Koleksi Planet Pea-ple Siri 6: The Infinitely Microbes in Nature is Infinitely Significant

Amirul Hakim Bin Mohd Ayub
Akmal Hazim Bin Amir Rudin
Abdul Baari Bin Mohd Amin

Chiam Sun May, PhD
Ronald Yusri Batahong, PhD

Low Kee Sun
Tan Cho Chiew
Ainon binti Hadim

Koleksi Planet Pea-ple
Siri 6:

The Infinitely Microbes in Nature is Infinitely
Significant

Amirul Hakim Bin Mohd Ayub
Akmal Hazim Bin Amir Rudin
Abdul Baari Bin Mohd Amin

Chiam Sun May, PhD
Ronald Yusri Batahong, PhD

Low Kee Sun
Tan Cho Chiew
Ainon binti Hadim

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS KENT,
PETI SURAT 2,
89207 TUARAN,
SABAH.

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Cetakan Pertama 2022

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Koleksi Planet Pea-ple Siri 6: The Infinitely Microbes in Nature is Infinitely Significant

Amirul Hakim Bin Mohd Ayub
Akmal Hazim Bin Amir Rudin
Abdul Baari Bin Mohd Amin
Chiam Sun May, PhD
Ronald Yusri Batahong, PhD
Low Kee Sun
Tan Cho Chiew

Penyunting:
Chiam Sun May, PhD.

eISBN: 978-967-000-20-2
Kulit Buku: Amirul Hakim Bin Mohd Ayub
All graphics, photos, fonts design credit to Canva.com

Diterbit oleh,
Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Kent,

Peti Surat 2, 89207,
Tuaran, Sabah.
Tel: 088-797500
Fax: 088-788007

Preface

Praise and thanksgiving we pray to God Almighty
because, for the blessings of His grace and
guidance, we were able to complete this book

victoriously. This book was made based on our
subject Fundamental of Biology II task 3 which
required us to produce a digital product that shows
the relationship between infectious disease and

microbiology.



We gather a lot of beneficial information in this
book, and hope that it will be a reference for

readers, especially educators and students. We
would like to express our appreciation to our
lecturer from JSTEM, IPGK KENT for their
guidance on us throughout the process to complete

this book.



Hopefully, through the explanation in this book,
readers can gain insight and advantageous

information such as the infectious disease we
mentioned and ways to prevent it. We also hope that

this book can describe the relationship between
infectious disease and microbiology precisely and
clearly. If there are mistakes and shortcomings, we

are ready to receive input from readers.



KENT: Kerana Engkau Nama Terbilang

i

Apprecation

Completing this book is harder than we thought
and more rewarding than we could have ever

imagined. At the end of the day, the effort we put
together when completing this book brings us to

glory in becoming a teacher.



None of this would have been possible without our
lecturers, Dr. Chiam Sun May, Madam Ainon,
and also Dr. Zakaria. They are the best lecturer
we could ever have. They are the ones who teach

us with patience about biology from A to Z. Also,
we would like to give appreciation to our lecturers

from JSTEM which are Dr. Ronald Yusri
Batahong, Madam Low Kee Sun, and Sir Tan Cho

Chiew who also give us support and good times
throughout the year. We are really grateful for

being their student.



To everyone at IPG Kampus Kent, we are really
grateful that we are given the support to publish
this work. We are grateful for every aspect this
institute has offered to us. We hope to anyone who
read this book, may it gives you permanent marks,
especially beneficial information, and help you in

becoming an excellent student. Thank you so
much.

ii

Amirul Hakim Akmal Hazim Abdul Baari

Explore the world full of terrifying diseases

MEET

The Authors

Amirul Hakim
Bin Mohd Ayub

Akmal Hazim Bin
Amir Rudin

Abdul Baari Bin
Mohd Amin

Chiam Sun May, PhD
Ronald Yusri Batahong, PhD

Low Kee Sun
Tan Cho Chiew

iii

THE

Table of Contents

i
Preface

ii
Appreciation

iii
The Author

01
Introduction

02-09
Tuberculosis

10-15
Malaria

16-22
Cholera

23-24
Reference

Infectious diseases 2022
and microbiology

Introduction

Infectious diseases are These bacteria can spread diseases
illnesses caused by by transferring from one person to
bacteria or viruses. A another, either directly or indirectly.
microbe, also known as a People can also become infected by
microorganism, is a tiny coming into contact with an infected
creature that can be animal that is carrying a pathogenic
single or multicellular. bacterium that can infect humans.

