National Police K9 Journal Oct 2020

Multi-Specialty Dog Training
An Emerging Concept of Police Service K9s
Lalit Deori, Dy Comdt (Vet) SSB

Dogs have been fighting wars the fine qualities that dogs have • Dual Purpose Police Dog History
alongside with soldier since years, as team members, dogs can do of dual-purpose goes back to
but they officially got recognized even more. They have visual and 1970's when dual-purpose
during the Second World War. By olfactory sensory abilities that are dogs were trained in the USA
the start of the WW II, the military superhuman, who can go where and used as police dogs. Dual-
had recognized the value canine a soldier cannot, and can often purpose dogs are trained in two
soldiers could bring and began subdue or intimidate a foe more specialities for detection of either
using them primarily for recon. quickly with non-lethal force. narcotics or explosives, tracking
During WW-II, there were nearly Because of these traits, they have and trailing, or apprehension
15,000 trained military working been successfully trained for many and controlled aggression. The
dogs serving a broad range of military duties and roles by modern handler is also tasked to perfect
duties, such as to detect enemy armies for a century. multiple disciplines and can
gas, bark out warnings when rival be more challenging due to
troops were near and locate the Different Police Dogs increased training time. Initially,
wounded on the battlefield. Now a it was the concept of Patrol dogs
day these dogs are mainly trained in Based on Training and in the USA, where these dogs
bomb, weapon and drug detection, were trained as Guard dogs and
tracking, and to attack the enemy. Deployment Patrolling dogs. Many elite K9
Generally, in dog training, one dog forces of the world are following
is being trained for one trade only • Single Purpose Police Dog this concept dual purpose police
but recently the advance countries A police dog trained in one dog.
like US, UK and Israel are focusing specialized trait either as
to boast of their K9 power by explosive detection (ED), narcotic • Multi-speciality Police Dog
training and using K9 for more than detection dog (ND), tracker dog
one purpose. The Patrol dogs are (TKR), Infantry patrolling dog The international terminology
also trained to take the advantage (IP), search dog or protection
of the dog’s sense of olfaction as a dogs are single-purpose police for these K9 is Multi-Purpose
sniffer dog and prey or aggression dog. The single-purpose dog
of dogs as an apprehension dog. has one task to perform, hence, Canines (MPC). The concept
A global issue like International can excel at that task if properly
terrorism, security issues of vital selected and trained. The handler of MPC for law enforcement
installations, changing nature of also needs to concentrate only
conflicts and radicalization in the on one discipline and more patrol dog or military working
Islamic world suggests a perception time and energy can be put
analysis of the present scenario. towards perfecting & refining dog (MWDs) goes beyond the
Such a perception analysis would the team’s skills & building the
take us to a conclusion that the team strengths. Majority of the dual-purpose capability with
requirement of multi-disciplined working dogs in India belonging
K9 is a vital issue and must be to Indian Army, CAPFs and tracking/trailing, detection
addressed to. In addition to all State Police. These dogs suit to
the Indian scenario and have & apprehension/ controlled
delivered exceptional results.
aggression.

Present Scenario of Police
Dogs in India

Presently most of the CAPFs, as
well as Indian Army, are training
the canines as only single-purpose
working-dog specialized in a single

48

trade, mainly for detection work indication to its trainer about locate the victim or his articles
or protection work. Following are the presence of any intruders buried under 6-8 ft of debris and
the different trades of dog that inside the guarded premises. even up to 20 feet debris.
are being trained at different dog The dog is also trained to pursue
training centres of CAPFs:- attack and delay the intruder on Other Specialties of Dogs
command from its trainer. These
• Explosive Detection Dog This dogs have been variously called Used Worldwide
trade was introduced in the year as VP Dogs, Combat dogs, Patrol
1982 by the Indian Army and dogs and sentry dogs to denote In addition to the trades used in
these dogs can detect various the various assignments of duty India, the following are the few
types of explosives and are being performed by them. trades of dog used worldwide:
used for VVIP security and anti-
sabotage check. • Avalanche Rescue Dog ARO • Logistics and communication
dogs were introduced in service European communities used
• Narcotic Detection Dog Dogs in 1978 and are doing a most dogs to pull small carts for
trained to detect the presence of commendable job in the most milk deliveries and similar
prohibited drugs. Deployment is difficult terrain and climate. A purposes. Several European
useful not only for specific tasks pair of fully trained ARO dogs armies adopted the process for
but also routinely as a deterrent. can search approximate 5 acres military use. In August 1914,
in one hr whereas 20 men are the Belgian Army used dogs
• Tracker Dog A tracker dog is required to search the same to pull their Maxim Guns on
trained to follow human scent. area in two hrs with the help of wheeled carriages and supplies
If deployed quickly to the prodders and they may still fail or reportedly even wounded in
undisturbed scene of an incident, to locate the victims if buried their carts. The Soviet Red Army
they can provide valuable deeper than 8 ft. A fully trained also used dogs to drag wounded
information on the direction of ARO dog should be able to men to aid stations during World
escape. Under ideal condition, locate the victims or articles six to War II. Dogs were often used to
a Tracker dog can track up to a eight feet deep in the snow and carry messages in battle. Some
distance of 7 km on 24-48 hrs in certain instances they have messenger dogs also performed
old scent and the results are very been able to successfully locate other communication jobs, such
encouraging if deployed at the victims up to 20 feet depth. as pulling telephone lines from
earliest possible time. one location to another.
• Mine Detection Dog These dogs
• Infantry Patrol Dog An IP were trained for the detection • Scouts Some dogs are trained
dog is trained to use its highly of mines in various operational to silently locate booby traps
developed senses of smell and scenarios. and concealed enemies such as
hearing to indicate the presence snipers. The dog's keen senses
of any group of individuals in • Search and Rescue Dogs The of smell and hearing would
a patrolled area invisible and trade was introduced in Indian make them far more effective
inaudible to the human beings Army the year 2001 after the at detecting these dangers than
and thus render invaluable earthquake in Gujarat and a humans. The best scout dogs are
assistance to own troops by pair of fully trained SAR dogs described as having a disposition
preventing them from being can sanitize 5 acres of area in an intermediate to docile tracking
surprised by unexpected hr depending on the degree of dogs and aggressive attack dogs.
ambushes. inclement assignment, whereas Scouting dogs can identify the
20 men are required to search opposing threat within 1000
• Guard Dog A GD dog, as the the same area in two hrs and yards of area. This method
name indicates is used primarily they may still fail to locate the of scouting is more efficient
on GD duty as a watchdog. It is victim if buried deeper. They can compared to the human senses.
trained to detect and give a silent

49

• Sentries One of the earliest States has used dogs to intimidate selection. Following considerations
military-related uses, sentry dogs prisoners in Iraqi prisons. are must while selecting a dog as
were used to defend camps or potential Multi-Purpose K9:-
other priority areas at night and Concept of Multispeciality
sometimes during the day. They • Rigorous medical examination
would bark or growl to alert Canine during selection or procurement
guards of a stranger's presence. process must be carried out.
The detection of intruders Multi-Purpose Canines (MPC) The pups should be thoroughly
resulted in rapid deployment of are used by Special Operations examined and care must be
reinforcements. personnel. MPC is both a category taken about the parentage of
and a job description. In addition dogs if being procured.
• Law Enforcement As a partner to doing everything PEDDs (Patrol
in everyday police work, dogs and Explosive Detection Dog) • Extensive laboratory and
have proven versatile and loyal can do, these super-high-drive genetic screening tests & OFA
combatants. K9 can chase dogs can be used in parachute or (Orthopedic Foundation for
suspects, track them if they rappel or slithering operations. Animals) standard radiographs of
are hidden, and guard them They sometimes wear waterproof their hips, elbows and spine are
when they are caught. They are tactical vests, night-vision or essential.
trained to respond viciously if infrared cameras so handlers
their handler is attacked, and can see what they’re seeing as • Emphasis is on mobility, gait,
otherwise not to react at all they work from a distance and conformation and overall health
unless they are commanded to other highly specialized canine when medically accepting a K9
do so by their handler. Many equipment. They’re extremely into as MPC.
police dogs are also trained in resilient, environmentally sound,
detection as well. and almost unflappable. • They are put through various
environmental tests to ensure
• Drug Detection K9 provide Dual-purpose dogs are the most that they are socially and
service in drug detection, common type of dog being environmentally sound.
sniffing out a broad range of trained in western countries
psychoactive substances despite especially by the United States. • All breeds of dogs can’t be
efforts at concealment. Provided Dual-purpose dogs do both patrol trained in multiple disciplines.
they have been trained to work (protection, aggression when Belgian Malinois is the breed
detect it, trained police dogs needed) and detection work, along of choice throughout the world
can smell small traces of nearly with some basic scouting. A dual- closely followed by German
any substance, even if it is in a purpose K9 has the advantage, Shepherd.
sealed container. Dogs trained from the handler safety standpoint,
in drug detection are normally suspect safety standpoint, and A multi-disciplined K9 has to
used at ports of embarkation bystander safety standpoint. As shoulder larger responsibilities and
such as airports, checkpoints, the dog brings the handler to must have the following traits:
and other places where there are danger, the dog himself is an
high security and a need for anti- immeasurable asset for affecting • Detection: These dogs must
contraband measures. the apprehension, or deescalating have well developed olfactory
the situation, and allowing a safer system and must be good sniffers.
• Intimidation The use of Military arrest for all involved.
Working Dogs on prisoners by • Protection: These dogs must be
the United States during recent Selection of a potential multi- high on prey or protection drive
wars in Afghanistan and Iraq has disciplined dog is a challenging task so that they prove to be excellent
been controversial. The United and care must be taken during the Assault dogs.

• Endurance: These dogs should
physically sturdy so that they are
capable of working in harsh and
treacherous terrains.

50

• Obedience: These dogs must be breeds for multi-tasking is residential areas. Dual-purpose K9
tactically obedient. required. can augment the fighting forces
in CASO (Cordon and Search
Worldwide a lot of countries have • There is a requirement of more Operation) and apprehension of
started training and using multi- research on finding the suitability terrorists. Riot control dogs may
disciplined K9s. These are called of different indigenous breeds of be trained and used for mob
Police Utility Dogs or General dogs. control & counteracting stone
Purpose Police Dogs. In Europe pelters. Modern tactical training &
and the United States, these are • Clear mode of communication deployment gadgets can potentiate
called ‘Dual Purpose Dogs’ and are is essential for better operational the enormous capabilities of dogs.
extensively used effectively in civil performance.
policing. Special Forces of these Terrorism is becoming a global
countries are also using them in • If a particular speciality is problem and everyday terrorist
abundance. used less, dog tend to become are developing new methods to
complacent in it, therefore evade most sophisticated explosive
Limitations of Multi- refresher training is required detection technique. But it’s very
Purpose Dogs periodically. difficult to evade the olfactory
capabilities of the dog which could
Few limitations are also associated • If the dog is concurrently not be sensed with most modern
with the multipurpose dogs. used for both the purposes and ultra-sensitive mechanical or
simultaneously, exhaustion and electronic devices. These silent
• Training of multipurpose dogs is fatigue would be faster, thus warriors help in the protection
a tedious task. These dogs need intermittent rest is required. of soldiers in battlefields and
more efforts to train. human lives. New techniques or
India is under constant threat of training methodologies must be
• Require the latest tools, gadgets insurgency on the borders and its incorporated regularly to cope up
& infrastructure for training and mainland also. Terrorist outfits are with the ever-changing scenario
deployment. active in valley and Naxalites are also of global terrorism. Training &
disturbing the piece of many states. deployment of ‘Multi-Disciplined
• There is a requirement of highly Proxy war conditions with China K9’ can be a cutting edge for the
skilled and motivated staff who and Pakistan are also the reasons operational effectiveness of all
can work with patience and is to worry for. Modus operandi CAPFs and nation as a whole.
proficient in training. of terrorist outfits in the valley
has changed to suicidal/fidayeen
• Judicious selection of different attacks on Mil installations & Mil

Dr Lalit Deori is Dy Comdt (Vet) and currently
posted with 27th Battalion, SSB in Assam. He has
been actively working on the subject of Police
Service K9s in SSB.

