Q&A STPM BIOLOGY ( PENGGAL 1.2.3 )

CONTENTS 1
1
STPM Scheme of Assessment 1
Term 1 11
CHAPTER Biological Molecules 11

1 1.1 Water 22
1.2 Carbohydrates 22
1.3 Lipids 39
1.4 Proteins
1.5 Nucleic Acids 47
54
CHAPTER Structure of Cells and Organelles
65
2 2.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 65
2.2 Cellular Components 77
2.3 Specialised Cells 77
84
CHAPTER Membrane Structure and Transport 84

3 3.1 Fluid-Mosaic Model 88
3.2 Movement of Substances across Membrane 88
104
CHAPTER Enzymes

4 4.1 Catalysis and Activation Energy
4.2 Mechanism of Action and Kinetics
4.3 Cofactors
4.4 Inhibitors
4.5 Classification of Enzymes
4.6 Enzyme Technology

CHAPTER Cellular Respiration

5 5.1 The Need for Energy in Living Organisms
5.2 Aerobic Respiration
5.3 Anaerobic Respiration

iv

CHAPTER Photosynthesis 111
114
6 6.1 Autotrophs 125
6.2 Light-dependent Reactions 139
6.3 Light-independent Reactions 142
6.4 Limiting Factors
150
STPM Model Paper 1 964/1 164
Term 2 168
CHAPTER Gaseous Exchange
170
7 7.1 Gaseous Exchange in Humans 181
7.2 Breathing Cycle
7.3 Gaseous Exchange in Plants 189
203
CHAPTER Transport in Animals and Plants
213
8 8.1 Transport System in Mammals 224
8.2 Transport System in Plants 227
231
CHAPTER Control and Regulation
240
9 9.1 Nervous System 245
9.2 Hormones 249
259
CHAPTER Reproduction, Development and Growth

10 10.1 Sexual Reproduction in Humans
10.2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
10.3 Seed Germination
10.4 Growth Curves and Patterns of Growth

CHAPTER Homeostasis

11 11.1 Importance of Homeostasis
11.2 Liver
11.3 Osmoregulation in Mammals
11.4 Osmoregulation in Plants

v

CHAPTER Immunity

12 12.1 Immune System 261
12.2 Development of Immunity 265
12.3 Concept of Self and Non-self 271
12.4 Immune Disorder 271

CHAPTER Infectious Diseases 278
278
13 13.1 Infectious Disease 278
13.2 Dengue 278
13.3 Cholera 278
13.4 Tuberculosis
13.5 Malaria 291

STPM Model Paper 2 964/2 293
302
Term 3 320
320
CHAPTER Taxonomy and Biodiversity 320

14 14.1 Taxonomy 326
14.2 Diversity of Organisms 331
14.3 Biodiversity in Malaysia 337
14.4 Threats to Biodivesity 350
14.5 Conservation of Biodiversity 350
362
CHAPTER Ecology

15 15.1 Levels of Ecological Organisation
15.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
15.3 Energy Flow
15.4 Population Ecology
15.5 Carrying Capacity
15.6 Quantitative Ecology

vi

CHAPTER Selection and Speciation 371
388
16 16.1 Natural and Artificial Selection
16.2 Speciation 398
398
CHAPTER Inheritance and Genetic Control 425
425
17 17.1 Types of Genetic Crosses and Breeding System 447
17.2 Non-Mendelian Inheritance 447
17.3 Genetic Mapping 469
17.4 Population Genetics 469
17.5 DNA Replication
17.6 Gene Expression
17.7 Regulation of Gene Expression
17.8 Mutation

CHAPTER Gene Technology 497

18 18.1 Recombinant DNA Technology

CHAPTER Biotechnology 520
520
19 19.1 Roles of Biotechnology
19.2 Applications of Biotechnology

STPM Model Paper 3 964/3 528

Answers 534

vii

2Chapter Structure of Cells
and Organelles

Term 2.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
2.2 Cellular Components

1
Section A Multiple-choice Questions

Question 1

Which of the following is a correct match?

