SDET 2022 Programme Book

https://sites.google.com/uitm.edu.my1/sdet2022

1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
STRATEGIC AND DEFENCE

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 2022
(SDET 2022)

22 SEPTEMBER 2022 [HYBRID]

i

CO-ORGANISED BY:

PUSAT MARITIM DAN SEJARAH TLDM (PUSMAS)
(SEA POWER CENTRE, ROYAL MALAYSIA NAVY)

KD SRI KLANG

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF DEFENCE & SECURITY

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Copyright © 2022 Mk PALAPES UiTM.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in
any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by
copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions
Coordinator,” at the address below.

Any references to historical events, real people, or real places are used fictitiously. Names,
characters, and places are products of the author’s imagination.
Author: Lt. M Prof Madya IDr Ts Dr Rostam Yaman
Front cover image by Dr Tun Mohd Irfan Mohd Suria Affandi.

Mk PALAPES UiTM
Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam
Selangor
https://sites.google.com/uitm.edu.my/sdet2022

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TABLE OF CONTENTS i
ii
01. Organiser 1
2
02. Co-organiser
3
03 Committee Members
4
04. Overview 5

05. Keynote Speakers 6-7
Keynote Speaker 1 8
Rear Admiral Datuk Ir. Ts. Mohd Shaiful Adli
Chung Bin Abdullah, RMN 9-12
Keynote Speaker 2 13
Prof Dr Yoshihide Yamada 44
Keynote Speaker 3
Tuan Amran Bin Mohd Tomin

06. Program Schedule

07. Conference Theme

08. Timetable for Parallel Session
09. List of Abstracts

10. Acknowledgement

iv

Committee Members

1

Overview

The 1st International Conference on
Strategic and Defence Engineering
Technology 2022 (SDET 2022) - Commanding
Future Values: Frontiers of Strategic Defense
and Security Technology, organised by Markas
PALAPES UiTM, is a seminar/talk-based
programme that will bring together all public and
private institutions of higher learning from within
and outside the country, as well as research
and industry agencies that are directly involved
in research work based on strategic defence
and security technology.

It is anticipated that a total of 100 papers will be
presented during this programme, which will
include contributions from relevant
stakeholders, post-graduate students pursuing
Master of Research and Doctor of Philosophy
degrees, and experienced speakers.

Additionally, this programme can enhance
collaboration between researchers (faculty and
students), the entire UiTM system, which
includes participants from all over the world,
and research agencies both within and outside
the country. The conference is the inaugural
event of the newly established Markas
PALAPES UiTM, which aims to foster a culture
of knowledge sharing among researchers and
to produce indexed publications as a result.

Participants will be exposed to papers where
the presentation of the paper has the potential
to expand and produce experts, particularly in
the field of strategic defence and engineering
technology, who can realise something new with
more advanced technology.

2

KEYNOTE SPEAKER 1

Rear Admiral Datuk Ir. Ts. Mohd Shaiful Adli Chung
Bin Abdullah

Rear Admiral Datuk Ir. Ts. Adli Chung is the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) Chief
Engineer since 2018. He is also the Head of Maritime Working Group
Secretariat, of Malaysian Industry Council for Defence, Enforcement and
Security, known as MIDES. Due to His expertise, experiences and knowledge,
He has been appointed since 2017 by Bureau Veritas in Paris as a Board
Member for BV Naval Ship Committee. Rear Admiral Datuk Ir. Ts. Adli Chung
has served 36 years in the RMN of which up to 30% of his service, He served
onboard Naval Vessels, namely KD MUTIARA (Hydrographic Survey Ship), KD
RAJA JAROM (3000-ton Landing Ship Tank), KD LAKSAMANA HANG NADIM
(Corvette Class) and KD LEKIU (Frigate Class) designated crew. Prior to His
current appointment as Chief Engineer, He was the Director of RMN Littoral
Combat Ship Project (LCS) and Head of Platform Design Team.
Rear Admiral Datuk Ir. Ts. Adli Chung is an In-Date Qualified Ship Diver (Naval
SCUBA Diver), an avid Sportsman that active in Golf, Extreme Sports such as
Aquathlon, Duathlon, Triathlon, Ultra-Marathon, Ironman and Taekwondo
Competition. Rear Admiral Datuk Ir. Ts. Adli Chung holds Bachelor's Degree in
Mechanical Engineering with First Class Honours from University Technology
Malaysia and Master Degree with Distinction in Engineering Science from
University of New South Wales, Australia. He is a Certified Project Manager as
well as a qualified Project Engineer, both from Australia. Currently Rear Admiral
Datuk Ir. Ts. Adli Chung has authored 3 books since 1997. Based on His
excellent service, He was awarded Pujian Panglima Tentera Laut (Praise of The
Chief of Navy), which is the highest recognition and award in the RMN. Rear
Admiral Datuk Ir. Ts. Adli Chung is married to Datin Musriah binti Waris. They
are blessed with 4 children.

