NOTA PEMBELAJARAN SISTEM HIBRID KERETA DISEDIAKAN OLEH: NORISHAM BIN A.RAHIM Notes & Assignment
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI, PS 65 81907, KOTA TINGGI, JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM TEL: 07-8835367 FAX: 07-8837402 NOTA PEMBELAJARAN NAMA PROGRAM / PROGRAM’S NAME DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF NAMA KURSUS/ COURSE NAME ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE NO. DAN TAJUK UNIT KOMPETENSI / COMPETENCY UNIT NO. AND TITLE Hybrid System Electric Vehicle NO. KOD/CODE NUM. DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 1 Drpd/of : 21 TAJUK/TITLE : ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE TUJUAN/PURPOSE: Nota Pembelajaran ini bertujuan menerangkan perkara – perkara berkaitan dengan alternative fuel vehicle. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Possible Alternative Fuel 1.1.1 Conventional Fuels:-
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 2 Drpd/of : 21 - Fossil fuels (petroleum), coal, and nuclear materials such as uranium. - Alternate Fuels:- Also known as non-conventional fuels’ Highly Oxidized, Sulphur Free, Environmental Friendly Any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels Example:- Alcohol Fuel, Vegetable Oil,Biodiesel,Natural gas 1.1.2 Selection of alternate fuel: Eco-Friendly Efficient Economical 1.1.3 Why We Choose Alternate Fuel: Conventional Fuels are going to run out To reduce pollution To protect against Global Warming To save money Biodegradable and non-toxic Easy to handle and store Rural Development 1.1.4 Different Types Of Alternate Fuels:- Alcohol Fuels (Ethanol & Methanol) Water Gasoline Mixture Vegetable Oil Biodiesel Hydrogen LPG & CNG Electricity Benzol
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 3 Drpd/of : 21 1.2 Solid Fuels Solid fuel embraces a wide variety of combustibles, ranging from wood, peat and lignite, through refuse and other low calorific value substances, to coal and other solid fuels derived from it. Coal represents by far the largest component of the world’s fossil fuel reserves. In thermal terms 90% of the known hydrocarbon fuel deposits are formed by coal. The carbon: hydrogen ratio of coal is the highest of the fossil fuels, hence the calorific values of coals are principally determined by the carbon in the fuel. It is usual to consider coals in terms of their rank: in general, a high ranking coal will have a high carbon content. The other major coal constituent element, hydrogen, is present in hydrocarbons which are released as volatile matter when the coal is heated. Coal is a sedimentary rock of vegetable origin. Vast deposits of plant material, formed approximately 80 million years ago, were consolidated by pressure, heat and earth movement. The rank of a coal is related to its geological age and, generally, its depth in the earth. The ranking sequence is: 1. Wood 2. Peat 3. Lignite (brown coal) 4. Bituminous Coal 5. Anthracite In general, deposits close to the surface which can be worked by strip mining produce a more economical fuel than deep mined coal. As the rank of a coal increases, its carbon content increases from 75% to about 93% (by weight), the hydrogen content decreases from 6% to 3%, and the oxygen content decreases from 20% to 3%. Table 1 Composition of some typical solid fuels (% by mass) Fuel Carbon Volatile matter Moisture Ash
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 4 Drpd/of : 21 Peat Lignite Bituminous Coal Anthracite 44 57 82 90 65 50 25 4 20 15 2 1 4 4 5 3 1.3 LIQUID FUELS (ETHANOL, METHANOL, LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS) 1.3.1 Ethanol Is a renewable energy source Can be produced from a variety of feedstock such as sugar cane, potatoes, sweet potatoes,molasses, corn, etc. Mostly produced by Fermentation Is a particulate-free burning fuel source Ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced alcohol fuel made from plant material, such as corn, sugar cane, or grasses. Using