Koleksi Planet Pea-ple Siri 3: The Infinitely Microbes in Nature is Infinitely Significant

Koleksi Planet Pea-ple Siri 3:

The Infinitely Microbes in Nature is Infinitely Significant





Wan Nur Saadah Bt Wan Nurfathir
Thian Wen Hui
Lu Hui Sze
Chiam Sun May, PhD
Ronald Yusri Batahong, PhD
Low Kee Sun
Tan Cho Chiew
Ainon binti Hadim

Koleksi Planet Pea-ple Siri 3:

The Infinitely Microbes in Nature is Infinitely Significant





Wan Nur Saadah Bt Wan Nurfathir
Thian Wen Hui
Lu Hui Sze
Chiam Sun May, PhD
Ronald Yusri Batahong, PhD
Low Kee Sun
Tan Cho Chiew
Ainon binti Hadim

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS KENT,
PETI SURAT 2,
89207 TUARAN,
SABAH.

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Koleksi Planet Pea-ple Siri 3: The Infinitely Microbes in Nature is Infinitely Significant

Wan Nur Saadah Bt Wan Nurfathir
Thian Wen Hui
Lu Hui Sze
Chiam Sun May, PhD
Ronald Yusri Batahong, PhD
Low Kee Sun
Tan Cho Chiew

Penyunting:
Chiam Sun May, PhD.

eISBN: 978-967-0008-23-3
Kulit Buku: Chiam Sun May, PhD.
All Graphics, photos, and fonts design are credited to Canva.com

Diterbit oleh,
Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Kent,

Peti Surat 2, 89207,
Tuaran, Sabah.
Tel: 088-797500
Fax: 088-788007


Dicetak oleh,

Percetakan Ekspress Enterprise
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

Meet the group!

WAN NUR SAADAH THIAN WEN HUI LU HUI SZE

Dr. Chiam Sun May
Dr. Ronald Yusri Batahong

Tan Cho Chiew
Low Kee Sun
Ainon Bt Hadim

Preface

You will find this book interesting: Biology concepts presented in a
diagrammatic form. Specially written to make learning easier and to
stimulate interest in Biology, this book will help students in acquiring and
reinforcing Biology concepts, which is about microbiology, more easily and
effectively.

This book makes learning easier through the following features:

Important Concepts and Key Terms

The important concepts and key terms are presented clearly in simple
language. Further explanation linked to the drag helps you better understand
the concepts.

Interesting Visuals

Visual aids such as concept mapchartsow charts and annotated diagrams are
integrated to make the concept easier to understand and remember.

Real-life examples

These examples show the real-life application of concepts and explain the
inquiries on the phenomena that happen in our everyday lives.

Instant facts

These are extra information that can help you acquire a more in-depth
understanding of the topic under discussion.

This book complements the school curriculum and will certainly help in your
preparation for the examinations.

Appreciation

We, the authors of this book, are hugely grateful for the opportunity to
establish this book. Despite the numerous twists and turns, we encountered
throughout the process, we thoroughly enjoyed the experience. As a result,
we would like to humbly thank everyone involved in the production of this
book, as well as everyone's support, including our family, friends, lecturers,
editors, and, finally, the publisher of this book.

Before we begin, we would like to express our gratitude to our beloved family
for their continuous support in the preparation of this book. All of their
motivation and words of encouragement provided us with a boost of energy
to continue our struggle. Furthermore, we would like to thank thousands of
friends and classmates who helped us as a group from the beginning to the
end of the assignment, despite joint fatigue. We consider ourselves fortunate
to be surrounded by extremely supportive friends.

Our heartfelt gratitude also goes to our lecturers for guiding us through the
completion of this book especially Dr Chiam Sun May, Madam Ainon Binti
Hadim, and Sir Zakaria Barabag. Thank you for all the guidance and
knowledge that we have received. Furthermore, we are appreciative of our
Mentor, Sir Tan Cho Chiew, Ketua Jabatan JSTEM, Dr Ronald Yusri Batahong,
and fellow JSTEM lecturers for their unending support.