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KEYNOTE SPEAKER 2

Prof. Dr. Yoshihide Yamada

Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology of UTM

He received the bachelor and master of engineering from Nagoya Institute of
Technology in 1971 and 1973, respectively. And he received the Dr. of electrical
engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1989. He joined Electrical
Communication Laboratories of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
(NTT) in 1973 and moved to NTT Mobile Communications Network Inc. (NTT
DoCoMo) in 1993. In 1998, he joined National Defense Academy as a
professor. In 2014, he joined Malaysia-Japan International Institute of
Technology of UTM, Malaysia as a professor. He received the excellent paper
award and the tutorial paper award from IEICE in 2013 and 2014, respectively.
His research interests are aperture antennas, array antennas, very small
antennas and radar cross sections. He is a Fellow of IEICE Japan, senior
member of IEEE APS and a member of ACES. He published more then 50
journals and a few books on antenna technology

4

KEYNOTE SPEAKER 3

Amran Mohd Tomin

Vice-President Human Resource, Proton Holdings Berhad

Twenty-four (24) years work experiences in leading and instrumenting the HR &
Organisation Development initiatives focusing on Shared Values & Corporate
Culture, Performance Management, Competency, Training & Development and
Effective Organisation in companies at various industries namely, Automotive
OEM, Postal & Courier Services, Pharmaceuticals, Manufacturing, Sales &
Marketing, Venture Capital & Investment, Solid Waste & Environmental
Management.

5

Programme Schedule

Morning Session

8.00 am : Registration of Participants
8.45 am
9.00 am : Arrival of Distinguished Guests

9.10 am : Welcome Remark from
Conference Chair
9.20 am
9.30 am : Opening Speech from
Datuk Commander of Mk PALAPES UiTM
10.15 am
: Opening Montage
11.00 am
: Keynote Speaker 1
11.45 am (AKS JUTRA, Laksamana Muda

Ir Ts Mohd Shaiful Adli Chung.)

: Keynote Speaker 2
(Prof. Yoshihide Yamada, MJIT)

: Keynote Speaker 3
(Tn. Amran Tomin, VP HR DRB-
Hicom)

: Q&A Session

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Programme Schedule

Evening Session

1.00 – 2.00 pm : Lunch (secretariat)
2.10 – 3.10 pm : Parallel Session 1 & 2
3.20 – 4.20 pm : Parallel Session 3 & 4
4.30 – 5.00 pm : Coffee Break
(secretariat)

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Conference Theme

Topics of interest include, but are
not limited to:

• Defense and Security
• Defense Science and Technology
• Defense Manufacturing and

Technology
• Military and Environmental Studies
• Military Psychology and Psychiatry

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Timetable for Parallel
Session

Parallel Room 1

PARALLEL SESSION 1: THEME STRATEGIC DEFENCE
CHAIR: DR. FAEZAH PARDI
Join Zoom Meeting: https://zoom.us/j/98425863715

No Paper Author Title Time
1 2414 Rostam Yaman, Siti Aekbal Maritime Nations, Geo- 2.00PM – 2.15PM
Salleh, Farrah Zuhaira Ismail Political Challenges And
Implications For
and Noraini Ahmad

2 4946 Muhamad Afiq Abd Razak ASEAN Navies 2.15PM – 2.30PM
Food Defense: Malaysian

and Mohd Anuar Ramli National Defense Policy

Perspective

3 6136 Norzaihan Mad Zin And Contractual Issues : 2.30PM – 2.45PM

Farrah Zuhaira Ismail Justification On Force Majeure

Clause In The Realm Of Covid-

19 Outbreak 2.45PM – 3.00PM
4 3662 Nik Rozilaini Wan Mohamed Gamification Of Melaka

and Nurfatin Nabihah Faisal Tourism Heritage to

Encourage Patriotism Values

5 5683 Mohd Norazri Mohamad Konsep Al-Salam Dalam 3.00PM – 3.15PM
Zaini, Mohd Solahuddin Penerapan Latihan Palapes
Shahruddin and Zaid Ngah Uitm Satu Tinjauan Awal

6 9902 Mohd Shahrizan Abd US-China Rivalry In South 3.15PM – 3.30PM

Rahman, Syed Zaharudin China Sea And Its Impact On

Syed Norrashid, Azwan Mohd Malaysia Maritime Interest

Hashim, Sivadass

Thiruchelvam, Mohd Othman

Harun, Mohammad Nabil

Ishak, Faiz Muslim and Anuar

Omar

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Timetable for Parallel
Session

Parallel Room 2

PARALLEL SESSION 2: THEME SECURITY & ENVIRONMENT
CHAIR: SR DR HAR EINUR BAHARUDDIN
Join Zoom Meeting: https://zoom.us/j/98425863715

No Paper Author Title Time

1 566 Nur Sarah Fatihah Tamsi, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 2.00PM – 2.15PM

Amirul Faiz Kamaruddin, Onboard Naval Ships: A

NurAlyaa Tasnim Comparative Study

Mohammad Zin, Between Compartments

Muhammad Firdaus Zamri

and Noor Artika Hassan

2 8512 Ariff Md Ab Malik, Shuzlina Social digital security: a 2.15PM – 2.30PM

Abdul Rahman, Sofianita preliminary study on the

Mutalib and Hanitahaiza individual factors of

Hairuddin Malaysian small and micro

entrepreneur community

towards the digital

technology adoption

readiness 2.30PM – 2.45PM
3 4751 Mohd Badrul Hafiz Bin Che 3D GIS Agent-Based
Omar, Nurul Jannah
Norzamani, Siti Aekbal Emergency Evacuation
Salleh and Norazian
Mohamad Yusuwan Study Of Multi Storey
Building

4 3762 Alfariz Mohd Mustafa, Ariff Conceptualising End-Users' 2.45PM – 3.00PM

Md Ab Malik and Anitawati Affective Experience In

Mohd Lokman Human Resource

Management Information

System
Post Occupancy Evaluation
5 4147 Rostam Yaman, Farrah Measures of Energy 3.00PM – 3.15PM
Zuhaira Ismail and Farid Efficiency In KAPAL DIRAJA
Zawawi (KD) SULTAN IDRIS 1

