HIP English E-Book

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E-DIGITAL BOOK

Vocabulary Sentence Structure
Grammar Expressions

ALL IEN-BOONOE
K

table of content

Content page

Vocabulary ................................................................................................1
grammar .....................................................................................................3

- COLLOCATION........................................................................................3
- VERB COLLOCATION..............................................................................4
- TENSEs...................................................................................................5

a) present simple.............................................................................5
b) present continuous...................................................................5
c) present perfect..........................................................................5
d) present perfect continuous..................................................6
e) past simple.....................................................................................6
f) past continuous...........................................................................6
g) past perfect..................................................................................7
h) Past perfect continuous..........................................................7

i) future simple.................................................................................7
j) future perfect.............................................................................8
k) future continuous.....................................................................8
l) future perfect continuous.....................................................8
sentence structure................................................................................9
- what is sentence structure in english...................................9
- simple sentences.............................................................................9
- compound sentence.......................................................................11
- complex sentence.........................................................................12
- compound-complex sentence...................................................13
expressions.............................................................................................14
- proverb.............................................................................................14
- idiom.....................................................................................................16
- simile...................................................................................................17
- METAPHOR...........................................................................................20

vocabulary

Today’s word....

Scrutinize

Pronunciation

/ˈskruːtɪnʌɪz/
skroo·tuh·nize

Syllables

3 syllables
scru-ti-nize

Word Class

Scrutinize
Verb

Meaning

Scrutinize
to examine something very carefully in order
to discover information.

or
to examine in detail with careful or critical
attention.

1

Synonym and antonyms of the word
'Scrutinize'

Synonymous Antonyms

check glance
examine neglect
peruse skim
study
inspect
Scan

Sentences

1.Her performance was carefully scrutinized by
her employer.

2.As a possible business investor, you should
scrutinize the financial records before signing
any agreement.

3.Lastly, make sure you scrutinize the wedding
invitation and the schedule for any specific
dress requirements.

Students, try to use this word in
your writing or while speaking!
Good Luck!

2

grammar

COLLOCATION

Collocations are words or phrases that is often
used with another word or phrase, in a way
that sounds correct to people who have spoken
the language all their lives, but might not be
expected from the meaning:
In the phrase "a hard frost", "hard" is a
collocation of "frost" and "strong" would not
sound natural.

Examples

1.to make the bed.
2.I need to make the bed every day.
3.to do homework.
4.My son does his

homework after
dinner.
5.to take a risk.
6.Some people don't
take enough risks
in life.
7.to give someone
advice.
8.The teacher gave us some advice on taking
tests.

3

Verb Collocations

Some of the most common collocations involve
verb + noun collocations used in everyday
situations. Here are some examples of the types
of verb collocations you will need as you
continue learning English

Examples

1.to feel free
2.Please feel free to take a seat and enjoy the

show.
3.to come prepared
4.Make sure to come prepared for the test

tomorrow.
5.to save time
6.You'll save time if you turn off your smart

phone and concentrate on the lesson.
7.to find a replacement
8.We need to find a replacement for Jim as

soon as possible.
9.to make progress
10.We're making progress on the project at

work.
11.to do the washing up
12.I'll do the washing up and you can put Johnny

to bed.

4

TENSES

Present Simple

When you use the present simple, you are using a
routine. It’s something that you always do every
day, month or year. Or it’s something that you
never do.

I, You, We, They: travel every day.
He, She, It: travels every day.

Present Continuous/Progressive

When you use the present continuous, you are
referring to what is happening right now. Also, it
can be an action that is not yet complete.

I: am traveling right now.
You, We, They: are traveling right now.
He, She, It: is traveling right now.

Present Perfect

Although it’s easy to confuse this verb tense with
present simple, the main difference is that the
action is complete for present perfect. In other
words, you are looking at the result right now
without any words referring to time.

I, You, We, They: have traveled to France.
He, She, It: has traveled to France

5

Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive

In this verb tense, an action starts in the past but
it’s still continuing now. You have been performing
the action and still are performing the action in the
present.

I, You, We, They: have been traveling for a day.
He, She, It: has been traveling for a day.

