Basic Occupational First Aid & CPR Training Manual - E Book

BASIC OCCUPATIONAL
FIRST AID
& CPR

Prepared by TDC

Contents

What is CPR ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 3
Main Function of the Heart ……………………………………………………………………………………… Page 3
Coronary Heart Diseases and Risk Factors …………………………………………………………………… Page 4
Sign & Symptoms of Heart Attack ……………………………………………………………………………… Page 5
CPR – Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ………………………………………………………………………… Page 6
Choking ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 8

-First Aid for Choking ……………………………………………………………………………… Page 9
Shock ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 10

-Causes of Shock …………………………………………………………………………………… Page 10
-Sign and Symptoms of Shock…………………………………………………………………… Page 11
-First Aid for Shock ………………………………………………………………………………… Page 12
Wound ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 13
-Type of Wound …………………………………………………………………………………… Page 13
-Early Treatment for Wound …………………………………………………………………… Page 14
Bandaging …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 15
-Type of Bandages ………………………………………………………………………………… Page 16
-Triangular Bandage to the Head ……………………………………………………………… Page 17
-Triangular Bandage Sling………………………………………………………………………… Page 18
-Spiral Bandage……………………………………………………………………………………… Page 19

WHAT IS CPR?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is technique which help in keeping blood and oxygen
circulating to the heart and brain of a person whose heart has stopped beating in case of
a cardiac arrest.

MAIN FUNCTION OF THE HEART

• Pumping oxygenated blood to the other body parts
• Pumping hormones and other vital substances to different parts of the body
• Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the

body and pumping to the lung for oxygenation
• Maintain blood pressure

3

CORONARY HEART DISEASES AND RISK
FACTORS

Major risk factors that can’t be changed
• Increasing age
• Male sex (gender)
• Heredity (including race)

Major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking
medicine
• Tobacco smoke
• High blood cholesterol
• High blood pressure
• Physical inactivity
• Obesity and overweight
• Diabetes mellitus

Other factor
• Stress
• Alcohol

4

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF HEART ATTACK

• Chest pain which may radiate into the arm, neck or jaw
• Complaining of feeling sick
• Shortness of breath
• Pale, cold and clammy skin
• Feeling week, light-headed or faint

5

CPR – CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

When the heart stops, the absence of oxygenated blood can cause irreparable brain
damage in only a few minutes
Death will occur within 8 to 10 minutes
Time is critical when you’re helping an unconscious person who isn’t breathing

DANGER

• Check for hazards & ensure safety
• Make sure surrounding in safe condition for victim and rescuer

RESPOND

• Check to see if Unresponsive / Unconscious
• Shake the victim body and shout by calling their name.
• A casualty who is unresponsive and not breathing normally needs

urgent resuscitation

SEND FOR HELP

• Asking other people to call 999

6

AIRWAY

• Tilt the head of the victim in the backward direction. Place your other
hand on forehead and the other on the chin and move the face
backward

• Open the mouth of the person gently and clear the mouth of some
loose if presented such as food by finger weep

• If there is some sort of fluid, turn the victim on the other side so that
the fluid present in the mouth drains away

BREATHING

• At first check for the breathing by listening to their heartbeat or listen
to the sound of breathing of air escaping out from nose or mouth

• Assess for 10 seconds before deciding breathing is absent

COMPRESSIONS

• Place the heel of your right hand over their chest (in the lower half of the
breastbone) and other hand on the top of your right hand.

• Give 30 compressions at a rate of 2 per second by pressing firmly and
smoothly.

• Lift their chin and give at least 2 rescues breathing of about one second
each.

• To give rescue breathing you need to cover their open mouth with your
mouth and seal their nostrils by pinching with your finger and blow until
their chest arises.

• Keep on giving their 30 chest compression and 2 breaths until
ambulance coming.

7

CHOKING

DEFINITION

• Choking is the obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the lungs.
• Choking prevents breathing, and can be partial or complete, with partial choking allowing

some, although inadequate, flow of air into the lungs

SYMPTOMS OF CHOKING

• Cannot speak
• Face turn blue
• Person grabs at their throat
• Has weak cough with a high-pitched noise
• Does all of the above and becomes unconscious

8

If the person cannot speak, cough or breathe or is making high-pitched noise,
immediately begin care for choking

Alternate between any two of the following methods until the object comes out:
• Back Blows
• Abdominal Thrusts
• Chest Thrusts

BACK BLOW

• Place your arm across the person’s chest
• Bend the person forward to perform 5 quick upward blow

between the victim shoulder blades

ABDOMINAL THRUSTS

• Stand behind the victim and wrap your arms around the waist.
• Place fist with thumb against victim’s abdomen just above the navel.

