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JUNIOR COMMAND COURSE 21

Medical Inspection Syndicate Room Discussion

Media Conference Assimilation Test

Exercise Mind Reader Visiting Lecture

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Central Discussions Exercise Perfect Brigade

Exercise Great Wall Exercise Silver Shield

Exercise Prefect Chaser Final Presentation

40 Wisdom 2021

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REMINISCENCES
OF

JUNIOR STAFF COURSE

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42 Wisdom 2021
Junior Staff Course (JSC) is designed to train young officers in routine staff work in unit lines and lower formations to provide a
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wcormitminagn, odpaenrdatsiotanfsf oafppwoairn,tmmielinttasr.y decision-making process and most of other staff related disciplines to take up challenges of the

ARMY WAR COLLEGE

JUNIOR STAFF COURSE 20

Camp Visit Address by the Chief Instructor

Lecture on International Relations Lecture on Information Technology

Exercise Shadow Shield Ground Orientation

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Exercise Bird Eye Red Ink Correction Examination

Exercise Clairvoyant Exercise Perfect Hunter

SLMA Visit Final Presentation

44 Wisdom 2021

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JUNIOR STAFF COURSE 21

Opening Gambit Test Syndicate Room Discussion

Lecture on English Language Demonstration of Operations

Red Ink Correction Examination Ground Orientation

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Exercise Eagle Eye Exercise Shadow Shield

Lecture on Exercise Clairvoyant Discussion on Exercise Clairvoyant

Exercise White Wash Final Presentation

46 Wisdom 2021

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AWARD WINNERS AND
INTERNATIONAL

MILITARY STUDENTS

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FIRST IN ORDER OF MERIT

SENIOR COMMAND COURSE

Maj KGC Fernando psc Lsc Maj GIDD Dharmarathne Maj CR Lahadasinghe psc

SLEME RSP USP USACGSC SLAC SLE

SCC 1 SCC 2 SCC 3

JUNIOR COMMAND COURSE

Maj WACN Karunathilaka Maj KJAT Buddhika MIR WBCD Wijepala SLAC
SLLI JCC 21 JCC 22
JCC 20
JUNIOR STAFF COURSE

Maj AHM Khan MI Capt YYK Meepagala MIR
JSC 20 JSC 21

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FIRST IN ORDER OF MERIT OF THE UNIT COMMAND COURSE

COURSE NO YEAR NAME
UCC 1 2018 Maj JN Keerthisinghe SLE
UCC 2 2018 Maj JDB Jayaweera RWP RSP SF
UCC 3 2019 Maj WTAS Perera SLAGSC

UCC 4 2019 Maj LAK Thilakarathne RSP USP Isc MIC
UCC 5 2019 Maj NRMT Nissanka RSP VIR
UCC 6 2020 Maj JHAP Jayawardena RSP MIC
UCC 7 2020 Maj WPDN Abeyrathna SLSC

FIRST IN ORDER OF MERIT OF THE SENIOR COMMAND COURSE

COURSE NO YEAR NAME
SCC 1 2021 Maj KGC Fernando psc Lsc SLEME
SCC 2 2021 Maj GIDD Dharmarathne RSP USP USACGSC SLAC
SCC 3 2021 Maj CR Lahadasinghe psc SLE

FIRST IN ORDER OF MERIT OF THE JUNIOR COMMAND COURSE

COURSE NO YEAR NAME
JCC 1 2012 Maj JN Keerthisinghe SLE
JCC 2 2012 Capt T Bopitiya SLA
JCC 3 2013 Capt KASN Senarathne GW

JCC 4 2013 Maj PALJ Silva CR
JCC 5 2014 Capt LHSH De Silva SLA
JCC 6 2014 Maj JDB Jayaweera RWP SF
JCC 7 2014 Capt VADJD Vithana RWP RSP SLLI
JCC 8 2015 Maj NLC Chandrajith SLE
JCC 9 2015 Maj EDAN Ranasinghe RSP SLLI
JCC 10 2015 Maj YDN De Silva RWP RSP SF
JCC 11 2016 Capt HGTJ Hapurugala GW
JCC 12 2018 Maj PS Vidanagamage CR
JCC 13 2018 Capt JHIS Jayamaha SLAC
JCC 14 2018 Capt KHKA Priyankara SLASC
JCC 15 2019 Capt ABS Udayanga SLAC
JCC 16 2019 Maj SARRPK Kudabandara SLLI
JCC 17 2019 Maj JJP Dissanayaka VIR
JCC 18 2020 Maj HAMP Kumara SLE
JCC 19 2020 Maj TSNK Peiris SLSC
JCC 20 2020 Maj WACN Karunathilaka SLLI
JCC 21 2021 Maj KJAT Buddhika MIR
JCC 22 2021 Maj WBCD Wijepala SLAC

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FIRST IN ORDER OF MERIT OF THE JUNIOR COMMAND AND
STAFF COURSE

COURSE NO YEAR NAME
JC & SC 1 2016 Capt APUAS Adhikari SLLI
JC & SC 2 2016 Capt AGR Munasinghe SLA
JC & SC 3 2017 Maj Ayush Rana Nepal Army

JC & SC 4 2017 Maj EMRKB Ekanayake RWP RSP GR
JC & SC 5 2017 Maj Sushant Rai Indian Army

FIRST IN ORDER OF MERIT OF THE JUNIOR STAFF COURSE

COURSE NO YEAR NAME
JSC 1 2012 Lt HAMP Hettiarachchi SLAC
JSC 2 2012 Capt WAGA Ariyarathne MI
JSC 3 2012 Capt HWW Ranasinghe MI