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Role of K9s in Narcotics Detection

Bruno A, Narcotics Control Bureau,
Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India

Detection dogs have been dogs are utilized by police trained to find, so finding traces of
assimilated into law enforcement throughout the country for a drug is the reward for them. Drug
agencies since the middle ages. The a variety of purposes in detection dogs are taught to learn
introduction of dogs into policing in criminal investigations like two kinds of alerting: the passive
the United States in the latter part tracking, trailing, human and the aggressive. Drug dogs use an
of the 19th century began largely scent discrimination etc., aggressive alert, where they dig and
to combat crime. Dogs were used and by customs for substance paw at the spot where they smell
by patrol officers to track fugitives, detection. Such evidence the drugs without causing damage
and for crowd control. Changing is admissible in a majority to personal or business property.
social attitudes towards drugs and of jurisdictions to not only When sniffing for explosives they
their control led to the use of dogs establish probable cause but also will use a passive approach as
to detect drugs. In the 1980s there to identify the perpetrator of a scratching the service could be
was an increase in illegal drugs crime. This evidence, however, dangerous. Drug detection dogs can
throughout the United States. Dogs may be challenged in court. As a be used for a range of operations
were brought in to help deter drug general rule, each dog’s ability and and assignments including but not
trafficking. The very first group of reliability is required to be shown limited to institutions, detection
canines was trained in San Antonio, on a case-by-case basis. This ability of drugs on individuals, within
Texas (US). They were trained is a fact which, like other facts, may buildings, open areas and vehicles.
to detect illegal drugs (heroin, be proven by expert testimony. This
marijuana, methamphetamine and testimony should come from the Narcotics Detection K9s and their
cocaine) and concealed humans. dog handler or trainer, or another handlers undergo extensive training
All dogs use panting as a cooling qualified expert, who is sufficiently for months to be successful with
mechanism and their sense of acquainted with the dog, the dog’s their ability to work as a team. They
smell is not as keen when they are training, ability and other indicia of will carry out testing and retraining
trying to cool themselves off while reliability. throughout their entire careers
trying to detect a particular smell at to ensure their skills are reliable
the same time. This is one reason Narcotics Detection K9 or Drug and up to standard. However, a
why Malinois, German Shepherds, Detection Dog is a dog that is basic training period desired is a
and Labradors make for great trained to and works at using its minimum of 3 months in a team.
service dogs as they can endure senses, mainly their sense of smell, Dogs typically stay assigned to the
tougher climates longer. Today, to detect a variety of substances handler they were trained with and
including drugs. Their sense of smell the team get re-tested together.
is a thousand time much stronger.
Detection dogs have no interest in Efficacy of drug detection by
the drugs themselves. What they're fully-trained police dogs varies by
searching for is their favourite toy. breed, training level, type of drug
Their training programme has led and search environment. During
them to associate that toy with the the early stages of training the
smell of drugs. The Detection dogs' Detection, dog displays any form
strong desire to hunt drives them of recognition of the target scent.
to seek out what they've been As the dog’s skills progress they

52

respond with the correct reaction • A variety of search time durations Training, Concealment Techniques,
(e.g. sit, stand, stare, down, bark, Record Keeping, Principles of
etc…). • A variety of blank searches Conditioning, Properties of Scent,
Drive & Traits, Training Aid Storage,
Basic Training • Materials that have been burnt Maintenance, and Accountability,
to varying degrees Indication / Response / Reward.
• The canine shall be trained by a
competent individual or entity • Routine training, conducted Detection dogs are limited to
through a structured curriculum solely by the handler to maintain the amount of training they can
with specific training and the dog’s proficiency and to receive at one time. Canines tend
learning objectives. reinforce odour recognition to get fatigued after a short while,
which elongates the training
• The handler shall be trained by • Supervised training by a qualified process as a whole. Once engaged
a competent individual or entity trainer other than the handler professionally, Detection dogs
through a structured curriculum to improve performance and to have been the most successful at
with specific training and correct training deficiencies. locating illegal drugs, weapons,
learning objectives. and finding people. Even though it
Training Aids (Accelerants) may cost more for Detection dogs
• The canine/handler team’s to be trained, there is no better
training shall be continued to • All training will be done on way to have a keen and exact
achieve a level of operational actual accelerants. detection method than the trained
proficiency until certification canine. There is less margin of error
evaluation. • Training accelerants shall be when Detection dogs are involved.
packaged and labelled in a Human and canine companionship
• The training shall be structured manner safe for both the handler is very vital in the beginning stage
to meet the typical mission and canine throughout the of training puppies and the training
requirements of the canine/ training process. and solid relationships contribute
handler team’s department/ to successful Detection dogs.
organization. • Training accelerants shall be Dogs have also been shown to
maintained in a manner to avoid be able to interpret eye contact,
In training, challenging situations loss or destruction. head and body orientation, and
are purposely sought because glances of the handlers. Therefore,
there is much one can learn • Storage of training accelerants supervision over the team at the
even when mistakes are made. shall be in a manner to prevent time of utilization is also relevant.
The canine team shall conduct odour contamination or physical
regular objective-oriented contamination Bruno A is Post Graduate in
training sufficient to maintain Humanities and M.phil in
operational proficiency. Teams • The source of the training Philosophy before joining CRPF
shall be challenged to improve and aids shall be reliable and as Assistant Commandant. He has
enhance their abilities. The handler documented. served in all theatres of operations
and organization shall maintain in CRPF. He is currently Zonal
records of proficiency assessment • Security of the training aids shall Director in Narcotics Control
and utilization records. Documents follow local, state and federal Bureau and effected about 100
indicating timed performance are guidelines. seizures to his current tenure.
relevant.
• Disposal or destruction of the
Training shall include training aids as per guidelines.

• A variety of locations, Canine handler training should
environments and times of day combine theory (rules, ideas,
principles and techniques) and
• A variety of training aid amounts. practical skill objectives that the
• A variety of heights, depths, student handler must learn and
demonstrate. The following topics
containers and distraction to be covered in detail in the
odours. canine handler curriculum: Safety
• A variety of searches (i.e., article, and Daily Care of the Canine,
building, vehicle, open area, Kenneling, Obedience, Emergency
odour recognition) Vet Care, Legal Issues & Case Law,
Search Techniques, Proficiency

53

Report Cards – Developments in Organizations on PSKs

Trials of Indigenous Dog Breeds in
Kerala Police

Loknath Behera IPS, DGP & State Police Chief, Kerala
Lowrance LJ, Asst. Director – Veterinary, Kerala

There are 25 dog breeds which of them have been trained on German Shepherd and Doberman
constitute India’s canine heritage. explosive detection and 6 of them Pinscher. India as mentioned above
These dogs are divided into 3 were trained to be used in Left is home to several indigenous
groups namely Working Dogs, Wing Extremism (LWE) and similar breeds of dogs. Sadly, some of
Companion Dogs and Hounds. It operations. It is very interesting to them have already disappeared
is very interesting to study each of see them and study their behaviour. due to indifference and neglect.
the breeds relating to their physical Dr Lowrance. L. J, Asst. Director In ancient times, they were much
characteristics, behaviour, uses, - Veterinary, who has a great prized around the world. They were
origin and history. There are popular reputation of being a great Vet, as far used for hunting and guarding.
breeds like Caravan hounds, as dogs are concerned, has written Historians have recorded that
Mudhol hounds, Chippiparais, numerous articles in international Indian Dogs were once exported to
Rajapalayams, Rampur hounds, journals, has taken a keen interest Rome and Egypt. They were used
etc. in such dogs. He is the co-author of for military purposes as well. Most
In the past, Indian dogs were also this article. Some of the indigenous of the Indian Dogs are outdoor dogs
exported to various countries dogs are Bakharwal, Himalayan and oriented towards speed and
for their easy maintenance and Mastiff, Himalayan Sheepdog, action. Although Indian dogs were
sturdiness. It is also a fact that many Jonangi, Koochee, Sindhi, in demand abroad, at home many
of the dog lovers are more attracted Pandikona, Patti, Pati Patia, Lhasa of the legendary Indian Breeds are
to foreign dogs rather than Indian Apso, Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan on the point of vanishing or have
dogs. Indian Working Dogs like Terrier, Alaknoori, Banjara Hound, already disappeared. But now a
Himalayan Mastiff, Sindhi, Patti, Caravan Hound, Chippiparai, stage has come where it is seeing
Jonangi; Companion Dogs like Kaikadi, Kanni, Kurumalai, Mudhol a revival of those golden days.
Tibetan Terrier, Lhasa Apso and Hound, Pashmi, Rajapalayam, For the first time in the history of
Hounds like Caravan Hound, Rampur Hound, Vaghari Hound. Kerala Police, Indian breeds were
Chippiparai, Mudhol Hound, Personally speaking, we feel that introduced in the K9 Squad. Eleven
Rajapalayam, Vaghari Hound, etc. the induction of indigenous dogs dogs (Kanni, Chippiparai and one
are not only beautiful, in all sense, for the first time in Kerala Police Mudhol Hound) have found their
but also very useful. K9 Squad is a very important place in the K9 Squad, having 150
India has got a very old history of event. When we talk about "Made Dogs.
dogs. Even in ‘Mahabharath’, there in India", using Indian dogs in K9
is a mention of the dog, walking Squad in Kerala Police is very Kanni
along with Maharaj Yudhishtir. important.
Going by the great tradition of the Over the last few years, the K9 Kanni is a royal indigenous
Indian dogs, Kerala Police thought Squad of Kerala Police has brought sighthound dog breed in Tamil
in inducting some Working Dogs laurels to the state. Until now, the Nadu. During ancient times it
and some Hounds. Till date, we K9 Squad is comprised of exotic was generally used for hunting
have inducted 11 such dogs – 5 breeds like Labrador Retriever, by Zamindars (Aristocrats) and
landlords. In the beginning, such
dogs existed in Tamil Nadu,
especially in southern districts like