Organelle Function

A Microfilament Tracks for intercellular movement
of organelles

B Microtubule Components of myofibrils of
muscles

C Rough endoplasmic reticulum Site of lipid synthesis

D Centrioles Organisers of spindle fibers

Answer : D
The cell is complex. It contains structure called organelles such as centrioles,
rough endoplasmic reticulum, microfilament and microtubule.

Question 2

Which of the following describes resolution in microscopy?
A The clarity of the image formed by the microscope
B The power of the microscope to focus on very small objects
C The number of times the image has been magnified by the objective lens
D The ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together

Answer : D
Resolution of a microscope measures the clarity of the image or the ability
of the microscope to separate two closely placed objects as separate images.

22

Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles

Question 3

The diagram below shows the structure of an organelle.

Term

1

Which of the following are the functions of this organelle?
I To produce primary lysosome
II To synthesise lipids
III To synthesise proteins
IV To store and process substances to be secreted
A I and IV
B II and III
C I, II and III
D II, III and IV

Answer : A
Some of the functions of the Golgi apparatus include receiving vesicles from
ER, storing and modifying proteins as well as forming lysosomes.

Question 4

Which of the following shows the correct pairing of an organelle with its
function?

Organelle Function

I Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (a) Digestion of trapped particles
II Rough endoplasmic reticulum (b) Synthesis of lipid
III Lysosome (c) Synthesis of protein
IV Golgi apparatus (d) Packaging and secretion of products
V Ribosome (e) Intracellular transport

I II III IV V
A (a) (e) (c) (b) (d)
B (c) (b) (e) (d) (a)
C (b) (e) (a) (d) (c)
D (b) (c) (a) (e) (d)

23

Term Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles
Answer : C

The various organelles in the cell carry out specific functions. For example,
nucleus and other organelles suspended in the cytoplasm such as mitochondria,
chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and
microbodies.

Question 5

The diagram below shows organelles in a cell. Radioactively labelled amino

1 acids are supplied to the cell for the synthesis of the enzyme, amylase.

T
S

P

Q
R

In which order would the radioactive amino acids take?
A S → Q → R → P → T
B S → P → Q → T → R
C T → Q → P → R → S
D T → P → R → Q → S

Answer : A
The amino acids are first carried to the ribosome to synthesise proteins. The
proteins then enter the endoplasmic reticulum and then pass through the
Golgi apparatus followed by the secretory vesicles.

Question 6

Which of the following organelles can only be seen using an electron
microscope?
A Chloroplast
B Vacuole
C Nucleus
D Ribosomes

Answer : D
Organelles which are smaller than 0.2 mm may be viewed under the electron
microscope. Organelles such as mitochondrion, ribosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi apparatus can be seen under the electron microscope.

24

Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles Term

Question 7 1

The absence of nucleoli causes cells to die because they do not possess
A chloroplasts and are unable to undergo photosynthesis.
B Golgi apparatus and are unable to obtain energy.
C mitochondria and are unable to obtain energy.
D ribosomes and are unable to manufacture proteins.

Answer : D
Nucleoli has DNA which directs the synthesis of rRNA and ribosome
components, essential in protein synthesis.

Question 8

Which of the following cells would probably provide the best opportunity
to study lysosomes?
A Muscle cell
B Nerve cell
C Pancreatic cell
D Phagocytic white blood cell

Answer : D
Lysosomes contain a high concentration of hydrolytic enzymes involved in
intracellular digestion. Hence, lysosomes are abundant in phagocytic cells
such as macrophage and neutrophils.

Question 9

Which of the following statement is not true of Golgi apparatus?
A It is abundantly found in all living cells.
B It is involved in formation of lysosomes.
C Proteins are transported and modified within them.
D Proteins are targeted for transportation within the cell and then to the

cell’s exterior by exocytosis.