JSC 4 2013 Capt KR Jayasinhe SLE
JSC 5 2013 Capt KI Galkissa MI
JSC 6 2014 Capt MDCD Marambage SLE
JSC 7 2014 Capt NPM Lakshan SLAC
JSC 8 2014 Lt J HIS Jayamaha SLAC
JSC 9 2015 Lt NRY Cabraal SLA
JSC 10 2015 Lt WBCD Wijepala SLAC
JSC 11 2015 Lt UASU Ukwaththa SLA
JSC 12 2016 Lt WAJM Weerasinghe SLAOC
JSC 13 2018 Capt WAND Wijewardhana SLNG
JSC 14 2018 Lt MHM Imran GW
JSC 15 2019 Lt MSG Peiris SLA
JSC 16 2019 Capt BMHM Samarasinghe CR
JSC 17 2019 Capt GAAD Galkanda SLLI
JSC 18 2020 Capt DTR Danthanarayana SLAC
JSC 19 2020 Capt TK Ramasinghe SLSC
JSC 20 2021 Maj AHM Khan MI
JSC 21 2021 Capt YYK Meepagala MIR

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INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STUDENTS

NO RANK NAME COUNTRY COURSE YEAR
Nepalese Army JC & SC 1 2016
1 Capt Pramod Poudyal Nepalese Army JC & SC 2 2016
Nepalese Army JC & SC 3 2017
2 Capt Suraj Basnyat Nepalese Army JC & SC 4 2017
Nepalese Army
3 Maj Govinda Bista Nepalese Army JC & SC 5 2017
Nepalese Army
4 Maj Sunil Ghimire Nepalese Army
Indian Army
5 Maj Sangam Adnikari Nepalese Army
Nepalese Army
6 Maj Ayush Rana Indian Army
Indian Army
7 Maj Yogesh Chandra Mahat Bangiadesh Army
Bangladesh Army
8 Maj Prashuram Thapa Bangladesh Army
Bangladesh Army
9 Maj Dhirendra Singh Raghar Nepalese Army
Nepalese Army
10 Maj Rajan Bhuju Bangladesh Army
Bangladesh Army
11 Maj Surendra Kumar Deuja Indian Army
Indian Army
12 Maj Sushant Rai Maldives National Defence Force
Maldives National Defence Force
13 Maj Abhijeet Sinqh Nepalese Army
Nepalese Army
14 Maj Rifayat Kakim Chowdhury Bangladesh Army
Bangladesh Army
15 Capt Shariful Islam Indian Army
Indian Army
16 Capt Mohamet Tinam Maldives National Defence Force JCC 12 2018
Maldives National Defence Force
17 Capt Lbrakim Shanit Nepalese Army
Nepalese Army
18 Capt Saroj Thapa Malayasian Army
Nigerian Army
19 Capt Manot Dhungel Bangladesh Army
Nepalese Army
20 Capt Touhitul Islam Bangladesh Army
Nepalese Army
21 Capt MD Ashikur Ranman shovan Nigerian Army
Nepalese Army
22 Maj Vetant Pun Bangladesh Army
Bangladesh Army
23 Maj Sumeet Sanjay Lakane Maldives National Defence Force JCC 13 2018

24 Capt Mohomed Samir

25 Capt Ahmet Atheef

26 Capt Tejendra Magar

27 Capt Khilentra Raj Amqain

28 Maj Fahim Sarwer

29 Maj MD Jahit Madudul Ahedin

30 Maj Nitin Bhati

31 Maj Harkeed Singh Thakur

32 Capt Ajmet Boolaaq JCC 14 2018

33 Capt Abtul Salaalm Hofeez

34 Capt Dhiraj Raut

35 Capt Raj Kumar Giri

36 Capt MD Firdaus Bin Salleh

37 Maj Usman Abdullahi Koli JCC 15 2019

38 Maj MD Jubaer Alam JCC 16 2019

39 Capt Sunjay Deuja JCC 17 2019
JCC 18 2020
40 Maj Sohel Ahmed JCC 21 2021
JCC 12 2021
41 Capt Milan KC
51
42 Maj Julius Usman G

43 Capt Shambhu Thapa

44 Maj MD Iskender
45 Maj Saif Zobaet

46 Capt Ali Siraj

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52 Wisdom 2021

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SOCIAL ACTIVITIES

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CRICKET TOURNAMENT

‘Blood + Sweat + Tears = Championship.’ ‘Go go go! Go for it!’

‘Rising amateurs always inspire falling masters.’ ‘The stage is a world of entertainment.’

‘Finds the gap.’ ‘Happiness depends upon themselves.’

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HASH RUN

‘Hashers, are you ready?’ ‘I don’t run to add days to my life, I run to add life
to my days.’

‘A good laugh and a long run.’ ‘Life is like a dance.’

‘One run can change your day, many runs can ‘Every marathon I ran, I knew I had a faster one in
change your life.’ me.’

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DINERS’ CLUB

‘A vetaran’s advice’ ‘When a brave man takes a stand, the spines of
others are often stiffened.’

‘All gave some, some gave all.’ ‘A token of appreciation.’

‘An intellectual is someone who has been ‘A token of appreciation.’
educated beyond his intelligence.’
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KATHARAGAMA VISIT

‘Seeking blessings from God Kataragama.’ ‘Devoted to rituals.’

‘Offerings to God Kataragama.’ ‘Obedience to the laws of Buddhism.’

‘Obtaining blessings from a venerable Thero.‘ ‘End of a spiritual journey.’

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HISTORY WATCH

‘Life is a long pilgrimage.’ ‘We belong to history.’

‘History is a gallery of pictures.’ ‘We are all pilgrims in our lives.’

BASKETBALL TOURNAMENT

‘Once a champion, always a champion.’ ‘Teamwork wins championships.’