Finally, but most importantly, we appreciate Dr Chiam Sun May's dedication
as our editor to guiding us through the process of completing all of the
components required to publish our book. Thank you for giving us the
opportunity to publish our first book. We are eternally thankful to everyone
who has assisted us along the way.

MICROBIOLOGY
&

DISEASES

1 2-9

10-18 19-23

24-28 29-33

34-38

What are pathogens?

Our bodies are naturally brimming with
microorganisms. These microorganisms, on the
other hand, only become a problem when our
immune system is weak or when they reach a
typically sterile part of our bodies. A pathogen
just needs a host to flourish and survive. Once
within a host's body, the pathogen manages to

dodge the body's immune responses and
replicates using the body's resources before

escaping and spreading to a new host.

01

BACTERIA

02

Bacteria are single-
celled microorganisms.
They are hugely diverse,
with a wide range of
shapes and features,
and the ability to exist in
almost any environment,
including inside and on

our bodies.

Pathogenic bacteria Not all bacteria cause
reproduce inside the realms infections. Those that
can are referred to as
of their host's body and pathogenic bacteria.
cause the body to become ill
These bacteria are
during the replication capable of causing
process. Most bacteria are
minor to life-
not harmful, and it is threatening infections in
estimated that the vast
majority of bacteria (almost humans and other
95 per cent) do not pose a species.
threat to people or other

species.

03

Ways of transmission

Contact Droplet

direct skin-to-skin the droplet is not
considered airborne
mucous membrane-to- when larger than 5 m
mucous membrane in diameter.

faecal-oral transfer of they are more sensitive
intestinal germs than flying droplet nuclei
Transfusion of tainted blood to filtering in the nose
products spreads varieties via nasal hairs or
bacterial diseases, elimination via nasal or
including syphilis. facial masks.

Airborne Vehicles (including food, water,
and fomite transmission)
Q fever, tuberculosis,
and Legionella are all occurs when bacteria enter
diseases that spread the intestine through the
widely. mouth
Q fever-infected
animals have been those organisms that survive
known to spread the the stomach's low pH and
disease to other aren't whisked away by the
animals up to 10 km mucus of the small intestine
away. stick to the cell surfaces.

can infiltrate host cells and
produce poisons, causing
diarrhoea.

04

05

EXAMPLES OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Tuberculosis

A highly infectious disease that
primarily affects the lungs by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Whooping cough

A highly contagious respiratory
disease. It is caused by the
bacterium Bordetella pertussis.

Meningitis

The inflammation of the
membranes that outline your
brain and spinal cord by
bacterial meningitis.

Salmonella food poisoning

It is also called salmonella
enterocolitis or enteric salmonellosis.
It’s one of the most common types of
food poisoning.

06

TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious
disease that mostly affects the
lungs. It is transmitted from person
to person via tiny droplets released
into the air from coughing and

sneezing.

REPORT OF CASES

According to the World Health
Organization (WHO)Reliable
Source, 1.5 million individuals died
from the disease in 2020.
Tuberculosis is also the world's 13th
largest cause of mortality. It is
currently the second leading
infectious cause of death, following
COVID-19.
TB is most common in
underdeveloped nations, but over
7,000 cases were reported in the
United States in 2020, according to
the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source.

07

General symptoms & Who is at risk for
caused by TB in the lungs tuberculosis?

Cough that lasts more than Diabetes
three weeks End-stage kidney
Coughing up blood or diseases
sputum (phlegm) Maluntrition
Inexplicable chest pain
Unexplained fatigue Bacteria can be
Weight loss transmitted by:

-sneezing

-coughing

-speaking
-singing

Symptoms of TB spread to other
organs



Blood in the urine (kidneys)
Stiffness, muscle spasms, & spinal
irregularity (spine)
Nausea and vomiting & loss of
consciousness (brain)

08

PREVENTING TB

If you believe you have If you have HIV or any
been exposed to other condition that
increases your risk of
tuberculosis, contact a
healthcare professional infection, you should get
tested for tuberculosis.
for testing.

Avoiding close or
extended contact with
someone who has active

tuberculosis.

Before and after travelling
to a country with a high TB

rate, visit a travel clinic
or consult your doctor
about testing.

