also helps
students develop the following attributes that are critical for future success:
1. Critical thinking and problem‐solving skills
2. Research and reading skills
3. Oral and written communication and presentation skills
4. Self esteem and confidence
5. A sense of responsibility for and involvement in the democratic process
http://www.nationalhistoryday.org/About.htm
8. Camden City African American Commission and South Jersey Environmental Justice Alliance
South Jersey Environmental Justice Alliance (SJEJA) is an environmental justice group with a diverse
membership of community and environmental activists, scientists, educators, and concerned citizens
from all over the SJ region, including many members from Camden City. The Allliance works to identify,
prevent, and reduce and/or eliminate environmental injustices that exist in communities of color and
low‐income communities. In collaboration with the Camden City African American Commission, SJEJA
and Scribe Video Center produced “Petty's Island: A Sacred Part of America’s Story, “ narrated by Danny
Glover.
http://scribe.org/catalogue/petty%2526%2523039%3Bsisland%3Asacredpartamerica%E2%80%99sstory
The video reveals the legacy of an island with a unique place in the historic encounter between Africans,
Europeans and Native Americans in the Philadelphia region. The video shows that the island was Lenni‐
Lenape land before colonial European slave traders utilized it as a depot for enslaved Africans in the
1600s and that it has fields and forests that harbor delicate ecosystems. It explains why it is an
important place in local African American history as a primary entry point for slaves.
In addition to the release of the documentary, Petty's Island: The Untold History, R. Mangaliso Davis
and Dr. Roy Jones of the Camden City African American Commission, launched a petition drive and
submitted applications to designate Petty's Island as a National Historic Site and a wildlife and nature
preserve. http://www.sjenvironmentaljustice.org/press_release/pr‐2‐15‐07‐petty‐island.htm
9. Rutgers University Camden – History Department
Howard Gillette, Professor of History at Rutgers University‐Camden. Gillette specializes in modern U.S.
history, with a special interest in urban and regional development. He is the author of Camden After
the Fall: Decline and Renewal in a Post‐Industrial City, also published by the University of Pennsylvania
Press (2005), which received best book awards from the Urban History Association and the New Jersey
Historical Commission.
Wayne Glasker, Associate Professor of History: B.A., M.A., Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, 1980, 1981,
1994. Areas of Special Interest: African‐American history; 20th Century U. S. history; Africa.
Director African‐American Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University‐Camden..
Wendell Pritchett, Professor of History, Professor of Law: B.A., Brown 1986; J.D., Yale Law School 1991;
Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania 1997. Areas of Special Interest: urban history, modern American
history. Dr. Pritchett is also Chancellor, Rutgers University‐Camden/
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