Answer : A
Golgi apparatus is abundant in secretory cells and in rapidly dividing cells
such as pancreatic cells, goblet cells, cells in testes and ovaries.

25

Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles

Term Question 10

Which of the following pair of organelles have double membranes?
A Chloroplasts and mitochondria
B Mitochondria and ribosomes
C Nuclei and ribosomes
D Chloroplasts and ribosomes

Answer : A

1 Chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei are double membrane-bound organelles
in the cell.

Question 11

The diagram below shows the arrangement of microtubules in a structure.

Which of the following have this type of microtubule arrangement?
I Cilium III Centriole
II Myofibril IV Flagellum
A I and III
B I and IV
C II and III
D III and IV

Answer : B
Flagella and cilia have the same basic structure, with 9 + 2 arrangement of
microtubules.

Question 12

Which of the following organelles is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells?
A Mitochondrion
B Nucleolus
C Centriole
D Ribosome

26

Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles

Answer : D
The ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are smaller, 70S while the ribosomes in
eukaryotic cells are larger, 80S.

Question 13 Term

The table below shows three organelles and their functions.

Organelle Function

P Chloroplast (a) Digestion of tissues 1
Q Lysosome (b) Reduction of coenzyme
R Mitochondrion (c) Destruction of organelles
(d) Oxidation of fatty acid
(e) Oxidative phosphorylation
(f ) Photophosphorylation

Which of the following are the correct matches for the organelles and their
functions?
P Q R
A (b), (f ) (a), (c) (d), (e)
B (a), (c) (b), (e) (d), (f )
C (d), (e) (a), (f ) (b), (c)
D (c), (d) (a), (f ) (b), (e)

Answer : A
In chloroplast, there is photophosphorylation to form ATP and reduction
of coenzyme, NADP to form NADPH during light dependent reaction in
photosynthesis. Lysosome contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular
digestion. Mitochondrion is the site for aerobic respiration to synthesise ATP.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A Synthesises phospholipid and cholesterol
B Attaches carbohydrates to protein to form glycoproteins
C Breaks down old and worn-out organelles
D Transports proteins syntherised by ribosomes

Answer : A
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes. It is a system of
interconnected tubules. It is the site of lipid synthesis such as triglycerides,
phospholipids, cholesterol and steroid hormones.

27

Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles

Question 15

Which of the following organelles and functions are matched correctly?
I Centriole – Spindle formation
II Microtubule – Movement of cilia and flagella
III Microfilament – Muscular contraction
IV Golgi body – Synthesis of lipid
Term A I and II
B I, II and III
C I, III and IV
1 D II, III and IV

Answer : B
The main function of the Golgi body is to receive vesicles from endoplasmic
reticulum, store and modify proteins.

Section B Structured Questions

Question 16

The diagram below shows a cell from the epithelial lining of a mammalian
intestine.

FC

B

AD
E

(a) Name the structures labelled D and E. (2 marks)
(b) Explain the functional relationship between the stuctures A, B, and F.
(4 marks)
(c) Outline the role of organelle C in cell metabolism. (2 marks)

Answer :
(a) D : nuclear membrane
E : Nucleolus

28

Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles Term

(b) A : Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are the sites for 1
protein synthesis in the cell.

B : Vesicles containing the protein are pinched off from the endoplasmic
reticulum to the membrane-bound cisternae of Golgi apparatus.
In the Golgi apparatus, the proteins are modified by the addition
of carbohydrates to form glycoproteins.

F : Vesicles containing these modified proteins bud off the Golgi
apparatus.

(c) – Mitochondrion carries out aerobic respiration that leads the
production of ATP at the inner membrane or cristae of the
mitochondrion.

– ATP is used as a source of chemical energy in the cells during
metabolic activities.