Inquire about your workplace's
infection prevention and

control programme, and follow
the precautions provided if
your job exposes you to
tuberculosis.

09

PARASITES

10

Organisms that live in or on a host and
feed from or at the expense of the host.

P Though parasitic infections are more
common in the tropics and subtropics,

a they can occur anywhere.
r
a Human diseases can caused by three types of

parasites. These are some examples:

s Protozoa are single-celled organisms that
i can live and reproduce in our body.

Helminths, also known as worms, are larger,

t multi-celled organisms that can live inside or
outside of our body.

e Ectoparasites, which are multicellular
organisms that live on or feed on our skin,

s such as ticks and mosquitos

11

They can be transmitted in variety ways,
including contaminated soil, water, food,

and blood, as well as through sexual
contact and insect bites.



Here are some examples of parasitic
diseases:

Intestinal Trichomoniasis Public Lice
Worms
Trichomoniasis, Pubic lice, also
Intestinal also known as known as crabs,
parasites, also are tiny insects
"trich," is a that live on our
defined as sexually pubic hair, close
tapeworms, are to our genitals.
one of the most transmitted Close contact,
common types of infection caused such as sex, can
by the parasite result in genital
parasites in
humans' small Trichomonas crabs.
vaginalis (STI).
intestine.

12

Ways of Transmission

Transmission through non-
living agents



Microbes require nutrition to
grow and prefer to eat the
same food that humans do.
They can enter our food at any
point along the food chain.
Taenia solium larvae can be
transmitted through raw or
undercooked meat containing
the parasite's infective stage.

Direct transmission Transmission through living
agents (Mechanical
Bacteria can be transmission)
transmitted while we
shake hand with The vector simply transmits
someone who has a cold the disease agent from one
and has just wiped their animal to another
wet nose with their hand Entamoeba histolytica is
transmission by cockroach

13

HOOKWORM INFECTIONS

Hookworms are greyish
white or pinkish with the

head slightly bent in
relation to the rest of

the body

Hookworms are parasitic worms. This
means that they feed on other living
things. Hookworms have an impact on

our lungs, skin, and small intestine.
Hookworms infect humans via

hookworm larvae found in feces-
contaminated dirt.

14

They only live in sandy or The larvae can penetrate
loamy soil, however cannot
survive in clay or muck. the skin of the foot and,
Rainfall averages must
exceed 1000 mm (40 inches) once inside the body,
per year. The eggs can hatch
only if these conditions are migrate through the
met. In general, they live for
only a few weeks at most in vascular system to the
natural conditions and die
almost instantly when lungs, then up the trachea
exposed to direct sunlight or
desiccation. and are swallowed. They

afterward pass down the

esophagus and into the

digestive system,

eventually ending up in the

intestine, where the larvae

grow into adult worms.

The host is afflicted by the larvae,
not the eggs. While it can be
ingested, the most common source
of contamination is through the
skin, which is commonly caused by
walking barefoot through fecal-
contaminated areas.

15

General Symptoms & Causes hookworm infections
Caused
Necator Ancylostoma
It usually begins with itching americanus duodenale
and a small rash affected by
an allergic reaction in the How are hookworm infections
area where the larvae treated?
entered our skin. As the
hookworms grow in our improve nutrition
intestinal wall, this is usually treat anaemia-related
followed by diarrhea. complications
-take the iron supplement
Other symptoms include: the doctor will prescribe
nausea parasite-killing medications
intestinal cramps (Albenza)
loss of appetite
blood in stool

16

What are the effects of a hookworm infection?

1. Someone may 2. Nutritional 3. Children who
become anemic if deficiencies and a are frequently
they have a long- condition known as infected with
term hookworm ascites are two other hookworms will
infection. Anemic is complications that experience iron
characterized by a can arise from these
low red blood cell and protein
count, which can infections. This deficiency. In
contribute to heart condition is caused by that case, it will
failure in severe result in slow
cases. Hookworms significant protein physical and
feed on our blood, loss and results in
resulting in anemia. fluid accumulation in mental
We are more likely our abdomen. The development.
to develop severe fluid may also enter
anemia if we do not our chest and encircle
eat well, are your lungs. This
pregnant, or having makes us difficult to
Malaria.
breathe.