54

Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Virudhu are also known as Karum Kanni BOB, Male, Chippiparai, Malappuram
Nagar and Madurai. ‘The Black Kanni’. Black with dark
Kanni dogs are medium-sized tan markings is known as Seng ROMBO, Male, Chippiparai, KKD (C)
with straight top lines and tucked Kanni. Light red (Sevalai). Dark Red also occur. It has a short coat that
up abdomen. The Kanni looks ( KarumSevalai), Red with white or is very close. On the whole, coat
distinctive stands about 64cms tall pale grey is known as Sambal. The if groomed has a shine on it. A
and weighs around 35Kgms. Built rarest colour is brindle (dark grey shining shell-like appearance is
on the lines of a typical hunting strips on ash or white base). They greatly desired. This kind of coats
have a life span of 14-16 years. makes it ideal for hot climates. This
ROSSY, Female, Kanni, Palakkad Kanni is usually shy but will always hound breed is less prone to ticks
defend the home or master if and fleas, with short coat providing
GIKKY, Female, Kanni, Kozhikode (R) the need arises. Kanni dogs are easy detection.
dog, they are with a short coat. extremely faithful and easy to Chippiparai is a robust animal
They have straight heads, strong train, but they will always think needing a little or no veterinary
jaws, golden eyes and black noses. independently when on the hunt. care. It does need a lot of exercises.
Ears are medium-sized and flat and They are very loyal to the master. Chippiparai is an intelligent breed
can be erect, dropping or semi- Kannis live in a temperate climate and a wonderful watchdog. This
dropping and a long thin rat-like zone. They need free space and dog likes human companionship.
tail. their territory and they are not They are capable of great speed. It
It is very rare to hear it bark. The suited to city life. Kannis eat millet, is easy to groom and does not shed
Kanni is slim like a cheetah and is corn, jowar, rice, porridge with much due to short coat length.
light on its feet. The coat is usually milk or curd and non-vegetarian Generally, the breed is healthy.
black. The muzzle and legs are food items.
brown. Occasionally we may find Mudhol Hound
an off-white dog; it then referred to Chippiparai
as PaalaKanni,‘Milky white Kanni’. It is a common pet amongst villages
Like the Himalayan Mastiffs, some In recent years this breed has gained in Karnataka State who use it
Kanni dogs sport two distinct brown popularity. It is also known as ‘Grey for hunting and guarding. The
spots just above the eyebrows. Such Hound of South India’. These dogs Mudhol Hound is built on typical
dogs are referred to as Pottu Kanni, are great chasers. It stands about 63 sighthound lines with long legs
‘The one with the Tilak’. Dogs that cms tall and weighs around 30 kgs. and a curved stomach. The brisket
do not possess these brown spots It is sighthound breed of dogs bred is well-sprung and the muzzle is
by Royal families in Virudhu Nagar pointed. The head is long and the
District in Tamil Nadu. It was kept
as a symbol of royalty and dignity,
mostly in Tirunelveli, Tuticorin and
Madurai. It is also known for its
speed and loyalty to owners.
It is used primarily for hunting
small rabbits, forest pigs and deer.
But after Hunting Regulation Act
passed by the Indian Government,
now we are using for dog racing
and show breed competitions.
They are also used for guarding the
home. Their life span is 9-11 years.
Typical colours are fawn, black,
reddish-brown, silver grey, a
variation of fawn or grey may

55

coat is usually tan and also one can Over the last several months, it Hound. In light of the superior
find dogs with white coats with has been proven that Kanni and performance and better stamina
black or tan patches. Its long tail is Chippiparai have been doing these two breeds namely Kanni and
one striking feature of this breed. exceptionally well when compared Chippiparai may be used as patrol
It is a large dog standing 70 cms to Mudhol Hound breed. It was dogs in other states also. They have
tall and weighing around 30 kgs. surprising to note that Indian breeds proved their efficiency in explosive
Temperamentally it is friendlier have no qualms in going for jungle detection in our trials.
than many other hounds. patrols as far as 25 km, tirelessly.
Mudhol Hound is the first Indian Exotic breeds would easily get tired Vishranthi
Breed to join Indian Army. Six within 4-5 km of patrolling. They
Mudhol Hound were trained and are adept at being a sighthound Before concluding this article, we
used as guard dogs by the Indian where they are good at sniffing thought to write something about
Army. out explosives and contraband ‘Vishranthi’ – the “home” we made
They are loyal graceful, courageous substances. At the recent, All Kerala for our retired/de-commissioned
and elegant. They have a maximum Police duty meet, ‘Appu’ (a Kanni dogs. We have built a beautiful
speed of 65 kph. They are known breed) emerged third in sniffing out home which has rooms, play area,
for their fitness and stamina. Their explosives. Appu’s endeavour has TV area, music area, treatment
average life span is 13-14 years. proved that indigenous breeds are area, kitchen authentically made,
These three indigenous breeds were here to stay and sniff out explosives. etc.
introduced last year. Veterinarians Comparing the stamina,
and the handlers were in a pleasant endurance, and disease resistance, Police retired dogs or de-
surprise as they are disease resistant Kanni and Chippiparai breeds have commissioned dogs go their
where their heat tolerance is high been found superior to Mudhol & spend their life till their end
and above all their endurance is happily & healthily. This should be
matchless. replicated in all states.

In 1974, a few Indian dogs including a Chippipirai were inducted into a police squad in Tiruchirapalli. One of
the dogs helped in nabbing a thief from his hideout by following the scent trail. When the dog was produced in

the court, the judge would not accept its ‘findings’ as evidence because it was a mere ‘country dog’.
(The Book of Indian Dogs - Sh S Theodore Baskaran)

Conclusion

In recent times, it is heartening to see that there is a growing interest among Indian dogs and indigenous breeds.
Social media has played a very important role in popularising Indian dog breeds, so also the mainstream
media. However, we have miles to go to popularise our breeds which are world-class in every sense. But, we
are still thinking about foreign breeds and our mindset needs to change.

56

Semen Collection, Evaluation and
Artificial Insemination in Dogs
A Review

Sushant Parekar, Ranvir Singh Gahlawat, Ghanshyam Patel
Dog Training & Breeding Centre, Sashastra Seema Bal,
Dera, District Alwar (Rajasthan)

Artificial Insemination (AI) is the species too. Although, Artificial The Reproductive Cycle in
technique in which semen with Insemination has been widely used
live sperms is collected from the in farm animals (especially in cattle, Female Dogs
male and introduced into female buffalo) for decades, but only in
reproductive tract at the proper recent years it has found a niche Female dogs that have not been
time with the help of equipment amongst dog breeding. It is carried spayed (bitches) typically have 2
for the production of offspring. out by experienced vets in practice, estruses or “heat” periods per year
During Artificial Insemination, but still, the number is very meagre (about 6 months apart), each lasting
the semen is inseminated into in India or throughout the world. about 2 to 3 weeks. In some dogs,
the female reproductive tract by the intervals between estrus are
placing a portion of it either in a Artificial Insemination is not merely much longer. The first heat occurs
collected or diluted form into the a novel method of bringing about between 6 and 15 months of age,
cervix or uterus by mechanical impregnation in females. It has depending on the size of the dog
methods at the proper time and many advantages, as it helps in (later in larger breeds). Females can
under most hygienic conditions. reducing many of the risks involved become pregnant during their first
The first successful experiment with breeding. It reduces the risk of heat or any later heat period. The
with artificial insemination in transmitting diseases and increases reproductive cycle in female dogs
animals was performed by Italian the efficiency of animals. Most has 4 different phases as under:-
physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, males usually produce enough
in 1780, while investigating sperm in a single ejaculate to be • Proestrus- Start of heat. Lasts 7 to
animal reproduction, developed a diluted and extended enough 10 days. Vulva swells and blood
technique for artificial insemination to create over hundreds of flows. Females attract males but
in dogs. His experiments proved doses. Artificial insemination can will not allow mounting.
that the fertilizing power resides drastically improve the genetics of
in the spermatozoa and not in the the herd as the semen of Proven • Estrus- Mating period. Lasts for
liquid portion of semen. The first and superior quality studs will be 5 to 10 days. Blood flow lessens
successful use of frozen canine used for breeding purpose. By the and then stops. Females attract
semen was reported by Seager in adoption of artificial insemination, and accept males. Ovulation
1969. Further research studies lead there would be a considerable occurs during this time, usually 2
to improvement and development reduction in both genital and non- to 3 days after mating.
of new techniques in Artificial genital diseases in the farm stock. In
Insemination presently being used conjunction with cryopreservation • Diestrus- The period 10 to 140
worldwide for the reproduction AI is especially indicated to build days after heat, when the dog is
of farm animals as well as for up stocks from excellent studs and either pregnant or in a resting
conservation of endangered for the conservation of semen from phase.
rare breeds.
• Anestrus- The resting period
between diestrus and the next
heat cycle.

57

Semen Collection and Semen Collection of Labrador dog by Digital Pressure & Massage method.

Evaluation cause increased morphological such swabs can be prepared from
abnormalities, decreased motility an oestrous bitch and stored frozen
Semen collection in the dog due to spermatozoal ageing and until needed) which is applied on
is a relatively easy procedure, increased debris. Semen can the vulvar area and tail head of an
although requiring some training be collected from most males anoestrus bitch. If a bitch is used,
for optimization of the technique. without the need for a teaser she should be controlled with her
Semen is collected from dogs bitch, particularly if the male has rear quarters facing the male.
mainly for breeding soundness had semen collected previously.
examination and artificial However, use of a bitch will almost Handling of Semen
insemination, cryopreservation certainly expedite the procedure
or diagnosis. Semen collected and allow more sperm to be Sperm are motile and vigorous cells
for insemination can be used harvested. Ideally, this procedure but are also fragile and susceptible
fresh or chilled and shipped to is performed in the presence of to damage and demise by
another location or can also be an oestrous bitch, preferably bitch environmental conditions. While
cryopreserved, allowing long term should be in proestrus or oestrus, collecting and handling semen
storage so that it can be used but considering the length of the it is critical to avoid exposing
at any time in future. Another canine cycle, that is often difficult to sperm cells to toxic chemicals
indication for collecting semen is arrange. Therefore, an alternative and thermal insult. This may be
to obtain prostatic fluid for culture means of stimulating the male achieved by keeping collection
or cytology in cases of suspected is to present him with a vaginal equipment clean and disinfected.
prostatic disease. secretion swab from an oestrous Therefore, for convenience use of
bitch (for convenience, several sterile, disposable polypropylene
Various methods of collection of collection cones are preferred.
semen have been devised from time
to time. The older unsatisfactory
methods have gradually replaced
by the new modern techniques.
The materials needed for semen
collection depend on which
method is used and the collector's
level of expertise with this
procedure. At a minimum, two
sterile centrifuge tubes or specimen
cups can be used to collect semen
as it is.

The most common and successful
method for semen collection
in dogs is by Digital stimulation
(Digital Pressure & Massage) of
the penis, needing no further
elaborated equipment.

