Chapter 3

Learning from Other

Studies and

Reviewing the Literature

Chapter 3

PART III.

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Research Ethics

Research Ethical writing is
Ethics: ü CLEAR

ü ACCURATE

ü FAIR

ü HONEST

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL PRACTICE

Obtain informed consent from participants
There should be no pressure on individuals
to participate.

Respect individual autonomy.

Maintain anonymity and confidentiality

Avoid causing harm

Take particular care in research with vulnerable
groups.



It is the most widely recognized and one of
the most serious violations of the contract
between the reader and the writer.
Plagiarism is the using of someone else’s
words or ideas and passing them off as your
own.

Plagiarism of ideas – is “appropriating an
idea (e.g., an explanation, a theory, a
conclusion, a hypothesis, a metaphor) in
whole or in part, or with superficial
modifications without giving credit to its
originator”

Plagiarism of text – “the taking of words,
images, ideas, etc. from an author and
presenting them as one’s own”

Twenty Five
Ethical

Guidelines

9

1. An ethical writer always Twenty Five
acknowledges the Ethical
contributions of others
and the source of Guidelines
his/her ideas.

2. Any verbatim text taken
from another author
must be enclosed in
quotation marks.

3. We must always
acknowledge every
source that we use in
our writing; whether we
paraphrase it,
summarize it, or
enclose it in quotations.

10

4. When we summarize, Twenty Five
we condense, in our Ethical
own words, a
substantial amount of Guidelines
material into a short
paragraph or perhaps
even into a sentence.

5. Whether we are
paraphrasing or
summarizing, we must
always identify the
source of the
information.

11

6. When paraphrasing and/or Twenty Five
summarizing others’ work Ethical
we must reproduce the
exact meaning of the other Guidelines
authors’ ideas or facts
using our words and
sentence structure.

7. In order to make
substantial modifications
to the original text that
result in a proper
paraphrase, the author
must have a thorough
understanding of the ideas
and terminology being
used.

12

8. A responsible writer has Twenty Five
an ethical responsibility Ethical
to readers, and to the
author/s from whom s/he Guidelines
is borrowing, to respect
other’s ideas and words,
to credit those from
whom we borrow, and
whenever possible, to
use one’s own words
when paraphrasing.

9. When in doubt as to
whether a concept or fact
is common knowledge,
provide a citation.

13

10. Authors who submit a Twenty Five
manuscript for publication Ethical
containing data, reviews,
conclusions, etc. that have Guidelines
already been disseminated
in some significant manner
must clearly indicate to the
editors and readers the
nature of previous
dissemination.

11. If the results of a single
complex study are best
presented as a “cohesive”
single whole, they should
not be partitioned into
individual papers.

14

12. Because some instances Twenty Five
of plagiarism, self- Ethical
plagiarism, and even
some writing practices Guidelines
that might otherwise be
acceptable can
constitute copyright
infringement, authors are
strongly encouraged to
become familiar with
basic elements of
copyright law.

13. Authors are strongly
urged to double-check
their citations.

15

14. Authors are urged to Twenty Five
adhere to the spirit of Ethical
ethical writing and avoid
reusing their own Guidelines
previously published text,
unless it is done in a
manner consistent with
standard scholarly
conventions.

15. The references used in a
paper should only be
those that are directly
related to its contents.

16

16. Authors should follow a Twenty Five
simple rule: Strive to Ethical
obtain the actual
published paper. Guidelines

17. Generally, when
describing others’ work,
do not rely on a
secondary summary of
that work. The
references used in a
paper should only be
those that are directly
related to its contents.

17

18. If an author must rely on a Twenty Five
secondary source to Ethical
describe the contents of a
primary source, s/he Guidelines
should consult writing
manuals used in his/her
discipline to follow the
proper convention to do so.

19. When borrowing heavily
from a source, authors
should always craft their
writing in a way that makes
clear to readers, which
ideas are their own

18

20. When appropriate, authors Twenty Five
have an ethical Ethical
responsibility to report
evidence that runs contrary Guidelines
to their point of view.

21. Authors have an ethical
obligation to report all
aspects of the study that
may impact the
independent replicability of
their research.

22. Researchers have an
ethical responsibility to
report the results of their
studies according to their a
priori plans.

19

23. Only those individuals Twenty Five
who have made Ethical
substantive contributions
to a project merit Guidelines
authorship in a paper.

24. Faculty-student
collaborations should
follow the same criteria
to establish authorship.

25. Academic or professional
ghost authorship in the
sciences is ethically
unacceptable.

20

Protecting the Intellectual Property in
the Philippines

> Philippine copyright law is enshrined
in the Intellectual Property Code of t he
Philippines, officially known as Republic
Act No. 8293.

> Under Philippine law, original
intellectual creations in the literary and
artistic domain are copyrightable.

21

THANK YOU

22

Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and
released these awesome resources for free:
> Presentation template by SlidesCarnival & ALLPPTcom
> Stock Photographs by Unsplash, Burst & Deposiphoto

23

“That in all things,
God may be glorified”