(TLDM LUMUT)

6 9901 Yoshihide Yamada RCS Calculation and 3.15PM – 3.30PM
Measurement Methods for
a Scale Model Object

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Timetable for Parallel
Session

Parallel Room 3

PARALLEL SESSION 3: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
CHAIR: DR. FARRAH ZUHAIRA ISMAIL
Join Zoom Meeting: https://zoom.us/j/98425863715

No Paper Author Title Time
Rizal E. M. Nasir,
1 7704 Ahmad Hussein Abdul Conceptual Design Of An 2.00PM – 2.15PM
Hamid, N. Iswady Ismail
And M. Rozaiman Aziz Unmanned Interceptor For
The Royal Malaysian Air
Force From Flight

Performance Perspective

2 8565 Roslan Sadjirin, Shuzlina A Proposed Framework To 2.15PM – 2.30PM

Abdul Rahman And Improve Data Association

Sofianita Mutalib And Loop Closure

Detection Of Slam Method

For Search And Rescue

3 269 Mohd Khir Autonomous Robot
Aerodynamic Test Facilities 2.30PM – 2.45PM

Muhammad, Wan Zaidi For Defence Applications In

Wan Omar, Erne Malaysia

Kassim And Emi

Normalina Omar

Maryam Zahaba,

4 4066 Arman Ariffin 2.45PM – 3.00PM
Muhammad Shamsul The Development Of

Amri Safiai, Aziz Aris Malaysian Army Tactical

And Nurul Huda Abd Radio Antennas And Roles

Rahman During Operation

5 7513 Ts Muhamad Yusof Bin Pilot Study to Identify 3.00PM – 3.15PM

Abdullah And Sr Dr Ani Problem Statement For

Saifuza Abdul Shukor Ballistic Missile Impact On

Optimization IBS Precast

Wall

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Timetable for Parallel
Session

Parallel Room 4

PARALLEL SESSION 4: PSYCHO-BEHAVIORAL & MANAGEMENT
CHAIR: TS. DR. SOFIANITA MUTALIB
Join Zoom Meeting: https://zoom.us/j/98425863715

No Paper Author Title Time

1 3784 Muhamad Zafran Meaningful Work Practice 2.00PM – 2.15PM

Whab And Raida Abu Among the Royal Malaysian

Bakar Navy (RMN): A Look At

Workfamily Interference,

Organizational Commitment

And Turnover Intention
2 8943 Abdul Khaiyum Modification Of Supacat Into 2.15PM – 2.30PM

Baharom, Shuzlina Unmanned Ground Vehicle

Abdul-Rahman, (UGV) Using Optimized

Noorfadzli Abdul Localization For Fleet

Razak And Sofianita Management System

Mutalib Twitter Sentiment Analysis On 2.30PM – 2.45PM
3 9225 Nurul Izza Mohd

Johari And Sofianita Airlines In Malaysia

Mutalib Psycho-Behavioral Inclination 2.45PM – 3.00PM

4 3568 Rostam Bin Yaman, Model (PBIM) Of Spatial
Experience In Association
Khadijah Ali, Farrah With Conducive Ecosystem
Zuhaira Ismail And Dimension Towards
Noraini Ahmad

Organizational Commitment
In Naval Base

5 9560 Rostam Yaman, Ali Modular Mobile Pool 3.00PM – 3.15PM

Zakafri bin Ab Aziz, Structural & Filtration System

Nor Rima Muhamad For Military Training & Fitness

Ariff, Julaida Kaliwon Test.

And Nurul Nabilah

Aris Implementing Big Data 3.15PM – 3.30PM
6 7804 Mohamed Azlan

Ashaari, Shahrizal Analytics Capability For

Nazri And Effective Data-Driven

Hazrieffendy Bakri Decision-Making In Malaysian

Armed Forces

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List of Abstracts

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Paper No: 269

Presenter: Mohd Khir Muhammad

Title: Aerodynamic Test Facilities for Defence
R&D Applications in Malaysia

The aerospace is a complex atmosphere. But within its industry, it offers multitude of
commercial, industrial and military applications. The technology core functions are the
construction, testing, and maintenance of aircraft and space vehicles. Common
operations are assembling, servicing, testing and repairing systems related with
dependable and reusable space launch vehicles and related ground support
equipment. The aerospace technology is an is an advanced technology and relatively,
many developing nations including Malaysia have limited access to its capabilities. As
part of the development toward an industrialized nation, Malaysia established and set
up a specialized Test Facility intended to support education, research & development in
aerospace and related fields. The international project was implemented under the
Turnkey, Design & Build concept involving international contractors, engineering
specialists, consultants, and suppliers and include some aspects of technology transfer.
The test facility is unique in the sense that it was designed and benchmarked with
similar performance but smaller scale with the German-Dutch DNW Test Facility,
currently one of the most advanced facilities in Europe, and the Indonesian ILST
Facility which is one of the leading facilities in this region. Wind Tunnel is one of the
common aerodynamic test facilities for aeronautics and aerospace test applications
and generally used for the study of wind effects on bodies such as aircrafts, automotive
bodies, missiles and other flying vehicles. There are two major subsonic wind tunnel
facilities in Malaysia, namely the UTM’s Low Speed Wind Tunnel and IIUM’s Low
Speed Wind Tunnel. These were set up by the government in the early 2000s to
support and meet the education, research and industry needs in Malaysia’s aero
industry. Although these wind tunnels have previously been used for wide range of
development tests related to the aircraft, automotive, civil structures and buildings,
offshore rigs, these facilities are also capable of testing various aerospace and defence
technology industry applications. The test equipment, systems and expertise available
can be utilized by local aerospace and defence technology industry players and
researchers to develop the capacity to validate new designs and develop specific
indigenous aero and defence technologies, which are not easily accessible to local
players. This paper highlights the capability of the existing aerodynamics test facilities
in the country and discuss the typical defence R&D test applications which would be
beneficial and relevant to capacity building, design validation and technology growth in
Malaysia’s aerospace and defence technology industry.