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SPECIAL EVENTS

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VISIT OF COMMANDER ARTRAC
(09TH FEBRUARY 2021)

TAKING OVER DUTIES BY THE COMMANDANT
(25TH FEBRUARY 2021)

TAKING OVER DUTIES BY THE DEPUTY COMMANDANT
(26TH MARCH 2021)

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VISIT OF COMMANDER SFHQ (C)
(11TH APRIL 2021)

RENOVATION OF THE MAIN AUDITORIUM
(14TH JUNE 2021)

VISIT OF INDIAN DEFENCE ATTACHE
(16TH JUNE 2021)

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OPENING OF BILLIARDS ROOM
(11TH JULY 2021)

OPENING OF BASKETBALL COURT
(18TH AUGUST 2021)

NEW ROAD NETWORK
(19TH SEPTEMBER 2021)

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BOOK DONATION TO A SCHOOL
(03RD OCTOBER 2021)

VISIT OF COMMANDER SFHQ (C)
(16TH NOVEMBER 2021)

SLMA VISIT
(22ND NOVEMBER 2021)

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TAKING OVER DUTIES BY THE CHIEF INSTRUCTOR
(27TH NOVEMBER 2021)

VISIT OF ENGLAND DEFENCE ATTACHE
(29TH NOVEMBER 2021)

TAKING OVER DUTIES BY THE COMMANDANT
( 21ST DECEMBER 2021)

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ARTICLES

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SERVICE PAPERS - 2021

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DURING THE LOCKDOWN PERIOD IN SRI LANKA

INTRODUCTION

1. COVID-19, which originated in Wuhan, China, has spread hastily all over the world as a pandemic
overruling wealth, power and the discipline of prevention.

2. Imposing lockdown in Sri Lanka against the COVID-19 as a national remedy, resulted not only to
confine the spread but new issues also have emerged as a negative consequence of lockdown such as rapid
increase of domestic violence, isolation, closing of schools and businesses, vulnerabilities on economic and
job losses, downfall of social relationships and it amply reveals as a severe impact on entire human environs
which emerge as a big public health threat. According to a survey conducted in Sri Lanka 76.8% of the
respondents experienced verbal abuse, while 17.8% encountered physical and 5.6 % sexual violence (Ministry
of Health 2020).

3. As the scope, this paper will focus at shedding light on the domestic violence increased during the
lockdown. First, a brief overview will be provided on lockdown and domestic violence. Second, how the
lockdown has affected to the domestic circle will be discussed under causes affecting for domestic violence.
Finally, the mechanism to overcome the impact of violence will be discussed. The paper will conclude with
recommendations to reduce the impact. The facts used to produce the paper are based on the articles, books
and documents regarding the subject, statistics and opinions gathered from the Women and Child Bureau of
Kuliyapitiya Police Division, Thalawa Police Station and the interviews made with relevant police authorities.

AIM

4. The aim of this service paper is to discuss the increase of domestic violence during lockdown period
in Sri Lanka and to suggest steps to overcome the impact.

DISCUSSION

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE OFFENDERS AND VICTIMS

5. Domestic violence by its meaning refers to the physical, sexual or psychological violation or abuse
occurred within a domestic circle. It is identified that there is a close relationship between offender and the
victim in most cases. Out of the 51.6% Sri Lankan female population, at least 20.4% females are subjected to
domestic violence ((Department of Census & Statistic 2019). The psychological impact is more severe than
the physical affects. Both COVID -19 and domestic violence are interconnected with each other during this
pandemic and unfortunately a number of violent cases have vividly increased during lockdown due to various
reasons such as, confining to home, stress due to income loss, addiction to alcohol and substance drugs, financial
and economic downfall, disclosure of illicit affairs, isolation and feeling of seclusion, breakdown of social
relationships, etc. with the continuation of the lockdown women, men and children become predominantly
vulnerable to the jeopardy of domestic violence. When analysing a nuclear family, following circumstances
can be identified in the domestic circle:

a. Wife is under the threat of domestic violence.

b. Husband is threatened by wife in the domestic spectrum.

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c. The children are threatened by parents.

6. Basically, women are more vulnerable and become victims of domestic violence than men and children.

7. Women and children who are already under the threat of violence or abuse before COVID-19 pandemic,
individuals with disabilities or mental disorder issues, from ethnic minorities or aboriginal inhabitants who
live with much poverty can be considered as the high risk population for domestic violence. Further, children
are at a greater risk of domestic violence because they cannot understand the situation, unawareness about the
access for help, no school–related support network and due to online education culture. Children who witness
abuse are also at a greater risk of psychological, behavioural and academic issues throughout their lives.

8. It is well known that in the Asian region, women are carrying many of the burdens at home front, but
still the man dominates the family, acting as the boss. Sri Lankan women are naturally and culturally shy to
express or report cases. Hence, women and girls are at a higher risk of domestic violence because, staying at
home under stress with high household burdens may increase the frequency of sexual requirements and some
other cases such as, telephone or internet access being limited or monitored by partner, disclosure of illicit
affairs by both men and women, family economy hinge upon partner base, alcohol and drug addicted partners
can also increase.

IMPOSING OF LOCKDOWN

9. The first island wide COVID-19 lockdown was imposed from 20 March to 27 April 2020 except for
emergencies and essential services and from 27 April till 28 June 2020 it was partially lifted allowing public to
attend essential matters with discreet control measures. Secondly, from 04 October till the end of 2020 police
curfew was imposed from time to time to identify the areas of threat. With the emergence of the third wave,
nationwide lockdown was again imposed from 20 August to 10 October 2021.

10. Domestic violence is persistent in the society but it is lucrative to know whether the impact of lockdown
creates conditions to commit abuse at the first time without history of violence in their households or does it
cause due to increasing the number of occurrences for those who had the history of violence or abuse. As per
the data collected from the Women and Child Bureau of Kuliyapitiya Police Division, figure 1 below shows
that, lockdown has the impact to increase violence and it includes only major physical and sexual violent cases
without verbal abuses:

Figure 1: Major Physical Violent Cases of Kuliyapitiya Police Division (Kuliyapitiya, Pannala, Giriulla,

Narammala, Katupotha, Hettipola, Bingiriya, Dummalasuriya, Kadanegedara police areas)

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LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

11. Domestic violence is primarily governed by Prevention of Domestic Violence Act No.34 of 2005 and
it defines domestic violence as “An act which constitutes an offence specified in Schedule I; any emotional
abuse, committed or caused by a relevant person within the environment of the home or outside and arising
out of the personal relationship between the aggrieved person and the relevant person”. As per the Section
23 of the act, domestic violence includes the physical or emotional harm done by the spouse, ex-spouse or
cohabiting partner to the other. Section 2 indicates that; aggrieved party could file for a Protection Order
from a Magistrate Court at the face of such ill treatment. The Article 12 of the 1978 Sri Lankan Constitution
recognised equality and non-discrimination on the grounds of sex as a fundamental right. Protection of Victims
of Crime and Witnesses Act, No. 4 of 2015 also has identified it. The offences and violence which come under
the domestic circle are annexed to this document.