ethanol can reduce oil dependence and green house gas (GHG) emissions. Ethanol fuel use in the U.S. has increased dramatically from about 1.7 billion gallons in 2001 to about 16.4 billion in 2016 Ethanol is also known as ethyl alcohol. It’s the alcohol in beer, wine,rum, vodka, etc. Ethanol was used to fuel some of the first automobiles The first production car running entirely on ethanol was the Fiat 147, introduced in 1978 in Brazil by Fiat Alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops or cellulose Most commonly used to increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline. Can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.(FLEX FUEL) An excellent, clean-burning fuel, has a higher octane rating (over 100) and burns
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 5 Drpd/of : 21 cooler than gasoline. High ethanol blends present a problem to achieve enough vapor pressure for the fuel to evaporate and spark the ignition during cold weather 1.3.1.1 Uses Most commonly used to power automobiles Additive for gasoline 1.3.2 Methanol Of all the fuel being considered as an alternate to gasoline,methanol is one of the most promising and experienced major research and development. Methanol, also known as wood alcohol, can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run on M85 The benefits include lower emissions, higher performance, and lower risk of flammability than gasoline Methanol can easily be made into hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the future. Methanol is extremely corrosive, requiring special materials for delivery and storage. Chemical Formula: CH3OH , Density: 792 kg/m, Melting point: -97.6 °C 1.3.3 Vegetables Oil RUDOLF DIESEL designed a diesel engine in 1984 to run on peanut oil. The use of vegetable oils for engine fuel may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as petroleum an coal tar products of the present time. An Extract from Diesel’s speech in 1912 Most diesel car engines are suitable for the use of straight vegetable oil (SVO), also commonly called pure plant oil (PPO),with certain modifications. Principally, the viscosity and surface tension of the SVO/PPO must be reduced by preheating it, typically by using waste heat from the engine or electricity, otherwise poor atomization, incomplete combustion and carbonization may result. One common solution is to add a heat exchanger and an additional fuel tank for the petrodiesel or biodiesel blend and to switch between this additional tank and
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 6 Drpd/of : 21 the main tank of SVO/PPO. The engine is started on diesel, switched over to vegetable oil as soon as it is warmed up and switched back to diesel shortly before being switched off to ensure that no vegetable oil remains in the engine or fuel lines when it is started from cold again 1.3.4 Biodiesel Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces air pollutants such as particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics. Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form but it may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems and may not be suitable for wintertime use. Need to heat storage tanks in colder climates to prevent the fuel from gelling Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel To create a biodiesel blend in different concentrations of B100, B20, B5, B2. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled restaurant greases. Clean burning alternative fuel source Derived from Soy beans and animal fats Has same vehicular performance as Diesel Completely renewable fuel source 1.3.4.1 Uses Popularly used in vehicles and power generators 1.3.4.2 Importance Of Biodiesel Environmental friendly Clean burning Renewable fuel