Semen collection should be
performed in a quiet and non-
distracting environment. Sexual
rest for 4 to 5 days is ideal. Sexual
rest of more than 10 days can

58

Microscopic examination of Freshly Collected Semen of Labrador dog. Other tests are undertaken only
during specific conditions. Semen
Sperm are sensitive to both heat of a semen sample. Generally, evaluation before insemination
and cold. To avoid thermal stress, males with optimal fertility warrants the male potential fertility
the collection cone should be pre- produce semen with a high and consequently may predict the
warmed to body temperature. number of progressively motile, fertility potential for the AI.
Additionally, microscope slides, viable and morphologically normal
coverslips, stains, extenders and spermatozoa. The spermatozoa Colour
pipets used to handle and examine is a complex and very specialized
sperm are best maintained on a cell adapted to transport the male A clear semen sample contains
warming plate before use. Semen genome to the female genital tract no spermatozoa. Cloudy or
from most species is not damaged to fertilize the oocyte. Because of milky samples probably contain
by exposure to room temperature its complexity, a simple test cannot spermatozoa but always should
(20-22 °C) for an hour or two. If longer give complete information about be checked microscopically for
periods of storage are required, the fertilizing potential of a sample confirmation. Occasionally, a
it is best to dilute the ejaculate and different tests are necessary. dog with azoospermia will shed
in a buffered nutrient solution, Therefore semen sample is tested excessive numbers of fat droplets
called an extender, and cool it for Macroscopic examination, into the sample which gives the
slowly to refrigerator temperature Microscopic examination, Special appearance of normal semen.
(4-5 °C). They are similar in having biochemical tests, Resistance to the Yellow colour can indicate urine
an energy source (eg. glucose), environment, Physical evaluation, contamination. Green colour
buffers to maintain pH (eg. Tris or Chemical evaluation, Biological denotes the presence of pus. Red
citrate) and a source of protein (eg. tests and Post thaw evaluation of or brown colour indicates fresh or
egg yolk or skim milk). semen to ascertain its quality. haemolysed blood in semen. The
most common causes for blood in
Evaluation of Semen to Even though various tests are the semen include prostatic disease
available for semen evaluation, or damage to blood vessels on the
Assess Sperm Quality routinely semen evaluation in the penis. Presence of blood in the
dog includes determination of semen does not affect the motility
After semen collection, its semen volume, colour and pH, of spermatozoa until six hours of
evaluation is necessary to obtain spermatozoa motility, velocity, contact.
good results in canine AI. The concentration, the total number
ultimate goal of semen evaluation of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, Volume
is to predict the fertilizing capacity and sperm cell morphology.
Dog semen is ejaculated in three
fractions. The first, pre-sperm
fraction is small in volume (less
than 5 ml). The second, sperm-rich
fraction is cloudy white and usually
0.5 – 6 ml in volume depending
on the size of the male. The third
fraction consists solely of prostatic
fluid and contains few to no
spermatozoa. Prostatic secretions
lend volume to the ejaculate.
The volumes of the first and third
fractions are variable. In particular,
the volume of the third fraction is
controlled by the person collecting

59

the sample, as they can choose Sperm motility is essential for Abnormalities can be classified
to collect more or less of the cell- fertilization because it allows or as primary (occurring during
free prostatic fluid. Prostatic fluid is at least facilitates passage of the spermatogenesis) or secondary
normally clear in colour and may sperm through the zona pellucida. (occurring during maturation or
range in volume from 3 – 80 ml. Spermatozoal motility should sample preparation). Normal
The volume of semen is not an be evaluated immediately after semen samples should have <10%
indicator of semen quality in dogs. collection. primary abnormalities and <20%
secondary abnormalities. Total
pH In evaluating motility, sperm abnormalities should be <10-20%.
cells are classified as immotile,
Dog seminal plasma has a normal pH progressively motile or non- Concentration
ranging from 6.2 to 7.0. Evaluation progressively motile. Both total and
of pH should be performed progressive motility are determined The concentration of sperm is
immediately after collection using and expressed as a percentage of important as it is used to calculate
accurate equipment (presumably a 100. In the dog, normal motility total sperm number in the ejaculate
pH meter). The prostatic fluid has a is described as rapid, progressive, and is an indicator of semen
normal range of 6.0 to 7.4 with an forward motion. The percentage of quality. The normal total number
average of 6.5 or 6.8. total motile spermatozoa in normal of spermatozoa in dog semen is
canine ejaculates is between 70 to greater than 300 - 2000 million.
The value of pH measurement of 90%. Although, it may be lower Concentration is inversely related
canine semen is debatable. Seminal after prolonged periods of sexual to the volume of semen collected.
pH may change in the presence of rest. It has been proposed that The total number of spermatozoa
disease, such as prostatitis, or if the fertile dogs should have at least is dependent on testicular size
semen sample is contaminated with 70% of total sperm motility. Speed and it may decrease with frequent
urine. There are no published data or quality of motility also may be semen collection, presumably as
comparing pH analysis techniques assessed; a canine spermatozoon epididymal reserves are depleted.
for canine semen or specifically with normal motility should A general guideline for total sperm
describing the clinical value of pH traverse the microscopic field of number in an ejaculate is 10 million
measurement. Alterations in pH view in 2–3 seconds. If the sample sperm cells per pound of body
may affect sperm longevity and is too concentrated to evaluate weight. The traditional technique
motility. motility a drop of semen can be for assessing spermatozoal
diluted with a drop of buffered concentration was done with
Motility saline solution at the appropriate the use of haemocytometer. The
pH. Recent information indicates a haemacytometer technique has
Motility is a manifestation warmed slide may not be required been reported to be equally
of structural and functional because canine semen is resistant accurate or more accurate than
competence of spermatozoa; thus, to cold shock, at least above 700 F. CASA systems and it is considered
the percentage of progressively the gold standard.
motile spermatozoa is usually Morphology
positively correlated with that of The Success of Artificial
plasma membrane integrity and The wet mounts may be useful to
normal morphology. Wavy/swirling detect sperm defects of midpiece Insemination in Dogs
motion of sperms is assessed in and tail. However, head defects, tail
gross motility by the naked eye. defects and acrosomal defects may The success of Artificial
Swirling pattern indicates the be better evaluated with stained Insemination in dogs depends
sperms are live. Since the semen is smears. Abnormality is evaluated on various factors. These factors
not examined under a microscope, by counting about 100 to 200 are required to be considered
assessment of individual sperms spermatozoa in a stained semen for achieving a high conception
cannot be made in gross motility. slide under 100× (oil immersion). rate and an adequate number of

60

offspring per litter after artificial due to the high variability of the • Semen can be preserved for
insemination in dogs. Following are conditions for insemination and future use. It will also allow early
some of the important factors to be other factors that can affect how castration of working dogs while
considered for achieving successful successful the procedure is the maintaining the availability of
pregnancies and optimum litter size skill of the person performing their genes.
after use of artificial insemination the insemination and the type of
in dogs:- semen used. • Semen can be collected without
interruption of the male activity
• Selection and use of proper Advantages of Artificial like training/shows.
techniques for AI.
Insemination in Dogs • Artificial Insemination will allow
• Propertimingoftheinsemination. owners to breed their female
• Breeders can select and get dogs at a convenient time.
• Use of good quality semen with semen from exceptional canines
an adequate number of viable anywhere in the world, even • Use of Artificial Insemination will
sperm cells per dose. those deceased champions. It is help in overcoming quarantine
a great way to increase a breed restrictions.
• Preparation and handling of quality from dogs with amazing
semen to retain its quality. traits such as behaviour and • Use of Artificial Insemination is
intelligence. economically beneficial as the
• Proper deposition of semen in maintenance cost of the stud will
the female reproductive tract. • Some breeds that have low be reduced.
genetic diversity and a small
• Skills and experience of the Vet/ gene pool to eventually not exist. • One of the most common uses
expert carrying out AI. Choosing artificial insemination of artificial insemination in dogs
will make it possible for breeders is crossbreeding. Mixed breeds
Artificial Insemination must be to expand a dog’s breed diversity. are often a popular choice as
performed at the correct time with So Artificial Insemination helps aspiring dog owners can get the
good quality semen by experienced in preventing a gene pool from better of two canines. Breeds
/ skilled personnel. The best success diminishing to avoid any chance such as the Pomsky (Pomeranian
rate is achieved with fresh semen. of extinction. and Husky mix) are one of the
famous hybrids out there.
Provided semen of adequate • AI helps in reducing stress,
quality is used, the success of the transmission of infectious Success Story of Dog
Artificial Insemination using native diseases in dogs being mated as
or chilled semen is equal to that no physical mating is involved. Training and Breeding
after natural mating. Several studies
are available reporting higher • Breeding of aggressive or Centre, SSB, Dera, Alwar
pregnancy rates with good litter extremely timid dogs becomes
sizes after Artificial Insemination possible. Also helps to overcome In the year 2011, Ministry of Home
with frozen-thawed semen in problems associated with Affairs, Government of India has
bitches using intra-vaginal and/or inexperienced males. sanctioned Dog Training & Breeding
intrauterine insemination. The best Centre (DTBC) to Sashastra Seema
success rate is achieved by using • Artificial insemination is also Bal (SSB) to meet the requirement
fresh semen as it mirrors natural useful for old dogs that can still of trained dogs of SSB and also to
mating. Trans-cervical Insemination get pregnant or produce semen cater for imparting training to dogs/
and Surgical Insemination can but is not fit to undergo through handlers of other CAPFs and State
reach conception success rates of the breeding process. Police Organisations. Accordingly,
80 to 100% if the estrus cycle is DTBC has been established
managed appropriately. However, • Collected semen can be split and at village Dera, District Alwar
results vary substantially obviously used multiple times for Artificial (Rajasthan) and training activities
Insemination. were started in 2013. Whereas Dog

61

breeding activities were started 12.08.2017 and she is receptive to method. Semen volume collected
since August 2017 and presently the male dog but copulation has not was 05 ml. Third fraction (Prostatic
dogs of German Shepherd, Belgian been successful. It is observed that secretion) was collected separately,
Shepherd (Malinois) and Labrador the dog Feli and male dog Foster it was about 15 ml. Immediately after
Retriever breed are being bred. are healthy and fit for breeding, but collection, semen was evaluated
both of them are naïve and also a for macroscopic examination
On 23.08.2017, a case of 04-year- notable difference in their height is (volume, colour, consistency and
old nulliparous Labrador Retriever leading to unsuccessful copulation/ pH) and microscopic examination
female dog ‘Feli’ was presented mating. Therefore, the decision (progressive forward motility, total
to Veterinary Hospital, DTBC of Artificial Insemination with the sperm count and morphology).
with a complaint of unsuccessful fresh semen was taken. The collected semen sample has
mating with 04-year-old Labrador qualified the minimum required
Retriever stud dog ‘Foster’. After Accordingly, semen of Labrador standards and therefore decided
taking a detailed history, it is learnt Retriever stud dog Foster was to use for Artificial Insemination in
that the dog Feli is in heat since collected by digital stimulation female in heat i.e. dog Felix.

Conclusion

Various reports suggest that with modernization and the development of technology in this area, the success
rate of AI in dogs has been increased in recent years. Techniques for semen preservation, the quality assessment
of semen and the dosages used are fairly standardized. With developed technology, nowadays it is possible to
achieve higher conception rates with good litter size regardless of the type of semen used, as long as proper
timing of Artificial Insemination and proper methods of semen deposition are used. Appropriate semen quality
and Artificial insemination management provided, results with fresh, chilled and even frozen-thawed semen
may be comparable to natural mating. Looking to the number of advantages lies with the Artificial insemination
in dogs, it is predicted that the use of Artificial Insemination will continue to rise in dogs with more Artificial
insemination centres becoming available, increasing acceptance by breeders’ associations and the abolition of
import restrictions.

Dr Sushant Parekar, Deputy Commandant (Vet) is post graduate in Pharmacology and
is currently posted as Training Officer at Dog Training & Breeding Centre of SSB. He has
vast experience in Dog Training & Breeding apart from doing pioneering work on Artificial
Insemination in dogs in SSB.

Dr Ranvir Singh Gahlawat, Commandant (Vet) is commanding the SSB’s Dog Training and
Breeding Centre at Dera, Alwar (Raj). He has vast experience in Dog Training & Breeding. He
was actively associated with raising the Dog Squad of SSB.

Dr Ghanshyam Patel, Assistant Commandant (Vet) is a post-graduate in Veterinary Surgery &
Radiology. He is currently posted as Training Officer at Dog Training & Breeding Centre of SSB.
The officer has involved in Dog Training & Breeding activities.