Keywords: Wind Tunnels, Aerodynamics Tests, Aerospace and Defence Technology
Industry, Capacity Building

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Paper No: 566

Presenter: Amirul Faiz Kamaruddin

Title: Indoor Air Quality (Iaq) Onboard Naval
Ships: A Comparative Study Between
Compartments

Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) onboard is reported to lead to an unhealthy and discomfort
indoor environment and even cause equipment breakdown. Since naval ships are
considered as enclosed and confined spaces consisting of vertically and horizontally
adjacent compartments, it is very challenging to maintain good IAQ because of the
ships’ mechanical ventilation and air conditioning (MVAC) system design and crews’
activities. The MVAC system should work efficiently during the war, especially
concerning chemical, biological, radioactive, and nuclear (CBRN) war. Simultaneously,
this MVAC system should provide comfort to the crews and dilution of indoor air
pollutants (IAP). However, studies have reported on the accumulation of IAP that
affects the IAQ onboard. It is vital to highlight the IAQ issues in the naval ships since
there are high numbers of crews working and living onboard. In addition, the crews stay
onboard for a longer duration according to the task assigned during operation. This
study aims to assess the IAQ conditions of compartments inside a naval ship and to
determine the parameters compliance with the standards, namely Industry Code of
Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010 (ICOP IAQ 2010), United States Environmental
Protection Agency (US EPA) 2006 and Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards
(MAAQS) 2013. In addition, the differences in IAQ parameters between those
compartments were determined. The IAQ assessment was done on Ship Alpha while
alongside the jetty. The sampling was conducted using calibrated handheld IAQ
devices at four compartments: wardroom, cabin, machinery control room (MCR), and
bridge. A total of nine IAQ parameters were assessed, which include air temperature,
relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total volatile
organic compound (TVOC) particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10), formaldehyde
(CH2O), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Each sampling point was sampled for 24 hrs for
three consecutive days through a real-time continuous monitoring method. The data
were compared to the standards. Moreover, the differences in IAQ parameters were
analysed via IBM SPSS version 26, using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s Post Hoc
test. From the result, all compartments showed variations in IAQ parameters. Air
temperatures and RH were recorded in the standard range between 23-26°C and 40-
70%, respectively. Additionally, CO2, which acts as a ventilation performance indicator
(VPI) and CO complied with the standards for all four compartments. The PM10 and
PM2.5 at MCR and bridge were incompliant with the ICOP IAQ 2010 and US EPA
2006. Meanwhile, PM2.5 concentration in wardroom, cabin, and MCR exceeded the
acceptable range of 0.015 mg/mg3 as stated in the US EPA, 2006. The highest
concentration of TVOC was recorded in the wardroom and exceeded the acceptable
range. It is somewhat surprising that the bridge did not comply with the CH2O
standard, and the NO2 concentrations at three compartments except for the cabin were
not within the permissible range by MAAQS 2013. The incompliance of the IAQ
parameters showed the possibility of infiltration of outdoor air pollutants into the
compartments.

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The Kruskal-Wallis test concluded that the IAQ parameters in the compartments were
statistically significant for the differences in IAQ parameters. The results of Dunn’s Post
Hoc test indicated that all pairwise show significant differences with p-values <0.001.
The variations of the results showed that the IAQ parameters at compartments onboard
were affected by the machinery (engine and genset of the ships), location, condition of
the compartments, and crews’ activities. These findings suggested that the sources of
IAP were indoor and outdoor. One of the strategies to maintain good IAQ is the proper
design of an MVAC system to reduce IAP and provide thermal comfort. More fresh air
should be introduced to the compartments in naval ships, and an increase in the air
exchange rate is suggested. However, these suggestions can only be applied when the
ships are in operations not involving a CBRN attack. Apart from close and continuous
IAQ monitoring to ensure good IAQ for the crew members onboard to stay healthy and
enhance their productivity, it is suggested that the maintenance schedules should be
enforced to minimise the IAQ-related issues onboard. This study also highlighted that
the absence of sophisticated systems for continuous monitoring of IAQ onboard naval
ships and the lack of awareness about IAQ-related issues among crews would
negatively affect their health and productivity and can cause the deterioration of the
machinery onboard.
Keywords: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Air Pollutants, Naval Ships

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Paper No: 2414

Presenter: Rostam Yaman

Title: Maritime Nations, Geo-political Challenges and
Implications for ASEAN Navies