Meanwhile, microbiology Infectious diseases are primary
is the study of microbes, cause of death globally,
which dates back to Anton especially in low-income
van Leeuwenhoek's nations and among children . In
discovery of a nutshell, this is the book of
microorganisms in 1675. our group that shows the
Bacteria, viruses, fungus, relationship between infectious
and parasites are examples disease and microbiology.
of microbes.

1

TUBERCULOSIS
(TB)

2

What is TB?

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease.
There are two TB-related conditions:
latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)
and tuberculosis illness. TB illness
can be dangerous if not treated
properly.
LTBI is when our body contains
bacteria, but our immune system
prevents them from spreading.
They're not contagious and don't
have any symptoms.

However, the virus is still alive and might
resurface at any time. If we are at high
risk for reactivation.
TB illness is when the bacteria grow and
cause us to become ill. We have the
ability to transfer the sickness to others.
The bacterium that causes tuberculosis
is transmitted from one person to
another through the air. When a person
with TB illness of the lungs or throat
coughs or talks, the germs are released
into the air.

3

What is TB?

People in the vicinity may inhale the

bacterium and become ill. This

disease cannot be transmitted by

touching or sharing things. Persons

with tuberculosis are more likely to

transfer the disease to people they

interact with on a daily basis. This

includes relatives, friends,

coworkers, and classmates.

The symptoms of tuberculosis
largely depend on where the germs
are developing in the body. The
bacterium that causes tuberculosis

generally grows in the lungs. The
symptoms of tuberculosis in the
lungs including bad cough, pain in
chest and coughing up blood.
Another symptoms are weakness,
loss weight and appetite and fever
that sweat at night.

4

THE MICROORGANISM THAT
INVOLVED

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacteria
called "mycobacterium tuberculosis".

This bacteria is most commonly found in the lungs,
although they can also be found in the kidney, spine,

and brain. Not everyone who is infected with the
tuberculosis germs becomes ill.

Mycobacterium TB has a distinct cell envelope,
shape and composition, which includes a peptidoglycan

layer that is necessary for cellular stability and
pathogenicity.

5

NUTRITION FOR
MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULOSIS

Since the discovery of
Mycobacterium TB,
mycobacteria's
development and

dietary needs have been
widely investigated.
(Koch, 1882).

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is an aerobic bacteria which

feeds as heterotroph for
nutrition. They get nutrients

by deriving its nutritional
requirements from complex

organic substances.

During infection,
Mycobacterium TB relies on

lipids as its primary fuel
source. Genes that encode a

possible disaccharide
transporter, (Sassetti &

Rubin, 2003)

6

NUTRITION FOR
MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULOSIS

With the start of the adaptive
immune response,

Mycobacterium TB may convert
its major fuel source from

carbohydrates to lipids. This
obviously needs Mycobacterium

tuberculosis' ability to absorb
carbohydrates and lipids.

However, inside the human
host, both the carbon
sources and the
corresponding uptake

proteins for mycobacterium
tuberculosis are unknown.

Looking back at the structure of
mycobacteria, the existence of

two lipid barriers plays an
important role on the transfer of
solutes from the cell's exterior to

the cytoplasm, which has
important implications for
mycobacteria's pathogenesis.

7

FACTORS THAT CONTROL THE
GROWTH OF

MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULOSIS

1. TEMPERATURE

Mycobacterium grows best around 30-32 °C, although
they may also grow at 36- 37°C, which is the typical
temperature for mycobacterium tuberculosis.

temperature is important in metabolism of mycobacteria.
when all parts of a cell's metabolism are operating at
optimum efficiency, the cell may quickly grow and divide.

2. PH

Mycobacterium tuberculosis lives in an acidic

environment.

Acidic pH restricted the development of Mycobacterium

tuberculosis. (pH 6.0 to 6.5).

An acidic pH value provide enzymes and proteins to

function normally in mycobacterium.

3. OXYGEN

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe bacteria
that requires oxygen for metabolic process to function.
.This microscopic bacteria grows best in an environment
with a high quantity of oxygen (>95%).
This explain why mycobacterium can be spotted a large
group of number in human's lung. It is because lung
environment rich with oxygen.

8

TREATMENT
OPTION

1. MEDICATION

Antibiotics are generally used to treat tuberculosis (TB) for
several months. If we are diagnosed with active pulmonary
TB, which affects our lungs and causes symptoms, we will

be given at least a 6-month course of antibiotics.
It might take several weeks before us to feel better. The
exact duration will be determined on our general health.
Most people are no longer infectious and feel better after

taking antibiotics for two weeks.

2. VACCINE

In order to keep human safe, the vaccine is created.
This vaccine is called Bacille Calmette- Guérin (BCG) for

Tuberculosis Disease.
In the United States, this vaccine is not extensively used,
although it is often administered to newborns and small

children in other countries where tuberculosis is
widespread.