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 7 Drpd/of : 21 No engine modification Increase in engine life Biodegradable and non-toxic Easy to handle and store Complete CO2 cycle Sulphur free Figure 1 Biodiesel CO2 Cycle 1.3.4.2 Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel Advantages Disadvantages • Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones • Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) • Less greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%) • Non-toxic •Use of blends above B5 not yet approved by many auto makers • B100 generally not suitable for use in low temperatures • Concerns about B100's impact on engine durability 1.3.5 Propane Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Not RPG Clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used to power internal combustion engines. Lower amounts of some harmful emissions and the greenhouse gas carbon
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 8 Drpd/of : 21 dioxide (CO2) Most LPG used in U.S Transportation fuel since 1912 1.3.5.1 How Propane Vehicles Work Propane is stored as a liquid in a relatively low-pressuretank The supply of propane to the engine is controlled by a regulator or vaporizer, which converts the liquid propane to a vapor The vapor is fed to a mixer located near the intake manifold, where it is metered and mixed with filtered air before being drawn into the combustion chamber where it is burned to produce power 1.3.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Propane Advantages Disadvantages 90% of propane used in U.S. comes from domestic sources Less expensive than gasoline Potentially lower toxic, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) Propane is clean, cost effective, safe and a reliable alternative fuel Limited availability A few large trucks and vans can be special ordered from manufacturers; other vehicles can be converted by certified installers Less readily available than gasoline & diesel Fewer miles on a tank of fuel 1.3.6 Biomass Is the most important source for energy productions supplied by agriculture Is a “carbon lean” fuel producing a fraction of the Carbon emissions of fossil Anaerobic digestion converts biomass especially waste product such as municipal solid waste and market waste. 1.3.6.1 Uses
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 9 Drpd/of : 21 Can offer local business opportunities and support the rural economy Can be used as a domestic fuel Used for boilers 1.4 Gaseous Fuels (Hydrogen) A potentially emissions-free alternative fuel produced from domestic resources. Not widely used today as a transportation fuel Not occur free in nature in useful quantities, but it is manufactured in a number of ways. Clean source of fuel Extracted by electrolysis of H2O Helps lower CO2 emissions End product is H2O 1.4.1 Uses Widely used for Rocket Engines Used for Internal Combustion Engines when mixed with natural gas Used extensively in fuel cells 1.4.1 Advantages of the Hydrogen Emits only water vapour, assuming there is no leakage of hydrogen gas It can store up to 3 times as much energy as conventional natural gas. Produced domestically. Environmentally friendly. 1.4.2 Disadvantages of the Hydrogen It still costs a considerable amount of money to run a hydrogen vehicle Dangerous 1.5 Conclusion The alternative fuel sources are environment friendly as opposed to fossil Fuels By using alternative sources we can reduce, air pollution, soil pollution
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 10 Drpd/of : 21 and water pollution Using alternative fuel helps diminish Global Warming Due to technological advancements vehicles are made with improved fuel efficiency and also perfect hybrid vehicle are available Throughout the year these sources are.available without affecting the Environment Helps conserve natural resources 2.0 HYBRID SYSTEM 2.1 Pengenalan Kenapa Hybrid? Faktor Harga Minyak Kenderaan konvensional guna petrol / diesel sebagai sumber bahan api Rizab minyak berkurangan Kenderaan konvensional hasilkan CO2, Penyumbang pemanasan global. Hasilkan bahan pencemar lain •nitrogen oksida •karbon monoksida •hidrokarbon Hybrid guna kurang bahan api = kurang pelepasan CO2 Kenderaan elektrik guna bahan api sifar = pelepasan sifar 2.2 Engine type Guna dua atau lebih sumber kuasa untuk berfungsi. Sumber petrol + bateri = HEV HEV = Hybrid Electric Vehicle Kenderaan Hybrid Elektrik HEV moden pertama = Perius 1997 2.2.1 Sistem dan komponen utama kenderaan hybrid • Ice - Engine • MG1- Generator • MG2- Motor