The Indo-Pacific are connected through Southeast Asia. Historically, this region is a
maritime nations of the Malays. This nation is the only region in the world who express
their country as ‘Tanah Air Ku’ which translated as ‘My Land and Water’, thus it is
synonyms with Malay realms as maritime nations. Being a nations in the Archipelago or
‘Nusantara’, Malays are natural born seafarers. Located strategically between Indian
Ocean and Pacific Ocean, the Straits of Malacca and South China Sea have put
Southeast Asia at the centre point of sea route that linking west and the east. The
modern state nations of ASEAN today created an extensive coastlines perimeter and
enormous maritime Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Due to that, ASEAN region,
particularly Malaysia and Indonesia control the strategic point of narrow waterways of
Straits of Malacca and continental ridges in the South China Sea and Sulu Sea in East
Malaysia. Thus, giving a significance advantages and at the same time a huge
challenges in term territorial predicament and itsimplications for ASEAN Navies in
safeguarding the safety and sovereignty of this realm. The maritime region in
Southeast Asia particularly in South China Sea is rich in oil and natural gas resources
(Smith, 2010). However, there is no certainty of which ASEAN nations have the
exclusive maritime right or jurisdiction on which part of the seabed to be exploited.
Maritime territorial boundary delimitation or joint development of resources is impeded
by sovereignty legacy disputes over fragmented territorial claim that spread throughout
this body of water. The overlapping of sovereignty territorial dispute and rights claim
between the nations are very tricky. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) offers settlement for territorial dispute by establishing an obligatory and
binding framework for a diplomatic settlement towards all maritime related disputes. As
for Southeast Asia, even though there are many and long withstanding territorial
maritime disputes. The territorial challenges includes disputes on EEZ jurisdictions,
maritime threats such as piracy, smuggling and illegal immigrants, and also the
geographical nature of overwhelming coastlines and thousands of islands. Hence, the
implications for navies is to safeguard the sovereignty and enforce maritime security
through enhancement of organized maritime operations, assets and technological
modernization, and to adopt diplomatic ties through partnerships and alliances among
the maritime nations. The implications from safeguarding the territorial challenges in
maritime nations always placed on the frontliners of national defense which are the
Navy and Air Force. Besides, it also includes other enforcement agencies such marine
police, coastguard, immigration, customs and related agencies in territorial waters. A
recognized and coordinated system for all parties involved in managing information on
the security, control and update can be initiated and established. Mutual objectives and
interest towards securing the territorial waters and EEZ area sovereignty which also
include the responsibility of the maritime nations under Article 43 of UNCLOS. These

17

cohesive efforts should promote cooperation in maintaining security in territorial waters
based on ratified International Laws. Likewise, if the joint effort can be successfully
formalized, both maritime waters and nation states in Southeast Asia will gain strategic
economic and security return on the long run. The other implication to the navies’
resultant from territorial challenges in maritime waters particularly in the Southeast Asia
is the need to strengthening partnership and alliances among the navies. The path for
partnership or alliances happened at higher political level, for example the formation of
ASEAN in 1967 by Southeast Asia nations (Irvine, 1982). The international relation
conducts among maritime states particularly in Southeast Asia is through diplomacy
resolutions for any dispute involving state members. Since then, till date, there was yet
any military action was considered to resolute any dispute in this region. Hence, the
main implied security policies is through diplomatic resolutions and likely, military
actions is the last approach to be utilize in settling dispute. The political leadership of
these ASEAN nations advocate high level of allegiances on the bilateral and multilateral
agreement towards national, regional and international relationship in attaining a
mutually promising security environment cooperation (Mahbubani, 2017). The bilateral
or multilateral relationships and alliances cooperation strategy, implicates confidence
building measures through ‘Navy to Navy’ Talks, Defense Co-operation Programs,
Coordinated Patrols, Joint-training Programs and Exchange Programs. The affiliated
partnerships and alliances initiatives will enhance the mutual parties trust, tolerance,
understanding, sense of belongings, and communications. These useful approaches for
defense diplomacy and policy are adopted and adapted with the sole principle of
extending diplomatic influence among alliances and partners. This strategic concept is
in-line with pragmatic maritime nations of Southeast Asia international policy by
becoming “friend to all and enemy to none”.

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Paper No: 3568

Presenter: Khadijah Ali
Title: Psycho-Behavioral Inclination Model
(PBIM) of Spatial Experience in Association with
Conducive Ecosystem Dimension Towards
Organizational Commitment in Naval Base

The psycho-behavioral impact based on spatial experience has been widely assessed
but little is known about the impact of organizational commitment inclination towards
Public Sector Conducive Ecosystem dimension. The main problem in this study is the
absence of pro psycho-behavioral inclination towards organizational commitment in
Royal Malaysia Navy (RMN). This study embarks on the following objectives: to
examine the correlation between spatial experience and psycho-behavioral direction; to
formulate the contextual correlation between spatial experience with psycho-behavioral
inclination; and to develop a Psycho-Behavioral Inclination Model (P-BIM) of Spatial
Experience association with Public Sector Conducive Ecosystem (EKSA) Dimension
Towards Organizational Commitment. This study will employ mixed-method
methodology combining both qualitative and quantitative data as follows; Phase 1 –
Content Analysis and Literature Review; Phase 2 – Assessment of the characteristics
of EKSA dimension in practice; Phase 3 – Assessment of general psycho behavioral
inclination and; Phase 4 – Assessment Spatial Context and Modelling of multi-
directional associations between spatial experience and psycho-behavioral inclination.
The findings will fulfill the RMN's mission to improve and create satisfaction, belongings
and commitment for Navy People; improve the spatial planning quality towards
healthier spatial experience for the related stakeholders; pro psycho-behavioral
inclination of Navy Officer and lower RMN expenses on training and rectifying
disciplinary caused. The model will support government policies and agendas to
achieve more balance social, environmental and health wellbeing.