ALCOHOL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES

12. According to the interview held with Chief Inspector L N M Chandani, the Officer In Charge of
Women and Child Bureau of Thalawa Police Station, most of the domestic violent cases have occurred due to
the alcohol consumption or use of substance drugs. Further, she emphasised that, lockdown and strict curfew
regulations were not a burden for most of the men to find alcohol or related substances. A survey conducted
in year 2020 revealed that when government banned sale of alcohol, 80% of the respondents had reduced
consumption of alcohol during the lockdown ((The Lancet 2021). Many male employers have attempted
to use alcohol as a practice but lockdown and curfew have made them hinder the access but uncontrollable
habitual consumers had been able to find local sources as there had not been much travel restrictions. After
using alcohol or drugs and with much time spent at home, women and children are under threat of physical
harassment, sexual violence, attempting for sex adventures, increase the number of occasions of having sex,
sexual abuse of children, verbal abuse, unnecessary suspicion about wife and emotional or psychological
abuse. Due to curfew, lack of transportation facilities and limited access to report or seek support, women
couldn’t escape from the situations and even their physical pain had to be determined by themselves further
exposing for psychological abuses.

ILLICIT AFFAIRS

13. Illicit affairs have increased with the use of electronic media, especially mobile phones which is common
for both men and women. Before lockdown, people were free to have such illicit affairs but lockdown has
caused all the offenders and victims to be confined to home. Perpetrators execute great power and control over
the victims of these cases during lockdown including monitoring communication, social media activities thus
creating conditions of disclosing secret illicit affairs and thereby increasing physical and psychological abuse
and violence within the domestic circle. Mostly, disclosure of such affairs have resulted wives or husbands to
break away from home risking children for more violence or abuse.

INCREASING TIME SPENT AT HOME

14. Home is a place where dynamics of power is distorted and subverted by abusers. It is a place where

habitually physical, psychological and sexual abuse transpires. Lockdowns exogenously direct people to stay

at home and increasing time spent at home causes stress of economic uncertainty, unemployment, job losses,

anxiety, loss of income, breakdown of social affairs, increase in alcohol consumption, disclosure of illicit

affairs and myriad forms of economic, physical and psychological distress. Increasing time spent at home

inevitably put women at the grip of their perpetrators or abusers by exposing them to maximise domestic

violence, leaving them with little or no hope to escape. It is estimated that, in Sri Lanka 160,996 female job

opportunities were lost in employment sector as of March 2020 which do not include daily basis or contract

basis employments (Gamage 2021). This endangers the stress of managing household income which leads to

cause domestic violence. Men, women and children belong to many social groups at work places, schools,

tuition classes, various other places etc. Wisdom 2021

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The sudden lockdowns have made them to face unbearable situations which are difficult to orientate and
thereby these situations have created conditions of stress, feeling of dispersion and isolation which ultimately
results in violent cases or abuse.

INTERRUPTION FOR ACCESS

15. Rigorous restrictions on movement prevents the avenues of escape, help‐seeking and methods of
coping for victim–survivors. Lockdown directly effect modes of transport and access to places such as health
institutions, police stations even for neighbours’ homes and people have to abide by mobile phones or other
electronic modes. Denying access for protective support elements such as family, friends, neighbours, relatives,
school friends, teachers, work place staff, colleagues, police, health centres, various women and child care
entities and social services further cause the victims who are already under the threat of violence to suffer.
Further, perpetrators of violence may forcibly limit the access to critical information and means which makes
it difficult to contact support services, police and health services. Lack of knowledge on legal obligations and
approachability to respective authorities are distant from information about violence. Women and girls who
were under violence during lockdown had no safe environments to access protection since strict social norms
and practices had been adopted by Sri Lanka to lessen the freedom of women.

IMPEDIMENT OF INCOME GENERATING SOURCES

16. Poverty and poor income have a greater risk for domestic violence regardless of rural or urban factor.
It has created frustration and stress among the people to find money to run the family during lockdowns,
care about children, meet requirements for children’s online education etc. Due to the absence of money for
alcohol or drugs, food and beverages, health needs, vulnerability of losing jobs or income, families had been
automatically directed towards verbal, psychological or physical violence.

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

17. Graphical illustration at Figure 2 depicts the available shreds of evidence collected from Women
and Child Bureaus of Kuliyapitiya and Thalawa Police stations and it proves how the lockdown has affects
domestic violence:

Figure 2: Reported Physical Violent Cases 69

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18. As per the above illustration, first lockdown had a greater effect for the drastic increase of physical
violence. Further, as per the statement of the Chief Inspector LNM Chandani of Thalawa Police Station, many
incidents were not reported due to lack of access to police and other related agencies due to curfew, threat of
intimate partners, unpreparedness for the lockdown and communication failures. As per the police information,
a number of incidents reported were higher during the first lockdown than the subsequent lockdowns since
offenders and victims had orientated to the pattern of lockdown and awareness.

CONCLUSION

19. Even though domestic violence is not new to Sri Lankan society and many laws have been enacted to
govern it, due to the socio-economic coercion of COVID-19, lockdowns have considerably exacerbated the
domestic violence in new ways. Though it is true that lockdown controls the spread of corona virus amidst the
society, many negative consequences have occurred as a result of confining to home. Difficulties and problems
created due to this situation are, increase in alcohol consumption, stress due to staying at home for a longer
period of time, isolation, distress, economic degradation, internet abuse, disclosure of illicit affairs which lead
violence against women and children. Psychological violence against women and children is uncountable and
statistics are available only on physical and sexual violence. Women and children are at a greater risk due to
the rapid growth of domestic violence. Possibilities for physical, sexual and psychological child abuse are the
emerging threats. During the lockdown in Sri Lanka, daily wagers, self-employed low income families were
economically vulnerable. Lack of awareness and accessibility to reach supportive elements are common as a
result of curfews and lockdowns and it increased the psychological abuse than the physical and sexual abuse
in the society.