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 11 Drpd/of : 21 • HV Battery • Inverter • Planatery Gear Set 2.2.1.1 ICE- Enjin Rajah 2 AT-PZEV Advanced Tech. Partial Zero Emission 1.8L Enjin pembakaran dalam yang kecil VVTi 73kW 148Nm@4000rpm Max output Atkinson Cycle 2.2.1.2 Generator
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 12 Drpd/of : 21 Rajah 3 Penjana / Starter MG1 – Motor Generator1 AC Synchronous Motor 30kW 2.2.1.3 Electric Traction Motor Motor / Penjana 3 fasa MG2 – Motor Generator 2 AC Synchronous Motor 60kW 650V max Torque 207Nm 2.2.1.4 HV Battery Nickel–metal hydride – NiMH - Battery handphone DC 201.6volt 28 cell 201.6 / 28 = 7.2v per modul 27kW power output max Penyejukan Udara/Blower 2.2.1.5 Inverter
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 13 Drpd/of : 21 Rajah 4 DC (201.6v) – AC (500v) 3fasa DC – DC 12v Booster Converter Penyejukan cecair 2.2.1.6 Planetary Gear Set Rajah 5 Penghubung 3 komponen – Enjin ICE, Carrier Gear – MG1, Sun Gear – MG2, Ring Gear, Roda kereta ECVT Electronially controlled continuously variable transmission Planetary Gear Set
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 14 Drpd/of : 21 Rajah 6 Power Device Split (Planetary Gear Set) Rajah 7 2.2.2 Kategori Susun Atur Komponen Kenderaan Hybrid OUTPUT TO VEHICLE Main Motor / Generator Planetary Gear Set Secondary Motor/ Generator Internal Combustion Engine Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 15 Drpd/of : 21 Series Hybrid Parallel Hybrid Series Parallel Hybrid 2.2.2.1 Series Hybrid Rajah 8 Series Hybrid Motor elektrik memacu roda. Enjin memacu penjana untuk mengecas pek bateri. 2.2.2.2 Parallel Hybrid
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KOTA TINGGI VEHICLES CHASSIS SYSTEM 1 DMD 4132 Muka / Page : 16 Drpd/of : 21 Rajah 9 Parallel Hybrid Engine memacu roda. Motor elektrik mengecaj HV bateri atau memacu roda.
- Hibrid berasal dari perk HIBRIDA yang bermaks - Menurut kamus dewan kacukan. - Mengikut definisi hibrid menggunakan on board (motor) dan bekalan ku api (enjin) untuk mengg
kataan latin sud hasil gabungan. , hibrid bermaksud d ialah kenderaan yang d reachargable energy uasa berasaskan bahan gerakkan kenderaan.
Pada asasnya,hibrid ada menggunakan enjin pem Combustion Engine ICE untuk memacu kenderaa Electric Motor
alah kenderaan yang mbakaran dalam (Internal ) dan motor elektrik an. Engine
Penjimatan Bahan Api Mengurangkan pencemara
an alam sekitar
ü Mahal ü Kereta berat ( ini dise Motor ) üKos penyelenggaraan üJangka hayat HV batte
babkan HV Battery dan yang tinggi ery terhad
Toyota Prius (Full hybrid) Pengeluaran bermula pada tahun 1997 menggunakan enjin 1.5 liter dan 60 kW (80 hp) motor AC.
Honda Insight (Mild hybrid) Pengeluaran bermula pada tahun 1999, dengan menggunakan enjin 1.3 liter dan 10 kW (13.4 hp) AC motor.
Peugeot308 (micro hybrid) Pengeluaran bermula pada tahun 2011, dengan menggunakan enjin 1.6 liter.
Nissan Leaf (electric) Pengeluaran bermula pada tahun 2010 menggunakan 80 kW (107 hp) AC motor.
Kenderaan hybrid te 1.Enjin Pembakaran D 2.Motor Generator 1 (M 3.Motor Generator 2 (M 4.Planetary Gear Set 5.Inverter and DC - AC 6.HV (High Voltage) Ba
erdiri daripada: Dalam (ICE) MG1) MG2) C Converter attery
Enjin Pembak
karan Dalam
MG 1 Motor / Penjana 3 phasa. 60 kw / 650 v max mema Torque 207 Nm
MG 2 acu roda.
Planetary gear unit ECVT (Electronically con transmission )
ntrolled continuously variable
1.Booster Converter DC-AC ( 2 2.Charger DC~DC ( 210 V-DC
210 V-DC ~ 500V-AC) ~ 12 V-DC )
1. Nickel–metal hydride NiM 2. DC 201.6 volt 28 cell / 20
MH ( Battery Handphone ) 01.6/ 28 = 7.2 V per module
1. JENIS PARALLEL 2. JENIS SERIES 3. JENIS GABUNGAN SERIES