62

‘Mudhol Hound’

Indian Breed as K9 member in Paramilitary Forces

Pankaj Kumar Teotia, Assistant Commandant (Vet), SSB
Pankaj Kumar, Commandant (Vet), ITBP

Abstract Paramilitary Forces are inducting are agreed that this dog requires
Mudhol Hound (MH) breed dogs more time for training and have
Mudhol Hounds are the newly for training in different trades. The the tendency to forget the past
inducted Indian breeds in CAPF K9 Mudhol or Caravan Hound has training. It is a creature of living
arsenal. The breed is also known as well-defined characteristics. The in present only. Hence it requires
Caravan Hound and is a sight hound head is long and narrow, broad consistent training. MH tends to
Indian K9 breed. It is a common pet between the ears with a tapering run away if it is kept off-leash
amongst villagers in India’s Karnataka muzzle. The jaws are long and during training.
state, who use it for hunting and powerful, with a scissors bite. The
guarding. In Indo-Tibetan Border nose is large and black. The ears • As a Police Dog- This dog doesn’t
Police (ITBP) and Sashastra Seema are pendulous and hang close to fulfil the requirement of a police
Bal (SSB), Mudhol Hound was the skull. The eyes are large and dog due to its temperament and
inducted in 2018 in compliance of oval, from dark to hazel. The neck poor trainability.
MHA orders. ITBP and SSB became is long, clean, and muscular, and fits
a pioneer among CAPF to induct well into the shoulders. The back is • Temperament- The dogs are full
Indian breed Mudhol Hound as long, broad and well-muscled. The of energy and endurance. The
working K9. As a pilot project, tail is set on low, strong at the base worse thing it is having nervous
ITBP and SSB purchased 06 and 02 and tapering, quite long and carried temperament inherently and
Mudhol Hound pups respectively in a natural curve. don’t sustain well with harsh
and reared them. In their early life, treatment. Being a sighthound
necessary steps were taken to get The main attributes for an ideal breed these dogs tend to get
the exposure of different natural Police dog are intelligence, disturbed by the presence of any
and artificial stimuli as socialization aggression, strength, confident, moving object and try to chase
training. They were deployed at robust, balanced behaviour and the things.
Indo-Nepal border and Anti Naxal sense of smell etc.
Operation in Chhattisgarh area • Behaviour- This breed dogs are
after giving them basic obedience Feedbacks were received from loyal to their masters but don’t
and trade training (Explosive, training centres and their operational like strangers. They are aloof,
Narcotic and multitaskers). This areas after deployment in the field reserved, prone to separation
article covers the Mudhol Hound on the following parameters and anxiety, nervous with strangers
K9 breeds, behaviour, performance analyzed it. and new environmental
and its utility as Police dog after conditions. They are hunting
deployment in fields. • Dog and Handler as a Team- dogs and tend to chase things.
Unanimously all are on the same
Introduction platform that this dog is a one- • Feeding- Nutritional
man dog and having excellent
Central Armed Police Forces have bonding with its master. requirements are similar to
been using foreign breeds like
German Shepherds, Labradors, • Trainability- For a Police Dog, it other large breeds. Thrive
Doberman, Cocker Spaniel is a major parameter that requires
and Malinois K9 for Narcotic, to be filled with zero error/issue. well on commercial as well as
Explosive, and Tracker etc as they Unfortunately, all stakeholders
are sensitive, intelligent, reserved, conventional feed.
loyal, and courageous. Presently the
• General Health Issues/ Disease-
No specific health issue reported

63

during training and field unreliable insensitive task of Conclusion
deployment. However, in some police duties.
cases, skin problem was faced Mudhol Hounds or Caravan
and it might be due to lack of Pros and Cons regarding Hounds are a working breed; they
sufficient fat layer in the body Utility and Reliability of are sensitive, intelligent, reserved
which makes them vulnerable to Mudhol Hound and loyal. They are independent
cold. This breed is also prone to and aloof but highly intelligent
marasmus. Pros- and a keen hunter, reserved with
strangers. This breed requires
• Deployability- This breed • Suitable for performing duty in a tremendous amount of daily
is excellent in adaptability Indian weather condition. physical exercise and these K9s
especially in ANO tropical region must be treated with gentleness
however it is not so applicable for • Suitable for demonstration and respect. If these requirements
the northern temperate region. purpose to perform high jumps. are not fulfilled, this wonderful
The desirable performance of a companion can turn into difficult
dog in the field could not found • Running capacity is high and and even dangerous K9. This
up to mark due to its tendency to good for hunting. breed does not like to be handled
run away whenever it is deployed or touched by anyone other
unleashed. • Easy to Groom than its master. Mudhol Hounds
• One of the healthiest K9s around need a great deal of socialization
• Positive Points- It is loyal to starting from a young age. Their
master, one-man dog, easy Cons owners need to be calm, with an
to groom, low maintenance, air of gentle, but firm authority
resistant to most of the diseases, • Due to the long and narrow head over them. It needs consistent
one of the healthiest dog, very easily can remove the neck collar training with a firm trainer as
well adapted to hot climatic and get escape from the control nervous temperament is inherent
South Indian conditions due of the handler. to this breed. Hence, they will not
to Indian breed and can cover respond well to harsh treatment. If
the longer distance without any • Have a very high tendency to their nervous temperament is not
difficulty. runaway during practice. curbed, it can escalate when they
grow a little older. This breed of
• Negative Points- This breed is • During the search handler K9s has to be trained to socialize
hard to be trained, less grasping required to leash the K9 to control with other animals, especially
power, temperamental, always the temperament and follow the smaller ones. Based on the above
in a hunting mood, one-man command. It is a one-man K9. study, it is crystal clear that this
dog and doesn’t take to strangers breed can not be approved
well, which makes this breed • The low number of breeders are unanimously as an ideal Police
available. Working Dog breed right now.
For taking any concrete decision
• Handler tends to lose patience about its induction in CAPF and
even after putting lots of efforts Police Forces, we have to further
due to its low grasping power or re-assess our methodologies,
trainability. more socialization and scientific
along with its selective breeding.
Dr Pankaj Kumar Teotia is Assistant Commandant (Vet)
at SSB’s Dog Training and Breeding Centre, Dera, Alwar
(Rajasthan)

Dr Pankaj Kumar is Commandant (Vet) at HQ ITBP. He
has vast experience of working in various appointments
in Field and Peace establishments. He has earlier
commanded the National Training Centre for Dogs of
the ITBP with rich experience in preparing Police K9s
for diverse objectives.

64

Study on Efficiency of Detection of
Explosive Detection Dogs in respect
of Depth and Duration of Concealed
Underground Explosives/IEDs

Sandeep Gupta and Ram Mehar Singh
National Training Centre for Dogs, BSF, Tekanpur

Abstract Material & Method dogs,etc., Therefore, the results
may differ in actual conditions
An experimental study/evaluation To minimize the chances of depending on conditions of that
of the efficiency of detection errors, fully trained, healthy and area. The trial has been conducted
of trained explosives detection calibrated dogs were used for the using ‘High explosives’ only (TNT,
dogs in r/o depth and duration of trial/study. To avoid errors due to PEK) and not on artificial scent kits
concealed underground explosive the performance of individual dog, (simulants). The ground used for
material has been carried out at four such dogs were used instead trial was naturally porous, non-
National Training Centre for Dogs, of any single dog. These dogs were cultivated, non-irrigated, non-
Border Security Force, Tekanpur, having experience of two to four grazing though frequented by
Gwalior (MP). The results were years after getting certified as EDD. human movement. Different soil
evaluated for both the parameters Only male dogs were used and the conditions can alter the results. The
individually as well in combination study was carried out by keeping explosive material used was kept
and inferences drawn based on these dogs at an isolated location in cotton cloth bags. Concealment
actual on-ground observations. to avoid any behavioural effect due of explosives in airtight containers
to pheromones released by female or stiff polythene bags can affect
Introduction dogs in oestrous. Breeds used for the results. No masking of scent
the trial were Labrador (2) and has been done during the trial.
The purpose of the current study GSD (2). To avoid human error, Masking with strong odours like
was purely academic. This study only well-trained and qualified perfumes, urine of other dogs etc.
has been carried out solely to find handlers were assigned to handle can affect the results. The number
out the actual results in Indian/ the individual dogs during the trial. of searches that were carried out
Local conditions as no data/ To minimize the effect of climatic throughout the trial was about 500
observations on such aspects are condition/season on search results, and three searches per trial were
available in India and whatever the trial was carried out at different done in different conditions and
literature is available on the periods of the day/night and two positives were considered as
internet, pertains to foreign nations. during varied seasons including positive and two negatives were
Another purpose of the current trial summers, winters and spring. The considered as a negative result.
was for demonstration purpose for rainy season was avoided due to
trainees of various Security/Police obvious reasons. The trial has been Results
Organisations undergoing training carried out at places with minimum
at NTCD, BSF, Tekanpur. possible distractions of any sort like The results obtained are tabulated
vehicular traffic, presence of stray above:-

65

Table 1:- Search results at different time Table 2:- Search results at different depths
intervals (Depth - 1 foot) (Time duration – 60 minutes)

S. No. Duration Dog 1 Dog 2 Dog 3 Dog 4 S. No. Depth Dog 1 Dog 2 Dog 3 Dog 4
1 10 minutes +ve -ve -ve -ve 1 6 inches +ve +ve +ve +ve
2 20 minutes +ve -ve +ve -ve 2 8 inches +ve +ve +ve +ve
3 30 minutes +ve -ve +ve +ve 3 12 inches +ve -ve +ve +ve
4 60 minutes +ve +ve +ve +ve 4 15 inches +ve +ve -ve +ve
5 6 hours -ve +ve +ve +ve 5 18 inches +ve +ve +ve +ve
6 12 hours +ve +ve +ve +ve 6 21 inches -ve +ve +ve +ve
7 24 hours +ve +ve +ve +ve 7 2 feet +ve +ve +ve +ve
8 36 hours +ve +ve -ve +ve 8 2.5 feet +ve +ve +ve -ve
9 48 hours +ve +ve +ve +ve 9 3 feet +ve -ve -ve +ve
10 72 hours +ve +ve +ve +ve 10 3.5 feet -ve -ve -ve -ve

Table 3:- Combined Results in r/o Depth and Time Conclusion

S.No. Depth Time Dog 1 Dog 2 Dog 3 Dog 4 On analysis of data obtained, it can be inferred
10 minutes -ve -ve -ve -ve that the ‘Duration’ and ‘Detection rate’ are
+ve +ve +ve +ve directly proportional to each other. It is also
1 18 1 Hr +ve +ve +ve +ve evident that some minimum settling time is
inches 12 Hr +ve +ve +ve +ve required for the availability of scent vapours
-ve -ve -ve -ve of explosive material which may vary from
24 Hr +ve -ve +ve +ve 10 minutes to one hour depending upon the
+ve +ve +ve +ve depth of planted explosive, climatic and soil
10 minutes +ve +ve +ve +ve conditions. ‘Depth’ of explosive and ‘Detection
-ve -ve -ve -ve rate’ are inversely proportional to each other. A
2 21 1 Hr +ve -ve +ve +ve general inference can be drawn that well trained
inches 12 Hr +ve +ve +ve -ve ED dog can detect explosive material planted at
+ve +ve +ve +ve a depth of even more than three feet if sufficient
24 Hr -ve -ve -ve -ve settling time is given. Further study/trial is
+ve -ve -ve +ve
10 minutes +ve +ve +ve +ve
+ve +ve +ve +ve
1 Hr -ve -ve -ve -ve
3 2 feet 12 Hr +ve -ve +ve -ve
+ve -ve -ve +ve
24 Hr +ve +ve +ve +ve Dr Sandeep Gupta, Second-

10 minutes in-Command (Vet) is currently

2.5 1 Hr commanding National
feet 12 Hr
4 Training Centre for Dogs,

Tekanpur, Gwalior of BSF.