3. PREVENTION

If someone has pulmonary tuberculosis, they will be infectious
for around 2 to 3 weeks after starting the treatment.

They will not need to be isolated at this period, but simple
measures should be taken to prevent TB from spreading to

family and friends.
They should cover their mouth, stay away from work or college,

disposed any used tissue and open window for a fresh air.

9

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

MALARIA

10

WHAT IS
MALARIA?

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by
parasites that are transmitted to people through
the bites of infected female Anopheles
mosquitoes.
In 2020, there were around 241 million cases of
malaria worldwide.
The number of malaria deaths stood at 627 000
in 2020.
The WHO African Region carries a
disproportionately high share of the global
malaria burden.

11

MICROORGANISM
INVOLVED

PLASMODIUM PARASITE

Malaria is a parasitic illness caused by the parasite
Plasmodium. Plasmodium is a parasitic protozoan of the
apicomplexan family, more specifically the aconoidasida
class. Plasmodium is a parasite that affects red blood cells
(RBCs) in mammals such as humans, reptiles, and birds.

When it comes to malaria and the parasite that causes it,
Plasmodium knowlesi is the specific species of
plasmodium that causes the sickness known as malaria.
Malaria is caused by a female anopheles mosquito that has
been infected with these parasites biting a mammal.

12

PLASMODIUM PARASITE

LIFE CYCLE

1. Gametocytes
A sporozoite develops from the mosquito's gametocytes.
Male and female gametocytes mate inside the mosquito's
gut and generate a parasite called sporozoite after 15 to
18 days.

2. Sporozoite
When a sporozoite-infected anopheles mosquito bites a
human, sporozoites are transmitted from the insect into
the bloodstream of the human. Sporozoites enter the liver
cell, where they proliferate asexually and mature into
schizonts. Merozoites are released when the liver cells
are ruptured.

3. Merozoites
Each schizont multiplies during the next one or two
weeks to produce various forms known as merozoites.
Merozoites emerge from the lever and re-enter the
bloodstream, where they kill red blood cells

13

Headache Sweats

Chills MALARIA Fever
SYMPTOM

Nausea and Fatigue
vomitting

THE SEVERITY OF MALARIA SYMPTOMS DEPENDS
ON YOUR AGE, GENERAL HEALTH, AND THE TYPE

OF MALARIA PARASITE.

14

TREATMENT

Malaria is treated with prescription drugs to
kill the parasite. The types of drugs and the
length of treatment will vary, depending on:

Which type of malaria parasite you have
The severity of your symptoms
Your age
Whether you're pregnant

The most common antimalarial drugs

include:

Chloroquine phosphate. Chloroquine is

the preferred treatment for any parasite

that is sensitive to the drug. But in many

parts of the world, parasites are resistant

to chloroquine, and the drug is no longer

an effective treatment.

Artemisinin-based combination

therapies (ACTs). ACT is a combination

of two or more drugs that work against the

malaria parasite in different ways. This is

usually the preferred treatment for

chloroquine-resistant malaria. Examples:

artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) and

artesunate-mefloquine.

15

CHOLERA

16

What is
Cholera?

Cholera is an acute diarrheal
infection disease

Cholera is caused by ingestion of
food or water contaminated with

Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
Cholera affects both children and
adults and can kill within hours if

left untreated.
Cholera continues to be a global
public health hazard as well as an
indicator of inequality and lack of

social development.
According to researchers, 1.3 to
4.0 million cases of cholera are
reported each year, with 21,000 to

143,000 deaths worldwide

17

MICROORGANISM
THAT INVOLVED

COMMA-SHAPED BACTERIA. VIBRIO CHOLERAE IS A
SPECIES OF GRAM-NEGATIVE, FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBE

THE BACTERIA THRIVE IN BRACKISH OR SALTY
ENVIRONMENTS, WHERE THEY MAY EASILY ATTACH
THEMSELVES TO THE CHITIN-RICH SHELLS OF CRABS,

SHRIMPS, AND OTHER SHELLFISH.

SOME STRAINS OF V. CHOLERAE ARE INFECTIOUS TO
HUMANS AND PRODUCE THE DEADLY DISEASE CHOLERA,

WHICH CAN BE CONTRACTED BY EATING RAW OR
UNDERCOOKED SEAFOOD.

18

How Vibrio cholerae
Survive during
Starvation?