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Paper No: 3662

Presenter: Nik Rozilaini Wan Mohamed
Title: Gamification of Melaka Tourism Heritage
To Encourage Patriotism Values

Gamification on heritage tourism is in Malaysia still its infancy, this ideology on tourism
and anthropological learning of gamers’ ventures encourages the substantial settings in
Melaka that convinced the virtual panoramas to which have a frame of patriotism
values. Eight of Melaka locations have been identified for site of heritage field and
presented in the ethnographic view. This innovation capable to show that gamers and
travellers similar seek to explore the place before truly travelling to the destination.
Appreciating the heritage is the driving force to influence the gamers to have a
connection through a virtual world. The virtual world attempt to create memories
through alliances with the tangible landscape that shape through virtuality. The traveller
some nostalgia moment through motivation experience gained playing games before
players actual on their physical visit and see the environment. Method: The data were
gathered from 86 undergraduate students from tourism management courses those
enrolled for Heritage Tourism Management subject semester two from Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Melaka Campus, Malaysia. The theory of basic human values
(Schwarts, 1992) was tested with the mediating effect of three domains Universalism,
Hedonism and Security. The data of relationship between constant variables was
confirmed by means of Pearson Correlations. A two-stage process was approved the
theorized model, (1) a confirmatory factor analysis for evaluate data fit and the
structural equation model (SEM). The final process model incorporated one
hypothetical latent independent factor, three latent mediator factors and one latent
dependent factor (patriotism behaviour). This research finding contribute some
theoretical output on how heritage gamification reflected the gamers values of
patriotism behaviour and understanding how those factors influence their psychological
and actions through heritage gaming.
Keywords: Virtual tourism, Melaka Heritage, Technology, Gaming and Experiences.

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Paper No: 3762

Presenter: Al Fariz Mohd Mustafa

Title: Conceptualising End-Users' Affective
Experience In Human Resource Management
Information System

Many organisations have adopted electronic human resource management (e-HRM) to
increase productivity, efficiency and better communication in managing personnel. In
line with the digitisation efforts within public organisations, the Human Resource
Management Information System (HRMIS) was introduced in 1997 to administer the
human resources aspect of the civil servants in Malaysia. Nevertheless, to date, the
usage rate remains below the anticipated target. For instance, a recent study on the
Malaysian Armed Forces’ personnel asserts that lack of management support and
inadequate technological training hindered optimal use of the system. Although most
organisations have developed systems that require obligatory use, research on
technology acceptance in mandatory settings remains limited. The Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM), which is often used to examine the acceptance of
technology at the individual level, does not provide enough information to clarify the
motivation if the regulations require it. Instead, levels of compliance should be used to
assess motivation. In addition, leadership and organisational performance continue to
play a crucial role in ensuring the full utilisation of HRMIS. Also, generational divides
such as age and seniority in an organisation are often associated with different
technological adaptations. Therefore, despite the increased interest in studying e-HRM
adoption, there are still unexplored areas to understand this phenomenon. Additionally,
measuring users' affective experiences toward design and technology has also gained
interest in various disciplines. Research on this theme uses various terms to
characterise the role of affect, such as anxiety, technostress, pleasure, moods,
sentiments and feelings toward technology use. These studies have demonstrated that
incorporating affective constructs in the models has enabled them to explain attitude
and behaviour more comprehensively. Thus, this study attempts to conceptualise the
values of users’ affective experiences toward HRMIS, the characteristics of the system
that induce emotion aspects, and the relationships between the two. This study will also
provide insight into leadership roles and organisational performance, age and seniority
in moderating the relationships. This study emphasises the importance of affect in
advancing knowledge of attitude, behaviour, and motivation toward technological use.
Since HRMIS has the largest targeted number of users, it can be considered the most
prominent mandatory internal system for the civil servants in Malaysia. Therefore, the
present study which focuses on HRMIS as a specimen, will best determine the
theoretical review of technology adoption among the civil servants in Malaysia.

Keywords: Affect; e-HRM; HRMIS; Mandatory System Usage; Public Organisations;
Technology Acceptance

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Paper No: 3784

Presenter: Muhamad Zafran Whab

Title: Meaningful Work Practice Among The
Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN): A Look At Work-
Family Interference, Organizational Commitment
And Turnover Intention

Retaining human talent has become the most critical issue in any organisation because
this can impact negatively on the organisation when employees choose to leave an
organisation prematurely. Recent statistics have revealed the turbulence experienced
by the Royal Malaysian Navy where a huge number of experienced naval personnel
opted to quit earlier than their retirement tenure. This occurrence had resulted in the
shortage of naval personnel because their resignation affected the navy’s operational
capabilities and planning goals. Aiming to address this phenomenon, the current study
examines the influence of work-family interference towards turnover intention among
Other Ranks personnel in the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN). It attempts to explore the
mediation role of organisational commitment on the relationship between work-family
interference and turnover intention, and also the moderation role of meaningful work
practise on the relationship between work-family interference, organisational
commitment, and turnover intention among Other Ranks personnel in the RMN. The
Royal Malaysian Navy has spent a substantial amount of time and money, training the
Navy People to be experienced and skilled so that they can fill the existing vacancies,
but the high turnover rate in the RMN has affected the Human Resources negatively.
This study attempts to investigate the underlying factors that may influence the
tendency of the Navy People to leave the service prior to their retirement period. In that
regard, it explores the factors that could make the Navy People more committed
towards staying in the organisation. The theories underpinning this study comprises the
Work/Family Border Theory, and its subset of the Spillover Theory. The work-family
interference questionnaire was applied in combination with the organisational
commitment questions. The turnover intention scale was used to determine the
influence of meaningful work practise which could impact on the turnover intention of
the Other Ranks personnel. The questionnaire was administered on three hundred
sixty-seven respondents who were located at the Lumut Naval Base, Perak, Malaysia.
Data were then analyzed using the Statistics Package of Social Sciences Version 25
(SPSS ver. 25), and Partial Least Square – Sequential Equation Model (PLS-SEM).
The SPSS was used to validate the data normality and the descriptive analysis while
the PLS-SEM was used to analyze the relationship of all the constructs that were
hypothesized. Before hypotheses testing was conducted, the reflective measurement
model and the structural model assessment were also performed. Results showed that
the testing was in the acceptable parameter. The PLS-SEM results indicated that six of
the hypotheses were supported, including the mediating and moderating role of the
construct. This study adds to the depth of the literature from the perspective of the
factors leading to turnover intention in the context of the RMN. It also adds to the