24 Hr Dr Ram Mehar Singh is Asstt
Comdt (Vet) and currently
10 minutes posted at National Training
Centre for Dogs, Tekanpur,
1 Hr Gwalior of BSF.
5 3 feet 12 Hr

24 Hr

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Operations & Case Studies – Real World Case Studies

Record Tracking by Police Service K9

TUNGA (Tracker) in Successful Chase in Crime Investigation by
Davangere Police, Karnataka

Operation Background of visit that night at 8:15 pm there was Tanda, exactly at a place in front of
also a stone on which bloodstains a house. Meanwhile, the relatives
the Case were evident. We zeroed it to of deceased were raising doubts
murder and not UDR. over 2 brothers of same Tanda, and
Cr No. 81/2020 u/s 302, 201, R/w Kashipur happens to be their close
34 IPC Basavapatna PS, Channagiri Tracking of Accused relative’s address.
Sub Division, Davanagere
Additional SP Shri Rajeev M We zeroed in and enquired
A case was reported at Basavapatna visited the spot and said that it isn't whereabouts. the suspicion grew
PS on 10-07-2020 by complainant suitable to lift the body that night, stronger.
Shri Nagaraj Naik s/o Kalya Naik, as it posed many risks to the rescue
Nagarkatte Tanda, Davangere Tq team. We put the night guard with Challenges Involved
that his brother Chandra Naik, a generator.
aged 24, of Nagarkatte Tanda, was Next day morning Fire Brigade
murdered at a hillock in Sulekere First hint: we got a hotel check out team arrived and wrapped up the
by the 2 brothers, who had earlier bill lying beside the body. Enquired body (with all fear of corona getting
borrowed 1.7 Lakh rupees from with the hotel management to transferred by bloodstains).
the deceased. There were frequent provide the check-in details. Found
quarrels between them for money. the Identity of the deceased. As this was getting sensational body
It was Chandra Naik, s/o Kalya was moved to Chigateri general
Circumstances when Dog Naik, 25, Lambani Nagarkatte hospital for Post mortem. To the
Tanda, Davangere Rural taluk. The surprise of the I/o Shri RR Patil, CPI,
Squad was Employed suspected vehicle parked nearby Channagiri and also the doctor,
was his brother's. The deceased there was a bullet shot entry wound
PSI Basavapatna called to control was identified without any doubt. on the right side of the temple
room to inform an unidentified region of the head. There wasn't
dead body found lying upside The Uniqueness of the any exit wound. We found a bullet
down in a hillock of Sulekere. Case in the skull which was 7.62mm,
There were none around it. Dy SP generally used in licensed pistol.
Prashant Munnolli and CPI R R Patil Dog Squad chipped in by 9:30 pm. The injury mark suggested close-
wanted to ensure a personal visit to A crime dog named Tunga, 9yrs range shot and not point-blank.
guide the newly posted PSI Kum. old Doberman from District armed
Bharati Kankanawadi. She also said reserve, Davangere arrived at the 4 quarter whiskey, 5 packets of egg
there's a suspicion as half-eaten spot and started running without rice, one pack cigarette, 2 smoked
food packets were lying from the a stop, we had no clue it would cigarette buds, 4 litres water, blood-
place of suspected fall. Yes, it was a run 11km sniffing the traces. Yes, it stained stone, definitely there were
50-60 feet gorge in which body got was 11km. As it reached Kashipur more than 2 people involved in the
stuck halfway upside down. On the

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crime. Accordingly, we made teams accept, later confessed having done might detect other cases too.
and distributed work. Extensively this as he was promised good booty Who knew in this murder case
searched and enquired about the as supari. Who intern intended to property offences and arms act
suspects. CPI RR Patil told Dy SP waive off his father's debts with cases would be detected.
that, he has read about missing the supari(money received as a
pistol somewhere in Dharwad kickback for killing someone). • Make teams and divide the work
some days ago. On enquiry with The accused confessed having based on competence.
our counterparts in Dharwad, the hatched the conspiracy along with
confirmation came in. A weapon Mr Purushottam s/o Manja Naik, • Take the help of local police
was missing since the past 20 days 17 Yrs, Nagarkatte Tanda and his whenever you venture outside
along with some gold and money. brother Mr Sachin S/o Annappa,21 your jurisdiction.
BINGO, both the weapon types yrs, Nagarkatte Tanda. They were
were matching! but questions also accused in the complaint and • Don’t depend only on CDR/
remain unanswered, where the were absconding ever since. Tower location, criminals have
hell is the weapon, who triggered moved on. Human intelligence
it, and why? The information of Strengths and is equally important, collect as
stolen weapon was received from much as local information.
Vidyagiri PS of Dharwad registered Weaknesses
in Cr No. 42/2020 u/s 380, 454, The Proud Team Members
457 IPC dated22/06/2020. A team The weapon was initially told to be
led by DySP went to Dharwad thrown in the Shantisagar (Asia's The team comprised of MrPrashant
to gather further information. second-biggest lake nearby, aka
With the help of local police, the Sulekere) to destroy evidence, Munnolli, Dy SP, RR Patil,
information was gathered and we planned underwater metal
suspects enquired. detector, underwater camera, CPI, Bharati Kankanwadi, PSI
divers from Harihara taluk etc.
Motive Behind the Murder Basavapatna, Shivarudrappa
Before they could arrive, he
Further enquiry revealed about confessed and showed the weapon Meti, PSI Santebennur, crime staff
suspects. On enquiry, we were hid in the bund on the hillock. A
misled to kill the time. We nabbed sigh of relief to the IO (investigating Rudresh HC 265, Rudresh HC 287,
the culprit, Mr Chetan @Chetu officer) because without recovery
aged 21 was secured near Kashipur of weapon, everything looks like a Dharamappa PC-21, Mahesh Naik
bus stand. who initially refused to cooked up story, fingerprints were
taken and matched. 5 live rounds, PC 537, Manja Naik PC 367 and
1 Indian ordinance factory made
pistol GSF, Kashani make was Dog Handler HC KM Prakash and
recovered.
3 Drivers.
Lessons Learnt/

Recommendations

• When there is a doubt, be doubly
sure. Involve the Dog Squad
and Finger Print unit in every
crime scene to collect pieces of
evidence, as early as possible.

• Dig deeper into the case it

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“TUNGA (Doberman Pinscher)

Tunga, a nine-year-old Doberman Pinscher, scientifically
called as Canis Lupus Familiaris, weighs around 27 kg and
23 inches tall, was born on April 16, 2010. After having its
basic training during 2010-11 at Adugudi, Bengaluru is in
active service till date at DAR unit, Davangere.

The Black and Tan canine till now has participated in 60
murder SOCs and 51 HBT SOCs. In many cases, the Tunga
has clued the I.O.s and in 13 important criminal cases it
has directly traced the accused, and in 3 criminal cases, it
has identified the houses of the accused.

The handler Head Constable K.M. Prakash has a strict daily
regimen of 6-7 km morning trekking and feeds twice a day,
the relished food.

The present case of Basavapatna P.S. crime no. 81/2020
u/s 302,201, r/w 34 IPC was reported on 10 July 2020,
wherein Mr Chandra Naik aged 24, a native of Nagarkatte
Tanda was shot with a 0.32 NP Bore pistol on the left
temple region.

Tunga reached the SOC at around 9:30 pm at sulekere
water channel. It started its journey from SOC after
a thorough examination of the spot and victim, then
traversed the area in the dark leading to Kashipura Tanda
11 km away from the SOC. The clue of gang murder was
cracked at kashipura Tanda, wherein the A1- Chetan @
Chetu was residing.

During the investigation, it was revealed that the gang of HBT offenders all of them belonging to Nagarkatte Tanda of
Davangere Rural limits, had used the stolen 0.32 NP Bore pistol for committing the offence of murder. Subsequently,
a bunch of property offences have been traced, with the help of Tunga’s brave and fantastic feat.

Tunga presently stays with other 3 canines at the DAR kennel, Davangere.

Tunga was profusely felicitated and rewarded by Dr Amar Kumar Pandey, IPS, Additional Director General of Police
( Law and Order ), Bengaluru on 17 July 2020 during his North Karnataka tour.

“Fundamentally, the first rule of Training a K9 in any
realm is that the K9 must have Fun doing that. Further,
the K9's Enthusiasm to Work is directly proportional to
the Strong Reward Value System.

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Success Stories of Kerala K9 Squad

P Prakash IPS
DIG - Armed Police Battalions, Kerala Police

Kerala K9 Squad has progressed fact that the latest batch of puppies of a neighbouring house which was
a long way from a small had been inducted to the Squad by 50 m away (On investigation it was
unit of 3 Alsatian dogs at the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Kerala revealed the accused had washed
Thiruvananthapuram in 1959 and retiring members recognized the blood off their bodies after the
into the present well established along with their handlers before crime in that washroom) and ran
20 dog squads in all the Police they proceeded for their retirement towards to the front side of the
districts and Railway Police with 9 home 'Vishranthi' at the Kerala house and identified the accused
different breeds including Labrador Police Academy, Thrissur. Naturally, who had been hiding over there.
Retriever, Doberman, German as a result, there were several
Shepherd, Golden Retriever, excellent performers in the Kerala In 2018, there was a major heist at
Beagle, Belgian Malinois and K9 Squad recently. The best among a Jewellery at Chalukudy, Thrissur
indigenous breeds such as Kanni, them are as follows. in which more than 15 kg of
Chippipara and Mudhol Hound. gold and Rs 6 lakh were stolen.
Over time the Kerala K9 Squad Honey, the Master In one of the first in the series of
has diversified from plain sniffers major detections by Honey, when
and trackers to the specialization Detective brought for scene examination
of dogs in Explosive Sniffing, he had located a handkerchief
Narcotic Sniffing, Crime Scene Honey, a 3 years old Labrador accidentally left at the scene by
Sniffing, Crime Scene Tracking, dog No. 293 of Thrissur Rural
Attack, Operational Tracking etc. has a penchant
Recently we are developing a team for sniffing
of Cadaver dogs for the K9 Squad out hardened
to identify buried dead bodies and criminals and
parts. had helped solve
35 crimes so far.
Under the able leadership and When he was
constant motivation of Shri. Loknath brought to the
Behera IPS, DGP/State Police Chief, crime scene of
the Kerala K9 Squad has been the sensational
transformed into one of the best in KodungallurKatan
India. The dogs are treated as the Bazar murder
respected members of the Police case, Honey had
force and emphasis had been caught the scent
given on improved training, better of accused from
accommodation, transport, quality the rope that was
of food, a retirement home and used to tie the
recognition for their good work. The victim’s dead body
importance is provided to the K9 in a sack and ran
Squad could be understood by the to the washroom

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one of the suspects. On its scrutiny, one and half feet beneath the floor arrest of the suspect and detection
there was a mobile number written of the house of a notorious drug of the interstate narcotics trafficking
at one end of the handkerchief, peddler at Nedupuzha PS limits, racket. Jack is incidentally only the
which had been identified as Thrissur City. He has similarly second Narcotics Sniffer of the
belonging to a West Bengal Native assisted in the detection of various Kerala Railway Police K9 Squad.
and one of the members of the Ganja cases including the dangerous
infamous interstate gang of robbers criminal named PallanRaju from Zeeta and Detection of
known as the “Holiday Robbers” whom 1.2 kg of ganja, 2 guns and Pranav Murder Case
for their major heists committed swords were confiscated. Rana is
during holidays. so popular that the local media had Zeeta, a Labrador Tracker dog
named him “Action Hero Rana” for belonging to Kannur K9 Squad
In the politically sensitive his exploits. had helped crack the sensational
neighbourhood of Chavakkad, murder of a one and half-year-
Thrissur an arson case was reported Jack, Narcotics Sniffer old boy Pranav. Both the parents
in which a part of the victims’ of the child were suspects. Zeeta
house and their 2 motorcycles Trains have been frequently used identified the accused as the
were destroyed which had created for drug trafficking by peddlers as mother of the child based on the
panic in that area. With no it is hard for law enforcement to scent of the child and his mother
major evidence available for the detect without specific intelligence. and their clothes and identified
Investigation team to locate the Therefore a policy of introduction
suspect, the team could identify a of Narcotics Sniffers in Railway
partial footprint near a coconut tree Police of Kerala began in 2018.
adjacent to the scene of the crime. Within two weeks of his induction
Honey sniffed the footprint and ran into the Government Railway
to a house 250 m away which was Police, Jack a Labrador Sniffer on a
the suspect’s house and led to his routine patrol sniffed and identified
arrest by the police. 2 travel bags full of Ganja weighing
16.3 kg at Thiruvananthapuram
Honey has an exceptional career in Railway Station which led to the
Police and has been at the forefront
of detection of many crimes.
Trained well by her handlers T.G.
Suresh, Rijesh and Anish, Honey
is indeed a master detective for
Kerala Police.