Question 17

The lysosome appears as a membrane-covered body which is slightly
smaller than mitochondria when observed through an electron microscope. It
functions as a storage for hydrolytic enzymes such as RNase, DNase, protease,
lipase, carbohydrase and phosphatase. These enzymes are able to digest
substances engulfed by the cell and under some conditions could destroy the
cell itself.

(a) State the type of cell in the human body that has numerous lysosomes.
Explain your answer. (2 marks)

(b) Give one difference between the membrane of a lysosome and the
membrane of a mitochondrion. (1 mark)

(c) State a special feature of the lysosome membrane. (1 mark)

(d) Explain briefly how lysosome acts to release enzymes in the cell. (2 marks)

(e) State a process that involves lysosome. (1 mark)

(f ) Give a method that is used to separate lysosome in the cell. (1 mark)

Answer :
(a) – Phagocytic white blood cell / neutrophil / macrophage.
– Lysosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that can digest the bacteria
engulfed by phagocytosis.
(b) – Lysosome is bound by a single membrane while mitochondrion is
bound by a double membrane.
(c) – The membrane is resistant to digestion by the hydrolytic enzymes
in the lysosome, hence preventing the enzymes from acting directly
on the cell.

29

Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles

Term (d) – Primary lysosome formed by the Golgi apparatus contains hydrolytic
enzymes and fuses with the food vacuole or autophagosome.

– Secondary lysosome is formed and the enzymes are released into it.
– The enzymes hydrolyse the substance in the vacuole or worn-out

organelles in the food vacuole or autophagosome.
– When the cell dies, the lysosome membrane breaks down. The

enzymes are released to digest the cell in a process called autolysis.

(e) – Digestion of food substances taken in by the cell by endocytosis.
– Digestion of worn-out organelles by autophagy.
1 – Digestion of the cell contents of dead cells by autolysis.

(f) Differential ultracentrifugation.

Question 18

A number of cells taken from a type of tissue were homogenised. Their
organelles were then separated by ultra centrifugation. The diagram below
shows the three types of organelles obtained through this process.

A B C
Organelle K Organelle L Organelle M

(a) State where these cells are taken from. (1 mark)

(b) Give the sedimentation order for organelles K, L and M. Give a reason for
your answer. (2 marks)

(c) Name the structures labeled A, B and C. (3 marks)

(d) State a function of organelle L. (1 mark)

(e) State a common function of organelles K and M. (1 mark)

Answer :

(a) Mesophyll cells
(b) – K, M and L

30

Biology STPM Chapter 2 Structure of Cells and Organelles Term

– The organelles are separated according to their size and density 1
whereby K is bigger and denser than L and M and M is bigger and
denser than L.

(c) A – Thylakoid / granum of chloroplast
B – Cisternae of Golgi apparatus
D – Matrix of mitochondrion
(d) To produce lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes / modifies

protein to form glycoproteins such as mucin by combining protein and
carbohydrate.
(e) Both organelles are able to produce ATP.

Question 19

The flow chart below shows the steps of the separation of organelles in
the cell by using the cell differential technique that involves process X and
centrifugation process.

Animal tissue
X

Homogenate suspension

Centrifuged at 600 g
for 10 minutes

Sediment A Supernatant

Centrifuged at 10,000 g
for 20 minutes

Sediment B Supernatant

Ultra centrifuged at
100,000 g for 60 minutes

Sediment C Supernatant

(a) (i) Name the process X. (1 mark)
(ii) State the force involved in the centrifugation process. (1 mark)
(b) State the name of the organelles in the sediments A, B and C as well as
each of their functions. (6 marks)

31

Answers

STPM Model Paper 1 964/1 Section C

18. (a)

Section A NH2
1. D 2. D 3. C
4. B 5. A 6. A N C CN
7. D 8. A 9. D
12. C O O O HC N CN CH
15. B O—P—O—P—O—P—OCH2 O
10. A 11. D
13. C 14. A