Past Simple

For past simple, it includes a finished action and
time.

I, You, We, They, He, She, It: traveled to France
yesterday.

Past Continuous/Progressive 6

When you use the past continuous,
you are often using two actions.
However, one action is not finished
in the past, and another is
completely interrupting the other
action.

I, He, She, It: was traveling by bus
when the deer
crossed the road.
You, We, They: were traveling
when the deer crossed the road.

Past Perfect

This verb tense uses two actions at two different
times. Before the second action occurs, the first
action is complete.

I, You, We, They, He, She, It: had traveled by car
when the bus arrived.

Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive

For colloquial English, we don’t use past perfect
continuous very often. But in textbooks, it’s a bit
more common. This very tense has a complete
action that happened before a second action. But
in this case, you can describe how long.

I, You, We, They, He, She, It: had been traveling for
one hour when the car broke down.

Future Simple 7

This verb tense is about planning things
to do in the future. For example, what will
you do tomorrow or next week?

Instead of using “will”, you can use
“going to” for future tense. But this
lesson uses “will” for the future tense.

I, You, We, They, He, She, It: will
travel to France tomorrow.

Future Perfect

An action will be completed in the future before
another is completed.

I, You, We, They, He, She, It:
will have traveled to France
by the time you arrive.

Future Continuous/
Progressive

The action is not
complete when another
action happens in the
future.
This is similar to
past continuous, but it refers to the future.

I, You, We, They, He, She, It: will be traveling when
you arrive.

Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive

An action will be continuing in the future when it is
interrupted by another action. This future verb
tense often includes an indication of how long the
action has been happening.

I, You, We, They, He, She, It: will have been
traveling for one hour when you arrive.

8

sentence structure

What is sentence structure in English?

Sentence structure is the way a sentence is
arranged, grammatically. The sentence
structure of writing includes where the noun
and verb fall within an individual sentence.

There are four types of sentence structures;
simple, compound, complex, and compound-
complex. Each sentence is defined by the use of
independent and dependent clauses,
conjunctions and subordinators.

Simple Sentences

A simple sentence has the most basic elements
that make it a sentence. It has a subject and a
verb, and sometimes an object or complement.
The subject is who or what the sentence is
about. The verb and the object or complement
together are often called the predicate.

Simple sentences often
are short, to express a single
complete thought and can
also be referred to as an
independent clause because
it can stand by itself as a
complete sentence.

9

Subject + predicate
(do-er or be-er) + (message about the subject)
Examples of Simple Sentences
1.Mary enjoys cooking.
2.I run four miles every morning.
3.Do you eat ice cream?
4.My mother does the laundry.
5.They have won the football match.
6.My father does not like coffee.
7.They speak English in the USA.




10

Compound Sentences

Compound sentences on the other hand combine
different sentences or phrases through
conjunctions and present them as a single
sentence. In simpler words, a compound sentence
has two or more simple sentences joined together,
usually with a comma and a coordinating
conjunction.

In a compound sentence, each clause, or each part,
before and after the conjunction, would make
sense on its own. A compound sentence consists of
two independent clauses.

Sentence + comma + conjunction + sentence



Examples of Compound Sentences

There are four great tragic artists of the world,

and three of them are Greek.

I want to lose weight, yet I eat a lot of food

daily.

Anne does not like horror movies because they

are scary, so she does not watch them.

Daniel came first, therefore he got a good seat.

The pirate captain lost her treasure map, but

she still found the buried treasure.

A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an

idea lives on.

She spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded

in English. 11

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence is formed by adding one or
more subordinate (dependent) clauses to the main
(independent) clause using conjunctions and/or
relative pronouns. A subordinate clause depends
on another clause to complete an idea, so we call
subordinate clauses dependent clauses. Complex
sentences contain more than one clause (verb
group).

An independent clause has the ability to stand
alone as a sentence. It always makes a complete
thought. A dependent clause cannot stand alone,
even though it has a subject and a verb.