22

provision of information about the mediating-moderating model, including the relative
contribution made by each of the variables that made up the model. The findings of the
study are expected to improve the organisational commitment and the sense of
meaningful work practise among the Navy People to secure the maximum duration of
their services, thereby compensating the government’s investment on their turnover
intention. The study implications will facilitate and enhance the current and future
predicament of the Navy People’s early retirement. Keywords: Work-Family
Interference, Organizational Commitment, Meaningfulness, Turnover Intention, Core
Values, Royal Malaysian Navy.

23

Paper No: 4066

Presenter: Muhamad Shamsul Amri Safiai
Title: The Development of Malaysian Army
Tactical Radio Antennas And Roles During
Operation

This paper represents the development of tactical radio antenna for Malaysian Army
and also its roles during operation. In this paper also, we have highlighted several
antennas that has been developed and used in Malaysian Army Tactical Radio Network
also deployed into operation area. Malaysian Army Tactical Communication consists of
three different type of communication which is High Frequency (HF) for the long-range
communication, Very High Frequency (VHF) for the short-range communication and
Tactical Satellite for Beyond Lineof-Sight Communication that can provide high data
rate. Antennas need to play an important role for all type of this communication
requirement. Antennas are designed in various shapes and can be divided according to
the category of waves that carry radiation from the transmitting station to the station
recipient. The usage of this antennas which cover the short range and also long range
of communication voice and data for the purpose of Command and Control (C2). This
study also discussed about the capability of communication using the different antenna
element.
Keywords: Military Antenna, Very High Frequency (VHF), High Frequency (HF), Line of
Sight (LOS), Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS).

24

Paper No: 4147

Presenter: Rostam Yaman
Title: Post Occupancy Evaluation Measures of
Energy Efficiency IN KAPAL DIRAJA (KD)
SULTAN IDRIS I (TLDM LUMUT)

Green building tool sustainable benchmarking system in Malaysia is relatively new.
Despite the launch of Malaysian Green Building Councils’ very own Green Building
Index- Non-Residential Existing Building (GBI-NREB) and implementation, there are
still deficiencies in post-occupancy measure being conducted in evaluating the holistic
sustainability level on the post-certified interior project. The lacking in particular is
related to the Space Energy Intensity (SEI). Thus, embark the study problem whether
the certified project sustainability level is in accord with the pre-occupancy rating score
visioned by the designers upon occupation, especially on Energy Efficiency (EE). The
study objectives is to examine the SEI, to identify similarities and discrepancies of SEI
and to weigh the main EE subcriteria which effect SEI in order to enhance continuing
sustainable EE after ten (10) years occupation. The SEI equation method and
implementation approach are conducted in this concept paper by measuring the total
space energy consumption per year/ interior space area. The study design are devised
into three key phases; 1. Content analysis of GBI-NREB core criteria; 2. Comparative
data analysis between post-occupancy and simulated pre-occupancy scoring level and;
3. Evaluation of key EE sub-criteria that affect SEI in order to improve continuing
sustainability after occupation. The findings and discussions based on SEI comparative
analysis will improve sustainability practice towards continuing sustainable agenda and
will facilitate further enhancement for future sustainable approach in interior SEI.
Keywords: Post occupancy evaluation, space energy intensity, energy efficiency