17

How to prevent hookworm
infection?

Wear shoes when we walk
outdoors, especially in
areas that might have
feces in the soil

Drink safe water

Properly cleaning and
cooking food

Practising proper
handwashing

18

VIRUS

19

Genetic codes such as DNA
and RNA made up viruses. It is

protected by a coating of
protein. They replicate and
produce more viruses by using
the component within the host

cells.

Examples of diseases
Dengue
HIV & AIDS

20

Ways of Transmission

Transmitted from plant Spread viruses into the air
to plant by insects
Coughing and sneezing
viruses in mammals can influenza, SARS-CoV-2,
be transported by blood- chickenpox, smallpox, and
sucking insects (aphids measles.
that feed on plant sap)

Transmitted via sexual Transmitted through
contact or contact hand-to-mouth
with contaminated
blood contact, food, or drink


The faecal-oral channel
HIV norovirus and rotavirus
that cause viral
gastroenteritis

The number of different types of host cells that a
virus can infect. The "host range" of a virus refers to

the diversity of host cells it can infect. This can be
narrow, in which case a virus can only infect a few

species, or broad, in which case it can infect
numerously.

21

DENGUE

According to World Health
Organisation (WHO), there are
estimated more than 50 million
people are affected by dengue per

year, of which 1% require
hospitalisation.

Signs and 1. Swollen lymph nodes,
symptoms nausea, and vomiting

2. Headaches
3. The flat red rash appears

(2-5 days later) which may
cover the entire body
4. High fever after 4 days of
infected
5. Joint and muscle ache

22

Treatments Preventions

Bed rest Use insect repellent
Fluids to prevent Wear long-sleeved shirts
dehydration (either & long pants
oral or intravenous) Discard anything that can
paracetamol or accumulate water. For
acetaminophen for example, the flower vase
high fever and tyre.

23

FUNGI

24

It can be found indoors
or outdoors and on
human skin. Infection
occurs when fungi
overgrow.
Fungi cell contains a
nucleus and the
components in it is
protected by plasma and
a thick cell wall. Its
structure makes its
harder to be killed.

25

Ways of Transmission

Inhalation
Blastomycosis, for example,
is a disease caused by the

dimorphic fungus
Blastomyces dermatitidis,
and is spread by inhaling

fungus spores from the
environment. Inhalation of
some fungal spores can also
cause what is known as a

mould allergy.

Direct contact
The fungi that cause

ringworm, for example, are
classified as dermatophytes
and spread when humans
come into contact with the

skin of an infected or
contaminated person, animal,

object, or even soil.

26

ASPERGILLOSIS Forms of Symptoms
Aspergillosis
A typical mould, Fever,
Aspergillus, causes this Allergic reaction worsening
disease. People with asthma,
weakened immune cough
systems or lung diseases
are at higher risk to Aspergilloma Hemoptysis,
develop health problems wheezing,
due to Aspergillus. shortness of
breath,
Types of health problem unintention
due to Aspergillus: al weight
-allergic reaction loss, fatigue
-lung infection
-infection of organs Invasive In general Fever,

aspergillosis hemoptysis

**Occur in people (cough that

whose immune brings up

systems are blood),
weakened due to shortness of
cancer breath,
chemotherapy, bone chest or joint
marrow pain,
transplantation, or headaches,
other diseases. skin lesions

27

Causes PREVENTION

People get infected by Protect yourself from the
inhaling Aspergillus environment.
Stay away from the
spores from the construction site, which is an
environment. Healthy area with dust.
people will not get sick Avoid activities that involve
close contact with soil or
while people with dust. If this isn't possible,
weakened immune wear gloves, long pants and a
system have a higher risk long-sleeved shirt.
to develop health Test for early infection by
testing the blood.
problems due to
Aspergillosis.

Treatment

According to Mayo
Clinic (2022), the most
effective treatment is

antifungal drug,
voriconazole (Vfend).

Another choice is
Amphoteracin B.