Examples of Complex Sentences



Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in
the microwave.
She returned the computer after she noticed it
was damaged.
Although it was very long, the movie was still
enjoyable.
The actor was happy he got a part in a movie
even though the part was small.
Because he was so small, Stuart was often hard
to find around the house.
As genes change over time, evolution
progresses.
I really did not like the movie even though the
acting was good.

12

Compound-Complex Sentences

The compound-complex sentence combines
elements of compound and complex sentences. It
is the most sophisticated type of sentence you
can use. A compound-complex sentence consists
of at least two independent clauses and one or
more dependent clauses.

Compound-complex sentences are normally
longer than other sentences, therefore it is very
important to punctuate them correctly.

Examples

When I grow up, I want to be a ballerina, and
my mom is proud of me.
I will get to watch television, but first, I have
to clean up the dishes after we finish eating.
We won the game, but my uniform was muddy
because it rained the entire time.
After our trip to the beach, school started
back, and I was excited to see my friends.
Maria was very sick today and we will take
her to the hospital now, before she gets
worse.
Although Serene wanted to study abroad, she
could not go because her father did not want
her to go.

13

expressions

Proverbs

A proverb is a simple and insightful, traditional
saying that expresses a perceived truth based on
common sense or experience. Proverbs are often
metaphorical and use formulaic language.
Collectively, they form a genre of folklore.

Example of proverbs

Absence makes the heart
grow fonder.

When people we love
are not with us, we love
them even more.

Example: When I was with her she always fought
with me but now she cries for me on the phone. I
think distance made her heart grow fonder.

A fool and his money are soon parted.
Foolish people do not know how to hold on to
their money.

Example: She gave up her entire estate on the
basis of a verbal promise. A fool and his money are
indeed easily parted.

14

A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single
step.

However big a task is, it starts with a small
step.
Example: I’m feeling overwhelmed by the prospect
of completing a 4,000-word paper by next week,
but I guess I’ll start by writing 500 words every
day. After all, a journey of a thousand miles begins
with a single step.

15

Idioms

An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically
presents a figurative, non-literal meaning
attached to the phrase; but some phrases
become figurative idioms while retaining the
literal meaning of the phrase. Categorized as
formulaic language, an idiom's figurative
meaning is different from the literal meaning.

Example of Idioms

A blessing in disguise
A good thing that initially seemed bad
A dime a dozen
Something that is very common, not unique
Adding insult to injury
To make a bad situation even worse
Biting off more than you can chew
Committing to do something that you don’t
really have the time, resources or ability to do
Doing something at the drop of a hat
Doing something at a moment’s notice
Giving the benefit of the doubt
Believing someone’s story without proof even
though it may seem unbelievable

16

Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that directly
compares two things. Similes differ from other
metaphors by highlighting the similarities between
two things using comparison words such as "like",
"as", "so", or " than", while other metaphors create
an implicit comparison.

Simile example using ‘AS’

as American as apple pie
as big as an elephant
as black as coal
as blind as a bat
as boring as watching paint dry
as brave as a lion
as busy as a bee
as cheap as dirt
as clean as a whistle
as clear as mud
as clear as crystal
as cold as ice
as cool as a cucumber
as cunning as a fox
as dead as a doornail
as deaf as a post

17

Simile example using ‘LIKE’

sing like an angel
act like an animal
eat like a bird
fight like cats and dogs
work like a dog
work like a dream
soar like an eagle
sound like fingernails on a chalkboard
swim like a fish
race like a scared bunny
have eyes like a hawk
eat like a horse
sleep like a log
gravitate like a moth to the flame
eat like a pig
smell like a rose
sound like a screaming baby
shine like the stars
meander like a stream
explode like a volcano
shine like diamonds
slept like a baby
drools like a St. Bernard
sweet like sugar
leaked like a sieve
strong like a raging bull
soft like a lamb
flutter like a hummingbird

18

Simile Sentence Example

During the house fire, my dad was as brave as a
lion.
Sunday is cleaning day. By the time we're done,
the house is as clean as a whistle.
That teacher was as dull as dishwater.
I think my grandfather is as old as these hills!
This house of cards is as sturdy as an oak.
My literature teacher was as wise as an owl.
My best friend sings like an angel.
After I received that "A" on my spelling test, I
thought I might soar like an eagle.
Gah! Her voice sounds like nails on a chalkboard!
In our eighth grade pageant, we shone like stars.