V. CHOLERAE'S ABILITY TO ENDURE
THE DYNAMICS OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL

STRESSORS, INCLUDING NUTRIENT
STARVATION, IS REQUIRED FOR THE

IDEA THAT IT OCCUPIES AN
ECOLOGICAL NICHE IN THE ESTUARINE

ENVIRONMENT

BACTERIA IN NATURE
FREQUENTLY EXIST IN NON-

GROWTH OR VERY SLOW
GROWTH STAGES WITH LIMITED

METABOLIC ACTIVITY AS A
RESULT OF THESE PRESSURES.

19

How Vibrio cholerae
Survive during
Starvation?

BECAUSE MICROORGANISMS HAVE
LIMITED CONTROL OVER THEIR
SURROUNDINGS, CHANGES IN

CELL FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE
HAVE RESULTED AS A RESULT OF

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES.

CHANGES IN GENETIC MAKEUP OR
PHENOTYPIC ADAPTABILITY CAN
TRIGGER CELLULAR RESPONSES IN
ONE OF TWO WAYS. THE PHENOTYPIC
RESPONSES OF V. CHOLERAE OF A
SPECIFIC GENOTYPE TO HUNGER
STRESS WILL BE THE FOCUS OF THIS

REVIEW.

20

Factor that Control
the Growth of
Microorganism

TEMPERATURE

Vibrio Cholerae were
exposed to different

temperatures (12–
25°C). Results

suggested that Vibrio
populations entered a

viable but
nonculturable state
during the incubation.

OXYGEN

To evaluate the effect
of oxygen on the

development of the
Vibrio cholerae state,
the three strains were
incubated in ASW at 4°C

in the presence of
oxygen or in oxygen-

limited conditions.
21

Treatment
Option

ORAL OR INTRAVENOUS
HYDRATION

In conjunction with hydration,
treatment with antibiotics is
recommended for severely ill
patients. It is also recommended
for patients who have severe or
some dehydration and continue
to pass a large volume of stool
during rehydration treatment.

ANTIBIOTIC

Antibiotic treatment is also
recommended for all
pregnant women and
patients with
comorbidities.

Antibiotics are given as
soon as the patient can
tolerate oral medication.

22

References

Basler, C. F., Krogan, N. J., Leung, D. W., & Amarasinghe,
G. K. (2019). Virus and host interactions critical for
filoviral RNA synthesis as therapeutic targets. Antiviral
Research, 162, 90–100. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from
https:// doi.org/10.1016 /j.antiviral.2018.12.006

Baylor College of Medicine. (n.d.). Ebola Virus. Retrieved
March 6, 2022, from https:// www.bcm. edu/ departments/
molecular -virology-and-microbiology /emerging-infections-
and-biodefense/specific-agents /ebola-virus

Bearson S, Bearson B, Foster J W.(2012) Acid stress responses in
enterobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 147:173–180.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Illness &
Symptoms. CDC. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https: // www.
cdc.gov/cholera/illness.html

Delgado, A. (2019, March 8). Hookworm Infections: Causes,
Symptoms, and Treatments. Healthline. Retrieved March 6, 2022,
from https://www.healthline.com/health/hookworm#prevention

Dubnau, E., Smith, I. and Sampson, N.S., (2011). Cholesterol Is Not
an Essential Source of Nutrition for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
during Infection.Journal of Bacteriology. 193, 6-10.

Mayo clinic. (2018). Malaria - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic.

Mayoclinic.org. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases conditions /malaria/ diagnosis-

treatment/drc-20351190.

23

References

Malaria - Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Life Cycle of Parasite.
BYJUS. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https:
//byjus.com/biology/common-diseases-in-humans-malaria/

NHS Choices. (2022). Overview - HIV and AIDS.
Retrieved March 6, 2022, from
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hiv-and-aids/

Niederweis, M. (2008). Nutrient acquisition by mycobacteria.
Microbiology, 154(3): 1-2. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from
https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2007/012872-0

Piddington, D.L., Kashkouli, A. and Buchmeier, N.A., (2000).
Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Defined Medium Is Very
Restricted by Acid pH and Mg2+ Levels: American Society For
Microbiology, 68(8): 4518–4522.

Reece, T. J. B. (2020). Campbell Biology (12th ed.).
Pearson.

Taniguchi, S. (2011). Reston Ebolavirus Antibodies in
Bats, the Philippines. Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https:// doi.org/
10.3201/eid1708.101693

Wai, S. N., Mizunoe, Y., & Yoshida, S. (1999). How Vibrio

cholerae survive during starvation. FEMS Microbiology Letters,

180(2), 123–131. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08786.x

24

My Science Notebook

My Science Notebook

My Science Notebook

Autographs

Autographs

“No thief, however skillful, can rob one of knowledge, and
that is why knowledge is the best and safest treasure to
acquire.”
― L. Frank Baum, The Lost Princess of Oz