28

WAYS OF
TRANSMISSION

29

Person to Person

• Infectious disorders are typically
transmitted from one person to another via
direct transmission of bacteria, viruses, or
other organisms. When a person infected
with the bacterium or virus touches, kisses,
coughs, or sneezes on someone who isn't
affected, this can happen.

Person to Person Contact
Through Skin Wounds

Any object has the potential to be a
carrier of an infectious agent. Dirty
clothes and linens, utensils and
unsterilised hospital equipment are
some examples of a breeding ground
for bacteria and parasites.

30

Sexually Transmitted
Infections

Infections like the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis,
and gonorrhoea require the exchange of
bodily fluids, which is frequently
accomplished through risky sexual
behaviours. Some STIs can also be spread
through blood and blood products
transfusions, as well as infected needles
and syringes.

Insects Bite

Insect carriers, such as mosquitoes, fleas,
lice, and ticks, will cause some germs
spread from one host to another. Vectors
are the term for these carriers.
Mosquitoes can transmit malaria or the
West Nile virus. Lyme disease is caused
by a bacteria carried by deer ticks.

31

Droplets in the Air

Some diseases can be transmitted through the
air when people cough, sneeze or talk, releasing
nasal and throat secretions. Some viruses or
bacteria fly through the air and land on humans
or surfaces. When you breathe in pathogenic
organisms, they take up residence inside you.
Touching a germ-infested surface and then
touching your own eyes, nose, or mouth can
also spread germs.

Foods & Drinks

Consuming contaminated food or drinking
polluted water can spread infectious diseases.
Germs can spread to a large number of people
from a single source using this mode of
transmission. The bacterium Escherichia coli
(E. Coli), for example, is frequently spread
through contaminated produce, undercooked
meat, or unpasteurized fruit juice. Clostridium
botulinum, the causative agent of botulism,
thrives in the environment created by
improperly canned foods.

32

Animal to Person

Being bitten or scratched by an
infectious animal, even if it is a pet, can
make you unwell and, in some cases,
death. Handling animal manure can also
be dangerous. You can contract
toxoplasmosis by scooping your cat's
litter box, for example.

Mother to Unborn Child

Germs that cause infectious diseases
can be passed from a pregnant woman
to her unborn child. Germs can pass
through the placenta or breast milk in
some cases. During birth, germs in the
vaginal area might be passed to the
newborn.

33

HOW THEY CAUSE
AS DISEASES

34

VIRUS

Viruses function similarly to hijackers. They infect
healthy cells and use them to multiply and produce more

viruses like themselves. This can cause us to become ill
by killing, damaging, or changing our cells. Viruses

attack specific cells in our body, including those in our
liver, respiratory system, and blood. Infectious

microorganisms, on the other hand, can make us sick.
They multiply rapidly in our bodies. Many give off
toxins, which can damage tissue and make us sick.

Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli are examples
of bacteria that cause infections.

35

FUNGUS

Fungi can cause disease by fungal replication. Fungal
cells have the ability to infiltrate tissues and alter their
function. Fungi can also cause disease by eliciting an

immune response from immune cells or antibodies.
Fungi cause disease by competitive metabolism, which
consumes the host's energy and nutrients. Furthermore,
toxic metabolites, such as those produced by Candida

species, can create acetaldehyde, a carcinogenic
chemical, during metabolism.



36

PARASITE

Parasites are organisms that exist
by feeding on other species, or
hosts. Some parasites have little

effect on their hosts. Others grow,
reproduce, or infiltrate organ
systems, causing illness in their
hosts and causing a parasitic
infection.

37

BACTERIA

Bacteria cause disease by secreting
or excreting toxins, as in botulism,
or by producing intracellular toxins
that are released when the bacteria
disintegrates, as in typhoid, or by
inducing antigenic sensitivity, as in

typhoid and tuberculosis.

38

REFERENCES

Mayo Clinic Staff (2022). Infectious Diseases. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 12 July
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diseases/symptoms-causes/.

Health promotion Board (2021). Infectious Diseases. Health Hub. Retrieved
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Higuera, V. (2017). How Are Disease Transmitted? Healthline. Retrieved 12
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British society for antimicrobial chemotherapy (2020, September 28). How
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Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2018, April 2). bacterial disease.

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39

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