20. During the study, it is further revealed that enforcing laws to prevent domestic violence is not the
only mean to mitigate the threat against members of the family but the role to be played by the society to
create conceptual changes in the minds of the family members is also much viable in the present context.
Preparedness and awareness have reduced the impact of these cases and it is proven by second and third
lockdown sessions.

RECOMMENDATIONS

21. Government and society: Sri Lanka Police Women and Child Bureau, Ministry of Women and Child
Affairs, Ministry of Health, Wanitha Sanwardana Programmes, Village Based Women Associations, Non-
Governmental Organisations, Voluntary Organisations, should involve in preventing and mitigating domestic
violence and should help the victims via media, holding meetings or by distributing leaflets. Conceptual
change of people will be more effective than law enforcement.

22. Improve accessibility to report violence by using supportive elements such as transport, viable hotline
services, mobile medical care systems, risk mitigation communication systems with adequate resources during
lockdown and curfew periods. Further, public should be informed about the prevailing services which are
availabe to prevent and respond to violence such as self-help or peer support elements. the modes such as
television, radio, online sources, posters and notices can be utilised here. Denying the access of children to
misuse mobile phones, addiction to porn or vulgar videos, lethal gaming and regular update of the system are
also some necessary measures that could be adopted.

23. Government should actively engage islandwide to organise prevention and response programmes for
victims of violence, ensure the proper functioning of present helpline systems or introduce new features
like free phone calls, free text messages, free active hotlines and online technologies to provide advices and
councelling, free family needs, and financial support to those who are in poverty.

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24. It can be suggested that if members of family can focus on home or garden agriculture, self-employment
at home, watching various online or television programmes etc. will reduce the stress of staying at home for a
longer period of time without feeling dispersed and isolated.

AMP AMARASINGHE RWP RSP USP VIR

Major

Student Offr -SCC 3

Annex: Offences and Violence under Domestic Circle.

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ANNEX TO
DOMECTIC VIOLENCE DURING LOCKDOWN

OFFENCES AND VIOLENCE UNDER DOMESTIC CIRCLE

1. Psychological/Emotional Violence. Followings are the psychological or emotional abuse/violence
against women:

a. Making her feel like everything what she does is wrong.

b. Constantly criticising her or her friends.

c. Belittled or humiliated her in front of other people.

d. Using unsafe driving to frighten her.

e. Damaging property/walls/possessions to scare her.

f. Making her isolated and alone.

g. Blaming everything on her.

h. Threatening to take the children away or hurt them.
i. Stalking, following and checking up on her.
j. Harming pets to punish her.

k. Making her feel scared of what might happen next.

l. Insulting her or making her feel bad about herself.

m. Doing things to scare or intimidate her on purpose by the way of looking at her, by
yelling or smashing things.

n. Threatening verbally to hurt her or someone she is scared about.

o. Trying to keep her from seeing friends.

p. Trying to restrict contact with her family of birth.
q. Insisting on knowing where she is at all times.
r. Preventing her from using social media.
s. Getting angry if she speaks with another man.
t. He is often suspicious that she is unfaithful.
u. Expecting her to ask permission before seeking healthcare for herself.
v. Beating or kicking children or hitting them with a fist, with a belt, stick, broom or something
else.
w. Tying children with a rope.

x. Insulting or humiliating her regularly.

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2. Sexual Abuse. Followings are the sexual abuse/violence against women:

a. Forcing her to have sex or do other sexual acts you don’t want to do by threatening or holding
down.

b. Having sexual intercourse when she did not want to because she is afraid of what her partner
might do if she refuses.

c. Touching her in a way that you don’t want to.

d. Frequently accusing her of sleeping with other people.

e. Forcing you to watch porn.

f. Forcing to do anything else sexual that you doesn’t want or that you feel degrading or
humiliating.

g. Severe sexual violence (rape) for children aged 15 years by others (non-partners) have one
or more of the following acts:

(1) Forcing to have sexual intercourse when she doesn’t want to, for example by
threatening her, holding her down, or putting her in a situation where she could not say
no (excludes attempts to force her to have sex, but did not succeed, which are included as
‘other sexual violence’ as defined below).

(2) Forcing to have sex when she was too drunk or drugged to refuse.

(3) Forcing or persuading to have sex against her will with more than one man at the

same time.

(4) Attempted but did not succeed in forcing her into sexual intercourse when she doesn’t

want to, for example by holding her down or putting her in a situation where she could not

say no.

(5) Touching her sexually against her will.

(6) Forcing her to touch her private parts against her will.

3. Physical Abuse. Followings are the physical violence against women:

a. Hitting and punching with a fist or with something else that could hurt.

b. Slapping or throwing or something that could hurt.

c. Biting, pushing, choking or pulling her hair.

d. Making her drink or take drugs when she doesn’t want to.

e. Threatening to use or actually use a gun, knife or other weapon against her.

f. Not providing food, clothing and warmth.

g. Leaving dependants alone or with someone who is unsafe.

h. Not providing comfort, attention and love.

i. Not providing medical treatment.