Action Hero Rana

One of the major tasks in police
enforcement is detection of
trafficking of narcotics and Kerala
Police is no exception. Rana,Dog
No. 331, 2 years old Doberman
of Thrissur Rural Police is one of
the best Narcotics sniffers available
with Kerala Police. He has a special
ability to detect narcotics hidden
at inconspicuous places. He had
detected half kg of Charas hidden

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the exact spot on the seawall from Buddy, The Explosives performance along with consistent
where the victim was thrown onto Sniffer improvement in infrastructure,
the rocks by the accused. food and training, the results are
Buddy, an active Labrador bound to become better with time
Reena, the Tracker Explosives Sniffer of Kasaragod K9 and more and more consistent
Squad trained by handlers KK Ajesh performers among the K9 Squad
Missing of a 6 years old cute girl and Manu P Cherian had won the will arise and underscore their
Devananda from Kollam early Gold medal for the detection of importance in assisting the Police in
this year had caught widespread Explosives at the 62nd All India basic policing, operations, disaster
public and media attention Police Duty Meet at Lucknow this management in the years to come.
which suspected kidnapping of year. We are proud of our K9 members
the child. Immediate search by of the force who act as role models
both the Investigation team and While the Kerala Police continues not only for us but also for the rest
Fire and Rescue Service did not to emphasise on high standards of of the country.
yield results. Reena, the Labrador
Tracker of Kollam K9 Squad was
then deployed to trace the girl
along with the team and search
was carried out in the Pallimon
River flowing adjacent to the girl’s
house. Reena tracked Devananda’s
body in the river who had died due
to accidental drowning.

Shri P Prakash is an IPS officer,
currently posted as DIG - Armed
Police Battalions, Kerala Police
and State Nodal Officer for the
K9 Squads

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Innovations – Innovative Modes of Training and Equipments

Innovations

CRPF: Battle Inoculations and modified if required. This phase
of training also plays a vital role in
Training at the firing range – Since we understanding and enhancing the
cannot afford a K9 to be gunshot shy, efficiency of K9 teams under stressful
the K9s are conditioned from the early situations and to operate beyond the
age to continue their task even in battle comfort zones of the K9s.
like situations. This is done by starting
with firecrackers at an early stage and NSG: Wireless Commnad
improving it in a phased manner to Trainings of PSKs
training the K9s to work during actual
firing in firing ranges. NSG K9 has innovatively designed
Motorola Radio set pouch to be fixed
Training always happens in a controlled on neck collar/harness for directional
environment and the field in which the training to convey voice commands
K9 teams are to be deployed is filled when the K9 is at far away distance
with uncertainties. In order to bridge and out of sight from the handler. The
this gap, the K9 teams are sent for designed pouch is quite cost-effective
04 weeks’ jungle camp and survival and robust to carry the Motorola Radio
exercise. During the Jungle camp, the set. The pouch is further secured with
K9 teams are exposed to a variety of the help of velcro straps on neck collar/
situations and experiences similar harness. This has helped in setting the
to operational and field areas. This foundation for getting acquainted/
is conducted during the final stages familiarized with the handler’s radio
of the training. The behaviour of the device voice recognition by the K9s
K9 teams in the new environment, and further ease to deploy K9s with
at day and night and in presence of K9 Vision System and Canine Remote
strangers and wild animals are studied Deployment System (CRDS).

Zero Cost ITBP Jugad

Dr Hitesh Kumar Shandilaya, DC (Vet), NTCD, ITBP From the day of assembly this device proved to be a boon
in this rainy season as it can be used indoors as well as in
The carousel wheel: This device is highly valued and useful in dog outdoors. The k9s accepted well and effectively primed in
training.
Design: It was an attempt to locally fabricate the carousel wheel to shorttime span.
meet the training requirement. A rough design was prepared which
included rotary mechanism foldability of arms and adjustable height
platform.
Materials and assembly: Used rectangular light iron pipes recovered
from a condemned entry gate, wheel of a cartwheel as rotary device,
stand of a pedestal fan as a standing platform, bolt and screws and
steel containers with holes on lids. These articles are assembled in a
way to get an adjustable height with 9 foldable arms carousel wheel.

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Legal Notes :
Legal Updates

Q. Does the apprehension made by/with the help of a tracker K9 stands valid in a court of
law as evidence?

(By Sh. Mahendra M. Hegde, Deputy Comdt, CRPF Dog Breeding & Training Centre, Taralu)

Q. What is the legality of usage of PSKs in crowd control in India?

(By Sh. S.R. Arun Kumar, Asst. Comdt, CRPF Dog Breeding & Training Centre, Taralu)

Editor Both the questions admissible in a majority of other indiciators of reliability. If
jurisdictions to not only establish such person is able to demonstrate
mentioned above are correlated probable cause (e.g., in the case specialized expertise in the area of
hence the elaboration is attempted of drug detection), but also to training, tracking or detection, or
collectively. The introduction of identify the perpetrator of a crime the operational performance of his
Police Service K9s into policing in (e.g., in the case of human scent or her K9, he or she is qualified as
our country actively began largely discrimination). This evidence, an expert to state an opinion as to
to combat crime during the 1970s however, may be challenged in the ability of the particular K9 in
when facilities were established court. It is important therefore to question to perform the targeted
in the form of NTCD at Tekanpur establish to the court the reliability task.
Gwalior to train and prepare of the PSK team.
PSKs for the Police Forces. Before A lot of countries where the
this, there was only the Army’s When such evidence is also relied subject has grown exponentially
Breeding and Training facility at upon in part to prove the identity as an important forensic evidence,
Meerut which was producing of the perpetrator, there must be stuggled initially on this front
Military Working Dogs. Initially, other evidence to support the however over a period of time, with
these were used by police officers accuracy of the identification. The intervention of various courts of
to track fugitives, and for explosive corroborating evidence need not law, guidelines were framed. In our
detection. Subsequently, changing be evidence which independently country, the subject is still at nascent
social attitudes towards drugs and links the person to the crime. The stage, so as to say, till recently
their control led to the use of PSKs evidence should be sufficient if it there was no model or laid down
to detect drugs. Many other CAPFs supports the accuracy of the scent frequency at which proficiency of
and State Police also began to train discrimination. As a general rule, a PSK must be assessed. However,
K9s to detect bombs, narcotics and each K9’s ability and reliability is subject is getting due attention
criminal investigations. required to be shown on a case- and the K9 practices are being fast
by-case basis. This ability is a formalised to bring in uniformity
Today, PSKs are utilized by state fact which, like other facts, may in instructions and understanding.
police and federal agencies be proven by expert testimony. Further, guidelines are also under
nationwide for a variety of This testimony should come preparation specifically to ensure
purposes in criminal investigations, from the K9 handler or trainer, or that testimony of PSK team become
from tracking/trailing, and human another qualified expert, who is admissible in the court of law as a
scent discrimination, to substance sufficiently acquainted with the dependebale forensic evidence.
detection. Such evidence is K9, the K9’s training, ability and

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Notepad- Short Notes on K9 Experiences

Police Service K9 (PSK) Training Equipments

The Police Dog (PSK) training is a skill There are different types of dog out of the dogs which ultimately helps
which one can acquire by adopting training equipments which are used to achieve the aims of training.
various techniques to condition to control drives, improve the agility Some of the common tools &
the dog during training. All these of dogs, utilizing olfactory capabilities equipments used in dog training in
techniques are to be supported by of the dog. Use of quality tools and India are neck collar, leash, harness,
tools and equipments which plays a equipments are very important for the muzzle cover, toys, bite rope,
significant role in effective dog training. safety of the dogs, as faulty equipments obstacles, scent box, ladder, rope etc.
Without the use of proper equipments may lead to physical injury to the
and tools, all these training techniques dog which will ultimately affect their (Praveen Patil G.C)
become ineffective and training the health and training. Use of these Asstt. Comdt. (R&D)
dog becomes extremely difficult. equipments helps in bringing the best

Surprise!! The Santa Claus and the Ball Popper

Who doesn’t like a surprise? Kids and adults are alike when it comes to the excitement of getting surprise gifts. Our K9s are no
different from us. They too enjoy a lot if they get pleasant surprises. This could be of great use in K9 training.
So now, why Santa? Because Kids are told that Santa will bring gifts only to good boys and good girls.
Why they are told so? It is to condition them to behave appropriately at all times, even when somebody isn’t watching, making
them believe that it is the Santa who’s going to bring the gift, not somebody who is in front of them.
How this is relevant in K9 training? As in the picture, your K9 is always asking you the question of what is in it for me?. The
answer may be a treat, a toy or your love. One of the basic principles of K9 training is Operant Conditioning. In Operant
Conditioning, a positive reinforcement (i.e) reinforcing the desired behaviour is done by instantaneously rewarding the K9
when he expresses the desired behaviour. Putting it simply, a treat if the K9 sits immediately on hearing the command “SIT” or
a play when he identifies a hidden object (which he was trained to) on command.
But if a ball is to be given as a reward, it can be thrown by the handler, why a ball popper?
It is simple, its to avoid the human error in animal training!
In K9 training, over a period, the K9 gets conditioned not just to the reward after a successful task, but also to the unintentional
non-verbal communication (i.e) the expressions, gestures and behaviour of the handler during the task. This means the K9 starts
associating an unintentional non-verbal communication to the proximity of successful completion of the task. For example, in
Explosive Detection training, the K9 may associate the expression of relief in handler’s face to skip an article or may associate
the handlers urge to reach the reward to indicate at an article. In PSK training, K9s start associating the gesture of the trainers-
on whom the handlers look up to, while their K9s are searching.
To avoid these errors, ball poppers can be used. Multiple ball poppers can be placed at different places close to where the K9
is being trained. Ball poppers should be placed in such a way that the poppers and those who operate it shouldn’t be visible to
the handler or the K9. On successful completion of the task (i.e) like correct indication in ED, the ball will pop out of nowhere
as a reward. The K9 will not have any other option except the scent, to identify or confirm the presence of the object/ Explosive.
It must be ensured that the K9 must not chase the ball as it pops out. The K9 must chase the ball only on the command of the
handler (who in turn will ensure that the command is given instantaneously).
So, that is how the ball popper becomes the Santa Claus of K9 training.