19

Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical
effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning
another. It may provide clarity or identify hidden
similarities between two different
ideas. Metaphors are often
compared with other types of
figurative language, such as
antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and
simile.

Metaphors About Emotions

Metaphors can be useful in expressing the extent or
type of feelings a person is experiencing.

His words cut deeper than a knife.

Words don't materialize into sharp objects. In this
metaphor, someone has said something hurtful to
another.

I feel the stench of failure coming on.

Failure isn't fun but it doesn't smell. So, when this
metaphor is used, it means one of life's
disappointments is on the way.

20

I'm drowning in a sea of grief.
Here, grief is so overwhelming that the
person feels helpless, like they're
being pulled underwater.

I'm feeling blue.
Until we become like the little
girl in Willy Wonka's Chocolate
Factory, none of us are likely to
turn as blue as a blueberry. This
metaphor means someone is sad.
She's going through a rollercoaster of emotions.
Our emotions can't take a ride on a rollercoaster.
This metaphor simply means the person's going
through a lot of different moods.

21

Metaphors Describing Behavior

Metaphors are often used to describe behavior.

I think he's about to fade off to sleep.

Fortunately, none of us fade into thin air when we
fall asleep. This expression simply means that
someone has drifted into a state of slumber.

He really flared up my temper.

When someone flares up your temper, flames don't
spew out of your body, you're just deeply angry.

He reeks of infidelity.

When this is said about a cheating partner, it
doesn't mean there's an actual odor. This metaphor
is saying it's obvious the person is a liar and a cheat.

She was fishing for compliments.

The woman isn't literally casting a
lure to hook compliments out of the ocean.
Rather, it's a dead metaphor used to signify
a desire for accolades.

She has such a bubbly personality.

No one's personality can bubble up like a glass of

champagne. This metaphor is used to signify

someone who's especially cheerful. 22

Metaphors About Setting

Sometimes a metaphor is the best way to convey
what the setting is like.

The curtain of night fell upon us.

The evening did not develop into a velvet curtain.
It just got dark outside. Simple words are used to
paint a colorful picture of how quickly night
arrived.

The moonlight sparkles brighter than a gypsy.

The moonlight didn't transform into a colorful
gypsy. Rather, it lit up the night with sparkling
radiance.

The sun is a creature of habit.

The sun, of course, is not a creature at all.
However, this metaphor conveys the pattern and
repetition of sunrise and sunset.

Warmth blanketed the area.

While temperature can't be thrown over an area
the way a blanket can, it can settle in and stay in
place over a widespread area.

23

The cold air pierced his skin.
While cold can't actually cut through a person's
skin, this metaphor describes the biting feel of
extremely cold temperatures.

24

Popular Sayings as Metaphors

Some popular sayings (clichés) are metaphors.

Time is a thief.

Fortunately, time doesn't put on a ski mask and lurk
around dark corners. This metaphor illustrates the
point that time seems to pass quickly and our lives
flash by.

Success is a sense of achievement

it is not an illegitimate child. This saying reinforces
the belief that everyone wants to take credit for
success, but no one wants to take responsibility for
their failings.

This is the icing on the cake.

While cake may always be welcome, cake
with icing is even better. This means
something wonderful has happened
to make a good situation even
better (or worse, depending on
context).

Hope is on the horizon.

Hope is an intangible thing that doesn't bob along

the horizon. This metaphor indicates good things

are in one's future. 25

Life contains nothing but clear skies up ahead.
This metaphor refers to a life devoid of disaster
and heartache.

26

‘HIP English E-Digital Book 2021’ was
specially designed for students of SMK
Bandar Puchong Jaya (B) to improve their
English Language competency.

Four trainee teachers from Management
and Science University (MSU); Seri Nuralia,
Harshinni Panicker, Putri Nur'elina Najwa,
and Racheal Anne have prepared this e-
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hoped that this e-digital book can help
students of SMK Bandar Puchong Jaya (B) to
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splendidly.