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j. Kicking, dragging or beating up.
k. Choking or burning on purpose.
4. Financial Abuse:
a. Taking her money or property.
b. Running up debts on her name.
c. Misusing power of attorney.
d. Pressurising her to pay money.
e. Prohibited her from getting a job, going to work, trading, earning money or participating in
income generating projects.
f. Taking her earnings against her will.
g. Refusing to give her money by husband when she needs for household expenses even he has
money to spend for other things (such as alcohol and cigarettes).
5. Child Abuse. The Office of the Children’s Commissioner defines child abuse as:
a. Physical – all physical injuries to children where there is knowledge that the injury was not
accidental, or knowingly not prevented.
b. Sexual – the use of a child for sexual and/or physical gratification of someone who takes
advantage of their power and/or the child’s trust.
c. Neglect – serious deprivation of the necessities of life such as food, shelter, supervision
appropriate to their age, and essential physical and medical care.
d. Emotional – adults’ negative attitudes and behaviours that harm a child’s emotional and
physical development.
6. Elder Abuse. It is said that elder abuse occurs when a person aged 65 or more suffers harmful physical,
psychological, sexual, material or social effects caused by the behaviour of another person with whom they
have a relationship implying trust. Elder abuse comes under four categories:
a. Physical – infliction of physical pain, injury or force.
b. Psychological – behaviour that causes mental or emotional anguish or fear.
c. Sexual – sexually abusive and exploitative actions entailing threats, force or the person’s
inability to give consent.
d. Financial – the illegal or improper exploitation and/or use of funds or other resources.

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LIST OF REFERENCES

Department of Census and Statistic, 2019, Women’s Wellbeing Survey-2019, Findings from Sri Lanka's first dedicated National
Survey on Violence against Women and Girls, Sri Lanka, P. 70.

Interview with Chief Inspector LNM Chandani, Officer in Charge of Thalawa Police Women and Child Bureau, 2021.

Ministry of Health & Indigenous Medical Service, 2020, Weekly Epidemiological Report, 10- 16 October 2020.

Minoan Gamage and Rochelle Tummodara,2021, Colombo Telegraph, A Study on the Rise of Domestic Violence against Women in
Sri Lanka during the Lockdown. Sri Lanka.

Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, No.34 of 2005. Sri Lanka.

SSP Mr Kavinda A Piyasekara, SSP Kuliyapitiya Division and Chief Inspector Mr DAM Sanjiwa Bandaranayake, Officer In Charge
Talawa Police Station. Data collection from Kuliyapitiya Police Division and Talawa Police Area,2021.

The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka,1978. https://www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/
constitution/1978ConstitutionWithoutAmendments.pdf.

The Lancet, 2021, Hospital presentations for self-poisoning during COVID-19 in Sri Lanka: an interrupted time-series analysis.
Volume 8, 10 October.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chamathka Ratnayake and Tarangee Mutucumarana, The Yeheliya Foundation,
https://docs.google.com/document/d/17rKAmpSnSHR_CK8Ai5Knppo-fYievw_Vi8XW2uMMyzQ/edit

Ermiza Tegal and Ananda Galappatti,2020, Unsafe Homes: Sri Lanka's Covid-19 Response Must Address Violence Towards Women
and Children. Daily Mirror - Sri Lanka. April 17.

Groundviews. Journalism for Citizens,2021,Adding Fuel to the Fire: The Dramatic Rise in Domestic Violence During COVID-19,22
September.

June Kelly and Tomos Morgan,2020BBC News, Coronavirus: Domestic abuse calls up 25% since lockdown, charity says,06 April.

Justin McCrary, Sarath Sanga,2021, American Law and Economic Review, The Impact of the Coronavirus Lockdown on Domestic
Violence,30 May.

Manob Das, Arijit Das and Ashis Mandal,2020,Asian J Psychiatr.,Examining the impact of lockdown (due to COVID-19) on
Domestic Violence (DV), 7 August, India..

Police Managers’ Guide Trust. Domestic Violence. New Zealand.

The Island Online Newspaper,2021, Lockdown has resulted in an increase in domestic violence in Sri Lanka1,4 June.
,
UNFPA2020, Bringing the shadow pandemic to light. Sri Lanka,7 December.

UNFPA,2020, A violence free Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka,7 December.

UN Women,2020, Standing up to the Challenge; Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia and the Pacific.

World Health Organisation,2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Violence against women, 15 April.

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THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

INTRODUCTION

1. Social media is a term that refers to the use of the internet to link people with their friends, family, and
acquaintances. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Blogspot, Pinterest, and Myspace are famous social
media websites. Essentially, these websites allow users to share and organise sentimental belongings such as
photos, videos, audio, information, events, chats, etc. The most significant and harmful reality is that social media
platforms allow people to implant interpersonal thoughts on others' minds in an unrestricted and ruthless manner.

2. The impact means the ‘influence’ of the phenomenon. Any kind of impact on economy, society,
and culture will make a new dimension of lives and social structure (Denicolo, 2014). The social structure
is inherited with values that are spread through a culture that is bonded and transmitted through family
relationships. The unrestricted use of social media is one of the key activities of every family member today.

3. Social media will devour considerable time from everyone. It makes a deviation from
someone's sincere thoughts from his family bonds and social relationships. As a result, a person
addicted to social media maintains a huge gap between his real character and the cloned personality
that reflects up on social media, as well and it deviates from his interpersonal obligation to
family relationships This is where the impact of social media on family relationships will begin.

4. Within this wider perspective, the paper will discuss the strengths of social media. Thereafter, the
paper will argue how social media influences family and subsequently the positive impact and negative
impact of social media will be discussed. Finally, the paper will discuss how to reduce social media's negative
effects on family relationships.

AIM

5. This paper aims to examine the influence of social media on family relationships and
to identify methods for preventing the negative effects of social media on family relationships.

DISCUSSION

THE STRENGTHS OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIETY

6. In today’s context, the role of social media in the public sphere has become powerful. As a result, it is
in opposition to Habermas’ idealistic interpretation theory and the concept of the public sphere, which is based
on political economy and culture. Society and culture-based power relations are controlled by social media,
with contradicted social principles (Fuchs, 2014). There are many techniques that the present social media
environment use to hold authority over the community in opposition to cultural norms. When applying those
techniques through social media over public community it will vary the impacts towards each user.

TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND IMPACTS

7. Types of social media now span over a wide range of subjects. In today’s world, social media includes
new technical breakthroughs including popular media and networking platforms. (Kaplan and Haenlein,
2010). Even though core technologies and characteristics of different social media systems differ substantially,
all social media systems have one thing in common. That is, they are influenced by the interactions in which
people are involved and that creates a huge impact to the community.

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8. Types of Social Media. There are six types of social media with their own set of characteristics
that people might gain (Baier, 2019). Six basic types of social media are as follows.

a. Social Networks. A social network is a type of social platform that allows people to meet
others with similar interests and beliefs. Facebook is an example.

b. Media Sharing. Enables users to share many sorts of media, such as photographs and
videos. Youtube is an example.

c. Microblogging. These are websites that allow users to post brief written entries with
links to other social media. Twitter is the most popular microblogging platform.

d. Blogs & Forums. In an online forum, users may participate in discussions with other users.
Blogger is Google's popular blogging platform.

e. Reviewing Sites. Includes community members' reviews of various locations and
experiences. TripAdvisor and Yelp, are examples.

f. Social News sites. News sites allow users to share news content, specially the most popular
news which is featured prominently. Reddit is an example.

9. Types of Impacts of Social Media. Social media's effect on families and interpersonal relationships
shapes how a social media system is utilised, what information is exchanged, what conversation occurs, and
how that information sharing affects individuals and their behaviour. The positive and negative social media
impacts can be recognised by user habits (O’Keeffe et al., 2011). The identified major impacts of social media
are as follows.

a. Communication and Socialisation. Users can utilise social media to keep in touch with
friends and family, make new connections, and share their ideas. It will help users to broaden
their perspectives on their neighborhood and the world by providing opportunities for community
engagement and strengthening individual identity and social skills as a positive impact.

b. Possibilities for Better Learning. Students use social media to collaborate with

schoolwork and group projects, as well as outside of the classroom. Online lessons can be used as a

teaching tool to reinforce expressions and creativity skills. This is a positive impact.

c. Information on Health. Users can simply and anonymously get online information
regarding their health concerns in several areas, such as sexually transmitted illnesses, stress reduction,
and indicators of depression and the availability of excellent health information can be considered as
a positive impact.

d. Online Abuse and Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying and online harassment involve the

dissemination of inaccurate, humiliating, or hostile information about another person, which can result

in despair, anxiety, extreme solitude and tragical suicide which are serious psychological repercussions.

e. Sexting. Sending, receiving, or transferring sexually explicit texts, photographs, or images
through smartphones, computers, or other digital devices is referred to as sexting. Many of these
photographs are quickly disseminated via the internet. This is a common occurrence in the teen
population and it is a negative impact of social media.

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f. Facebook Depression. The frequency with which people use social media appears to

be a factor that can lead to depression. Users who are depressed on Facebook are in danger of social

isolation and may resort to substance misuse, harmful sexual practices and being aggressive or self-

destructive. It can be considered as a negative impact of social media.

HOW SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCES FAMILY

10. A family is not only a gathering of people connected by blood or marriage, not only who live together
in a permanent arrangement protected from the rest of the world by the walls of the family house (Geraee,
Eslami and Soltani, 2019). Social media has become an integral part of human connection and a powerful
influence in the family. As a result, a balance must be created between beneficial and detrimental overuse of
social media (Seabrook, Kern and Rickard, 2016).

11. In today's context majority of people are victims of negative social media effects such as online abuse
and cyberbullying, sexting, and Facebook depression. Individually, these will have an impact, and the impact
will eventually deteriorate their family's position. In the end, it will wreak havoc on the well-being of families
in a variety of ways by troubling family relationships, necessary tasks of family, and non-necessary tasks of
family.

POSITIVE IMPACT ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

12. Positive impact and family responsibilities include stable satisfaction with a spouse, conception and
childbirth, the provision of a house, and the socialisation process through norms, values, morals, ideals, culture,
and the acquisition of personalities. Economic, educational, religious, health-related, recreational, and social
functions such as teaching about societal customs, mores, traditions, norms, and etiquettes are not obligatory
activities of a family (Puja, 2014).

13. Family relationships are described as the emotional bonds that exist amongst family members. This
implies parents’ active participation in their children’s lives, as evidenced by shared activities, supporting
conduct, and affection (Haunted, 2018). The followings are some of the most significant positive effects of
social media on family relationships.

a. Connections between parents and children via social media will facilitate to keep in touch with
children in the modern context.

b. Families who live far apart can close the distance between them via video chatting, sharing
images, and so on (Saini et al., 2020).

c. Despite having only recently become friends, it often makes them feel closer than previous
(Abbasi, 2019).

d. Families can frequently exchange preferred restaurant locations, special moments, fond
recollections, family life education, and family counseling.

e. Social media can be beneficial to families motivated for divorce, to remind the existing trust
before taking sudden decisions (John, Davies and Douglas 2019).

NEGATIVE IMPACT ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

14. When strong family bonds and healthy interactions are fostered, a family will provide a lifetime of
support for family sustainability. The ability to create various types of relationships outside the family unit

through social media or in some other way, such as friendships and romantic relationships negatively are

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influenced by one's relationship with one's family (Ailin, 2018). Few serious negative effects of social media
on family relationships are as follows.

a. Long-term usage of social media may affect family relationships by reducing hours spent with
kids and it will isolate them from adults.

b. Overuse of social media is influenced by a child's relationship with their parents, online
aggressiveness and victimisation as well as the fear of missing out.

c. By Parental distraction and a decrease in daily parental attention, a child's risk of harm and
accident may be emerged (Chassiakos et al., 2016).

d. Physical and emotional infidelity, relationship dissatisfaction and romantic disengagement
have increased due to isolation with social media.

e. Divorce chances are higher and conflicts arise and as a result suicides may occur.

f. Minimum pleasure with family, inhibiting face-to-face contact, and minimum social involvement
may arise if attachment anxiety is occurred (Abbasi and Alghamdi, 2018).

g. Isolation from family and blank expression harms family connections and may lead to making
disappointment with own life and family (Anisha, 2019).

h. People who are unable to check their social media experience the same withdrawal symptoms
as drug addicts when they are unable to check their social media. (Wang et al., 2014).