Section B OOO HH H H

16. (a) Paper chromatography OH OH

(b) Spot of concentrated – The structure consists of
chlorophyll extract. a purine base (adenine)
(c) (i) R0.f9v3alue of A = 9.0/9.7 = attached to the carbon
R0.f6v3alue of C = 6.1/9.7 = atom 1 of a pentose sugar /
(ii) TusheedRafsvaalcuoemcapnarbiseon ribose.

to identify unknown – Three phosphate groups
compounds in a mixture. are attached at the carbon
(d) – Molecular size atom 5 of the pentose
– Solubility sugar.
– Adsorption
– Adhesion of the – Terminal phosphate group
macromolecules to the has high energy level.

– The structure can be
broken down/hydrolyse
iisntaorAevDerPsi+bPlei+reenacetrigoyna. nd

chromatography paper (b) – Occur in the inner
(choose any two answers) membrane of
mitochondria.
17. (a) Condition : Anaerobic
Location : Cytoplasm – NADH/FADH is oxidised.
(b) Condition : Aerobic – Remove H+ ion/ H split
Location : Matrix of the
mitochondrion into H+ ion and electron.
(c) P  : Ethanol – The first electron acceptor
Q : Lactic acid
(d) The pathways are important for NADH is NADH
because NAD+ is required for dehydrogenase and FADH-
glycolysis to produce NADH. succinate dehydrogenase.
The NADH is oxidised to – As the electrons flow
regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis through the carriers, the
to continue in living cells. energy is released.

534

Biology STPM Answers

– The oxygen is a final – Glycerate-3-phosphate is
electron acceptor that – phosphorylated by ATP
combines with hydrogen – to become glycerate-1,
ion/H+ to form water. 3-diphosphate.
– H+ ions / protons pumped – The glycerate-1,
across the membrane into – 3-diphosphate is then
the intermembrane space. (b) – reduced by NADPH
– There is a build-up – and is converted into
of a proton gradient/ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
electrochemical gradient/ – (PGAL, triose phosphate),
proton motive force. a 3-carbon sugar.
– The protons are pumped Some glyceraldehyde-3-
back through the ATP uphseodsptohaatsesi(m61i laPtGe AorLg)anisic
synthase.
– The energy generated is
used to synthesis ATP from molecules such as glucose,

ADP+Pi. sucrose, starch, proteins
Therefore, for 1 molecule of
– and lipids.
The rest of the
NADH, 3 ATP while for 1 glyceraldehyde 56se rPieGsAL)
molecule of FADH, 2 ATP is converted in (
are produced. a
19. (a) – Calvin cycle occurs in the
stroma of the chloroplast. of complex reactions
– It involves a series of to regenerate ribulose
reactions that results in the bisphosphate.
reduction of carbon dioxide The processs requires ATP
into carbohydrate. and a series of accessory
– NADPH and ATP, products enzymes.

of the light-dependent bInispCh3 opslpahnatst,er(iRbuulBoPse)
reaction provides the
reducing power and energy combines with carbon
tdhioexciadrebwonhidleioixnidCe4 plants
required in the reactions. acceptor
– Carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere combines is phosphoenol-pyruvate
(PEP).
with ribulose bisphosphate iIsncCat3aplylasnedts,btyhrisibruelaocsteion
(RuBP), a 5-carbon
compound to form an
unstable 6-carbon sugar. bisphosphate carboxylase
(RuBisCo) which in
– The enzyme involved in Cbe4tpwleaenntsP, tEhPe reaction
this reaction is Ribulose and carbon
bisphosphate carboxylase
(RuBisCo). dioxide is catalysed by PEP
carboxylase.
– The six-carbon compound pInroCd3upctlaonftsc,atrhbeonfirdstioxide
immediately splits into two
molecules of glycerate-3-
phosphate (GP), a 3-carbon fixation is glycerate-3-
phosphate, a 3-carbon
compound.

535