Grab your fist with the other hand
• Give up to quick, inward and upward thrust

CHEST THRUSTS

• For pregnant women and obese person.
• Place your fist in the middle of the victim’s chest with your

thumb facing inward, and place your other hand over your fist
• Give up to 5 chest thrusts by pulling straight back.

• Continue providing care until the object comes out or the person begins to breathe or
cough.

• If the person becomes unresponsive, call emergency numbers (999) and begin CPR
start with chest compressions

9

SHOCK

• Dangerous Condition
- Not enough oxygen-rich blood reaching vital organs such as brain and heart

• Caused by anything that significantly reduces blood flow
• Life threatening emergency
• May develop quickly or gradually
• Always call medical emergency number for victim in shock

CAUSES OF SHOCK • Dehydration
• Electrocution
• Severe bleeding • Serious infection
• Severe burns • Extreme emotional reactions
• Heart failure
• Heart attack (temporary/less dangerous)
• Head or spinal injuries
• Severe allergic reactions

10

SIGN & SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK

• In compensatory shock (First Stage):
- Anxiety, restlessness, fear
- Increased breathing and heart rate

• In decompensatory shock (Second Stage):
- Mental status continues to deteriorate
- Breathing becomes rapid and shallow, and heartbeat rapid
- Skin becomes pale or shen and cool
- Nausea and thirst occur

• In irreversible shock (Third Stage):
- Victim becomes unresponsive
- Respiratory and cardiac arrest

11

FIRST AID FOR SHOCK Call medical emergency number
immediately
Check for responsiveness, normal
breathing and severe bleeding. (care Have victim lie on back and raise legs so
that feet are 6-12 inches above the
for life threatening injuries first ground
Loosen any tight clothing
Be alert for vomiting, turn victim’s
head to drain mouth

12

WOUND

DEFINITION

It is a circumscribed injury which is caused by external force and it can involve any tissue
and organ

TYPES OF WOUND

Laceration Puncture Abrasion Shot Haematoma
wound wound wound wound

13

EARLY TREATMENT FOR WOUND

For deep cuts and excessive Wash the wound and Remove any foreign
bleeding the person should surrounding skin material and dirt from

be taken immediately thoroughly with soap and the wound
hospital water

Keep the wound covered Swab antiseptic solution If you notice debris
with an adhesive bandage or embedded into the
puncture wound, don’t try
sterile gauze
to remove it

14

BANDAGING

DEFINITION

 Bandaging is the process of covering a wound or an injured part

USES

• To prevent contamination of wound by holding dressings in position
• To provide support to the part that is injured, sprained or dislocated joint
• To provide rest to the part that is injured
• To prevent & control hemorrhage
• To restrict movement / immobilize a fracture or a dislocation
• To correct deformity
• To maintain pressure. Example elastic bandages applied to the improve venous

return

15

TYPES OF BANDAGES

• Triangular – could be used on many parts of the body to support and
immobilize

• Crape Bandages – type of woven which has the quality of
stretching

• Gauze / Cotton Bandages – lightly woven, cotton material.
Frequently used to retain dressings on wounds of fingers, hands,
toes, feet, ears, eyes, head.

16

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE TO THE HEAD

• Turn the base (longest side) of the bandage up and center its base on center of the
forehead, letting the point (apex) fall on the back of the neck

• Take the ends behind the head and cross the ends over the apex
• Take them over the forehead and tie then
• Tuck the apex behind the crossed part of the bandage and/or secure it with a safety pin, if

available

17

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE SLING

1. Insert the material under injured arm so that the arm is in the center. The apex of sling is
beyond the elbow, and the top corner of the material is over the shoulder of the injured
side

2. Position the forearm so that the hand is slightly higher than the elbow (about a 10 degree
angle)

3. Bring the lower portion of the material over the injured arm so that the bottom corner
goes over the shoulder of the uninjured side.

4. Bring the top corner behind the casualty’s neck
5. Tie the two corners together so that the knot will not slip. The knot should fit into the

“hollow” at the side of the neck on the uninjured side

18

SPIRAL BANDAGE

1. Lay the end of the bandage on the bottom of the limb to be wrapped and at an angle so
one corner (apex) of the bandage will not be covered when the bandage is brought
around the limb

2. Wrap the bandage completely around the limb twice and past the apex
3. Fold the apex over the bandage so that it lies on top of the bandage
4. Continue wrapping the bandage around the limb a third time, covering the apex with the

turn. The bandage is now anchored
5. Wrap the limb in a spiral manner. On each turn, overlap about one-third of the previous

turn. Keep the bandage tight enough to apply pressure to the limb, but no tight enough to
impair blood circulation.
6. Secure the wrap with two circular turns at the top of the limb portion bandaged. Then
tape, clip or tie the end of the bandage in a position that is easy to reach

19