HOW TO REDUCE THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

15. Being a critical social media user, he might help to mitigate its harmful effects. The highlight reel that
someone sees is usually not representative of anyone’s day-to-day life. Social media’s negative impact can be
limited by reducing the amount of time spent on social media.

KEY REQUIREMENTS FOR PREVENTIVE MECHANISMS

16. Requires to use social media with focus and mindfulness regarding its positive and negative impacts. it
is required to impose preventive mechanisms to mitigate negative impacts and three preventing requirement
levels can be employed at a strategic level (Mahmoud and Ahmedshafik, 2019).

17. Basic Level Prevention. As a starting point for preventing the harmful effects of social media on
family interactions, the following three major activities/requirements might be used.

a. Increase family members’ understanding of social media and it is required to consider how to
create a healthy balance between family relationships and social media.

b. Provide a tool that can be used to forecast an individual’s risk of media overuse and its impact
on family connections.

c. Organising educational conferences and seminars to raise awareness about the dangers of
excessive social media use in harming family connections.

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18. Secondary Level Prevention. Following three main activities/requirements can be employed

as the secondary level of prevention of negative impact of social media on family relationships.

a. Investigate how to detect and distinguish social media addiction from other psychiatric
disorders.

b. Investigate evidence-based treatment options to form strong family relationships.

c. Emphasise the psychological, social, and family circumstances of individuals who are mostly
at risk of family relationships due to the excessive social media use.

19. Higher Level Prevention. As a higher degree of prevention of negative effects of social media on
family interactions, the following three activities/requirements can be used.

a. The awareness on present social trends and the role of the community in the rehabilitation of
families to their optimal level of function.

b. Preventing complication and degradation of family relationships by minimising the long-term
effects of social media through ethical intervention.

c. Counseling and support for families that are dealing with issues related to excessive usage of
social media.

CONCLUSION

20. Based on the discussion of this paper, it can be concluded that family members who spend more time
in social media can harm family relationships. Finding a relationship by social media can be done with a
little effort and with no personal involvement. However, in the virtual world, the reasons for ending a family
relationship are often less likely to be related to problems between partners than impact of social media.

21. Social media is a vast platform for sharing users’ opinions, expressing thoughts, keeping up with new
trends, and staying connected with family and friends.

22. Social media is affecting family relationships and it is very much harmful to families. It has an impact
on family relationships since it increases real-time communication and involvement with social isolation.
However, it may also be useful in family relationships. It can be used to improve our relationships in a positive
way. It is critical to keep its use to a minimum at different times of the day and on different occasions.

23. According to Erik Qualman (2012) “We should not let social media activity damage treasured family
bonds. We don’t get to choose whether or not we use social media; the question is how well we use it.”

RECOMMENDATIONS

24. Given the widespread usage of social media, it is critical that the families should utilise best-practices.
This paper offers the following suggestions to reduce the detrimental influence of social media on family
relationships.

a. The social media must be used to raise community understanding of social media’s impact on
families on all levels.

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b. Family therapy sessions can be conducted for a better understanding on social media addiction
.

c. If policymakers could concentrate on creating a learning strategy focusing on emerging
technological trends that abide by social media, the youth of today will absorb the benefits of social
media before they exploit them in detrimental ways.

d. The use of social media and its impact on family relationships should be emphasised in tertiary
education system for the younger generation.

e. The majority of young people spend their time and money on social media, and this addiction
can be used wisely to contribute for the national economic development, as well as for the family well-
being and social development.

f. Users should be self-motivated to reduce their unprotected social media habits by removing
social apps from their smartphones, setting a time limit for using social media, and limiting the number
of apps they use.

AMCK GUNATHILAKE SLSC
Major
Student Offr -SCC 2

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LIST OF REFERENCES

Abbasi, I. S. (2019) ‘Social Media and Committed Relationships: What Factors Make Our Romantic Relationship Vulnerable?’,
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Abbasi, I. S. and Alghamdi, N. G. (2018) ‘The Pursuit of Romantic Alternatives Online: Social Media Friends as Potential
Alternatives’, Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 44(1), pp. 16–28. doi: 10.1080/0092623X.2017.1308450.

Baier, A. L. (2019) ‘The Ethical Implications of Social Media: Issues and Recommendations For Clinical Practice’, Ethics and
Behavior, 29(5), pp. 341–351. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2018.1516148.

Fuchs, C. (2014) ‘Social media and the public sphere’, TripleC, 12(1), pp. 57–101. doi: 10.31269/vol12iss1pp57-101.

Geraee, N., Eslami, A. A. and Soltani, R. (2019) ‘The relationship between family social capital, social media use and life satisfaction
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Kaplan, A. M. and Haenlein, M. (2010) ‘Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media’, Business
Horizons, 53(1), pp. 59–68. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003.

Mahmoud, H. and Ahmedshafik, P. S. (2019) ‘The Effect of Social Media on Society’, New Media and Mass Communication, 9(6),
pp. 47–57. doi: 10.7176/nmmc/78-02.

O’Keeffe, G. S. et al. (2011) ‘Clinical report - The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families’, Pediatrics, 127(4),
pp. 800–804. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0054.

Qualman, E. (2012) ‘Digital Leader’.

Saini, N. et al. (2020) ‘Effect of Social Networking Sites on the Quality of Life of College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study from
a City in North India’, The Scientific World Journal. Edited by N. K. Vikram, 2020, p. 8576023. doi: 10.1155/2020/8576023.

Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L. and Rickard, N. S. (2016) ‘Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review’,
JMIR Ment Health, 3(4), p. e50. doi: 10.2196/mental.5842.

Wang, M.P., Wang, X., Viswanath, K., Wan, A., Lam, T.H. and Chan, S.S., (2014) ‘Digital inequalities of family life information
seeking and family well-being among Chinese adults in Hong Kong: a population survey’, Journal of medical Internet research,
16(10), p.e227.

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