S.R.Arun Kumar, Assistant Commandant (Training)
Dog Breeding & Training School, CRPF, Taralu, Bengaluru

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Spotlight – Profile of Organization or Institute of Repute

Assam Rifles Dog Training Centre

Introduction the establishment is continuously medical care and treatment.
extending its collective endeavour
Assam Rifles Dog Training Centre towards working in coordination • Maintenance of reserve stock of
was raised on 23 July 1996 at with other law enforcement trained dogs.
Jorhat (Assam). On 30 July 2013 agencies to include State and local
the institute was designated as administration. • Advise AR Units on Canine
‘Assam Rifles Dog Training Centre’. Health Issues and suggest
Subsequently, the centre acquired Role changes/frame draft policies.
the unique distinction of being the
first and only ‘Dog Breeding and The training centre has been • Documentation of dogs.
Training’ establishment of Assam designed to provide dog handlers
Rifles (AR). Since its inception, the with a greater understanding of the Training Infrastructure
Centre has achieved distinction principles and theories of learning and Facilities
and its `Silent Warriors’ and and behaviour. The training is
handlers have proved their mettle imparted in practical and lecture- The centre is adequately equipped
in both peace and counter- based format. with infrastructure concerning
insurgency operations. The centre, training of dogs and dog handlers
by synergising its relentless efforts Objectives as under:-
towards achieving twin goals of
developing trained human and The prime objectives of the Assam • Training and obstacle ground for
canine resources has been able to Rifles Dog Training Centre are the conduct of agility training
achieve excellence in the field of enumerated below:- and special training.
breeding, training and development
of ‘Silent Warriors’ into specialities • Training of Dogs. To train dogs • Slithering platform for slithering
of tracking, explosive detection and to acquire elementary aptitude practice.
narcotic detection. With a focused of basic obedience, tracking,
and determined team, the centre improvised explosive detection • Outdoor training areas (civil
has brought laurels to The Sentinels and narcotic detection. areas of the local authority are
of North East, Assam Rifles. used for weekly outdoor training
• Conduct of Assam Rifles Dog of dogs).
AR canine resources are being used Handler’s Course. To develop
for the protection of precious lives a ‘Human Resource’ capable Training Modalities
and property. The dog training of synergising with the canine
has been continuously refined to warriors and to facilitate their The training establishment has
produce a highly sophisticated effective deployment. adopted a modern approach
and versatile extension of the to systematic training. The
soldier’s senses. Every year, • Refresher Training of Dogs. To establishment is effectively utilising
approx 90 dog handlers & 50 provide refresher training of its resources towards setting new
dogs are being trained at the AR dogs once in six months for all agility training aids, modernisation
Dog Training Centre. Besides, the deployed canines. and renovation of the obstacle
course. Modifications have been
• Treatment & Vaccination of Dogs. carried out in the old obstacles
The centre serves as the base for to ensure the addition of safety
features. Slithering has also been
introduced. Methodical approach

90

for assessment of refresher training attainment of establishment’s goals team exists at ARDTC. The demo
& grading system has been adopted. and objectives. Training duration of dog team showcases utility shows
various courses being conducted in to the civil public on various
The training curriculum is the centre is as under:- occasions like Independence
continuously evaluated for Day Celebration, Republic Day
application of advanced training Celebration and Annual Sports
methodology to cope up with the Meets, etc. on request from the
changing security scenario. Some civil administration. The utility
of the initiatives that have been shows serve the dual purpose of
adopted are enumerated as under:- spreading awareness about the
operational efficacy of the dogs
• Tracker Training. Introduction of among the general public besides
tracker trails and Motorola set for entertainment.
augmenting individual training
of each tracker dog. Demo Dog Team Achievements

• Explosive & Narcotics Detection. Apart from the use of the dogs in The ARDTC has to its credit
Latest training techniques regular operations, a demo dog
adopted for numerous instances of recoveries

»» Use of fired cases for the of IEDs, apprehension of
training of ED Dogs.
Sr. Training Duration Underground/Over Ground
»» Sniffing boxes for dogs No. 12 Weeks
introduced & training to (a) Basic Workers, seizure of a cache of arms
distinguish the scent of 36 Weeks
explosive from other mixed Obedience 36 Weeks and ammunition, and recovery of
scents is imparted. (b) Tracking
(c) Explosive 36 Weeks drugs.
»» Training to detect IEDs on
railway tracks. Detection 02 Weeks Honours and Awards
(d) Narcotic
»» Training on vertical sniffing The ’Silent Warriors’ and training
racks to encourage dogs to Detection staff of Assam Rifles boast of the
sniff explosives up to a height (e) Refresher
of five feet from the ground.
Training Centre
»» Training bench device.
following honours and awards
»» Non-hazardous training aids. for their special and operational
achievements since raising of AR
Training Curriculum Dog Training Centre:-

Training curriculum and modules Canine Health Support
have been well designed to enable
A well equipped Veterinary Hospital
as a part of AR Dog Training Centre

91

Sr. Honours and Awards AR Dogs AR Dog Total
No. Handler
(a) DGAR Commendation Card 30 56
(b) Governor’s Gold Medal 16 26 21
(c) Governor’s Silver Medal 18 05 27
(d) AIPDM Gold Medal 01 09 01
(e) AIPDM Silver Medal 04 - 04
(f) AIPDM Bronze Medal 01 - 01
(g) GOC-in-C Eastern Command 01 - 03
02
Commendation 113
Total 71 42

has been established for health »» Rapid, snap disease detection procedures & maintain of
support of AR Dogs. Facilities kits for dogs. neonates.
available in the Veterinary Hospital
of ARDTC are as under:- »» Basic canine dentistry. »» Heating Pad for newborn
puppies.
• Operation Theatre (OT). »» Electric nail clipper machine.
»» Room Heaters and Baby
»» OT for carrying out elective »» Treadmill for physiotherapy. Weighing Machine.
and minor/major emergency
surgeries. »» “Heat Stroke Room” for Conclusion
treating emergency cases of
»» Modern X-ray machine & Heat Stroke. Assam Rifles Dog Training
electrocautery. Centre is a key training facility
• Laboratory. to prepare specialized dogs for
• Intensive Care Unit (ICU). counter insurgency operations
»» Systems for the analysis of and border guarding.The AR
»» A well-equipped ICU has Haemoglobin, ESR and PCV. dogs trained at the centre
been maintained to cater to are effectively employed for
critical life support and for »» Facilities for blood smear operations in the difficult terrain
constant patient monitoring. staining and exam for blood of North East. The operational
pathogens & CBC. achievements bear testimony
»» Equipment viz. Blood to the state of the art of training
Glucometer, BP apparatus, »» Liver function test, kidney imparted at the centre. The
Oxygen Delivery System are function test, urine analysis centre is ever committed to
maintained in ICU. and faecal examination. improvement in infrastructure
and training facilities and being
• Allied Facilities. • Whelping. the harbinger of dog training in
the North East.
»» Equipment installed to
efficiently carry out whelping

92

Accolades

ITBP Hero Dog Putri Honoured by
DG ITBP for Saving Lives

Introduction remained 20 feet behind the dog DG ITBP confers K-9 Medal
and gave a “sungho dhundo” on Hero Dog “Putri”
In response to general intelligence (seek and search) command. Dog
input about the activities of Anti Putri exactly pointed her nose at a • Dog Putri, gave a pinpoint
National Elements (ANEs) between spot, giving pinpoint confirmation. indication.
COB ( Company Operating Base) On gently inspecting the spot, the
Gatapar and COB Malaida of 40 Bn patrol party unearthed red and • The team trusted the instincts of
ITBP, deployed in ANO ( Anti Naxal blue flexible wires. On following Dog Putri.
Operations), a highly sensitive ADP the wires, the discovered a mud-
(Area Domination Patrol) named covered steel drum consisting of Award
‘Op SHARAD - 21’ was launched approx 20 Kgs IEDs. The dog was
in December of 17’. Due to recalled; the area was cordoned. DG ITBP Sh SS Deswal honoured
threat of Naxal IEDs ( Improvised Mobile signal jammers were Hero Dog Putri with the DG's
Explosive Devices) the state deployed. The area was handed Commendation Card during the
administration had requested ITBP over to the Bomb Disposal Squad, Raising day.
to clear the road since important who dismantled the IED, that was
VVIPS of Central Government and later found to contain PETN plastic Conclusion
the Election Commission had to explosive as a charge enveloped by
perform their mandate. ammonium nitrate, nails, pellets K9 instincts and training
and ball bearings. The detonation coupled with human
Operation SHARAD -21 device was a small Mobile Phone, intelligence improve the
which was primed with a fully success rate in conjunction
The ADP party was launched from charged battery to last for 2 days. with modern technology.
E Coy COB Gatapara to D coy
COB OF Malaida at exactly 0700 Assessment
hrs. ITBP hero dog Putri, was at the
vanguard of the patrol, the main • The party commander did a
body being 30 feet behind the K9. good job in the following SOP
The Malinois (BSD) was off-leash as to keep dog off-leash and at the
per SOP. At around 0830hrs, the K9 vanguard of the party.
halted at a particular spot and gave
a silent indication on encountering • At the slightest indication by Dog
an “olfactory plume” of a particular Putri, the party halted and took
target odour. This point was SQ- action.
2282 GR 227821, that was 1.5 km
short of Limautola SQ-2380. The • Mobile jammers were promptly
party commander brought the party placed to prevent detonation.
to a halt. The handler gave a “go
ahead” to dog Putri. The handler • Bomb Disposal team,

immediately removed the power

supply to the detonator.

93

Brief on OP Dhangu Suraksha (NSG)

1. National Security Guard K9 intervening House Intervention fearlessness in the face of the
(Dog) 13 No 7 Rocket (Assault) Team to neutralize the terrorist enemy and courage beyond
was an integral part of counter holed up in a building and the call of the duty. NSG K9
Terrorist Task Force team thick vegetation area. During Rocket (Assault) has set an
launched by National Security the ensuing gun battle, he example of selfless dedication
Guard at Pathankot Airbase sustained splinter injuries from a during Operation DHANGU
in Punjab during Operation grenade lobbed by the terrorist SURAKSHA. This has generated
DHANGU SURAKSHA. K9 during deployment. After enormous confidence in the
ROCKET (Assault) led the assault initial medication, the NSG capabilities of K9s for sustained
team of NSG repeatedly while K9 Rocket was again deployed employment in Counter-
in contact with the terrorist during intervention operations Terrorist (CT) operations.
during Operation. The assault at a different location wherein
K9 displayed indomitable the K9 Rocket displayed utter 3. For displaying exemplary
courage while carrying out fearlessness under live fire and courage, bravery and gallantry,
intervention and search played a key role in neutralizing the NSG K9 Rocket got awarded
operation under fire from the the second terrorist. by Chief of Army Staff (COAS)
terrorists. On 02 January 2016, commendation and DG NSG
the assault K9 Rocket led the 2. K9 Rocket (Assault) displayed disc & commendation role
indomitable resolve, utter (Gallantry)”.

94

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