25

Paper No: 4751

Presenter: Siti Aekbal Salleh

Title: 3D Gis Agent-Based Emergency
Evacuation Study Of Multi Storey Building

Recent research on human navigation has mostly focused on mental representation
rather than the navigation method. Already, China's fire department uses geographic
information systems (GIS) to decrease incident response times. However, the
underlying complexity of burning structures might hamper rescue efforts in emergency
scenarios. In an unknown facility or location, it is more difficult to forecast the structure
of the environment and the evacuation routes of individuals; these predictions rely on
external information. As the cost of physical simulations became prohibitive, computer-
based simulations of rescue and evacuation have become vital. Understanding human
behaviour during a crisis enables fire fighters and authorities to make decisions and
foresee potential outcomes in order to avert fatalities and severe injuries. Prior
research centred on agent-based modelling of human behaviour, with the agent-based
model consisting of two levels: simulated environment states and simulated agent
beliefs. Enclosed settings with multistory structures with many levels, labyrinthine floor
plans, solid populations, and trick patterns may contain multiple levels, labyrinthine floor
plans, solid populations, and trick patterns. Anxiety makes internal navigation in all
complex situations more difficult. In emergency situations, time is crucial for both
firefighters and prey. Some models focus just on the transfer process and disregard the
unique characteristics of flood victims. Physical and psychological aspects of each
victim can affect the outcome of the transfer simulation. In this study, Pathfinder 2017 is
employed to mimic the interaction between human behaviour and the component of
interest (building) in a virtual world. The purpose of this study is to simulate and assess
the applicability of a 3D agent-based evacuation model of human behaviour for
emergency-related situations in multi-story structures. Prior research on evacuation
simulation has only focused on mental representation, as opposed to the process of
navigation and possible emergency-related human behaviour. The aims of this study
are to comprehend the agentification or agent-based model in Pathfinder 2017, to
create potential situations of human behaviour during the evacuation procedure, and to
evaluate the results of the 3D evacuation simulation. The instances are based on the
most probable events that may occur during an evacuation, such as counterflow and
crowd merging. All simulations will be undertaken on the basis of the three principal
conclusions of this study. The first observation is to comprehend Pathfinder's
agentification of GIS data. An agent is, in general, a self-directed and autonomous item
capable of interacting and optimising its behaviour by simple information modification.
Designing potential human behaviour within the simulation model is the second
discovery. By simulating seven possible human behaviour situations, it was feasible to
acquire a clearer understanding of each variable that may impact the evacuation.

26

process as a whole. Thirdly, the 3D simulation model was tested using a human
behaviour evaluation model case study. Agent-based models have their own qualities
and properties, such as autonomy, selfsufficiency, and social competence, as
demonstrated by Pathfinder's simulation. The simulation's design improves
understanding of essential human behavioural processes when given with information
or cues that disrupt their everyday routine, such as risk and obstacle. In order to avert
such calamities, future study should concentrate more on potential overcrowded
scenarios.
Keywords: 3D GIS, Evacuation, Emergency response, Safety, Disaster

27

Paper No: 4946

Presenter: Muhamad Afiq Abd Razak

Title: Food Defense From Malaysian National
Defence Policy Perspective

Food defense is a mechanism to protect food supply chain from threats of deliberate
attacks such as intentional contamination. National food supply chain are key
component of stability and peace, therefore necessitates food defense approach
eliminating the risks of total disruption. Nevertheless, the aspect of food defense is still
scarce especially in Malaysian context. Therefore, this study will aim to present the
concept of food defense and perspective from Malaysian National Defense Policy
(Dasar Pertahanan Negara). This study utilizes fully library research, in which the data
and analysis are carried out by using qualitative approach. The finding of this study
concludes that there are elements relatable between food defense and the National
Defense Policy. A stability of a country relies on many factors, one of which food sector.
Food sector can be divided into several aspects; in terms of adequacy or known as
food security, safe food and food as economic source. Safe food means that the supply
chain of food within a country from raw material until finished product do not contain
harmful ingredients or any element that can jeopardize public health. Therefore, safety
assurance is required to ensure that food production is safe. It is however, emerged
new form of threat towards food supply chain. The threat is very complex and involve
the usage of substance that not usually found conventionally. This threat is known as
food terrorism. Food terrorism can be defined as intentional or deliberate attack on food
or food supply chain to disrupt economy, social and public health system. Food
terrorism is non-symmetry and unconventional threats that requires detection and
mitigation strategies. Currently, threat like food terrorism can be tackled with a
mechanism called food defense. Food defense was introduced in the United States of
America under the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) 2011 as part of
improvement food safety system that outreach to global food supply chain. It is the
system that designed specifically to eliminate threat such as food terrorism and has
been implemented in the US and in many countries. In Malaysia, Food defense
certification offered by Ministry or Health (MOH) under the Food Safety and Quality
Division (FSQD) to cater for this role. However, the implementation only focused on the
certification matters and there is scarce flow on the event if the real situation of food
terrorism might occur. Therefore, this paper presents the position of food defense in
Malaysian context within the perspective of National Defence Policy. Since national
Defence Policy plays a vital role in defending Malaysia from both conventional and non-
conventional threats, it is befitting circumstance to relates the importance of food
defence with Malaysia’s National Defence Policy. From historical context, Malaysia

28

established and developed National Defence Policy after the independence 1957 until
today. The main objective of National defence Policy is to secure national interests that
encompasses territory sovereignty and economic stability. The principle implemented
within National Defence Policy is self-reliance and ‘total defence’ (Pertahanan
Menyeluruh – HANRUH). Kertas Putih Pertahanan Negara (KPP) 2020-2030 also
established by Malaysian Government to further enhance the existing National Defence
Policy so that the implementation of the existing policy would be more effective,
suitable to current situation and needs, and also moving towards modernizing defence
technology. Based on the policy, the type of threats that included are non-conventional
such as Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats. As mentioned
earlier, food terrorism involved the usage of non-traditional substance to stir the safety
and stability of a country. Based on historical cases, deliberate attacks on food supply
chain linked to CBRN threats. Though, Malaysia has several cases of food crime
reported, but in aligned with KPP 2020-2030, the strategic perspective of dealing with
nontraditional threat are in align with food defense, and in fact, food terrorism does not
require any precedented case to occur but it necessitates preparation and well-planned
procedure if the real incident takes place. Therefore, it is beneficial and a safer path to
secure Malaysia’s food supply chain from CBRN threats or other form of food terrorism
by addressing the importance food defense.
Keywords: Food defense, food protection, Food safety, National Defence Policy, Safe
food

29

Paper No: 5683

Presenter: Mohd Norazri Mohamad Zaini
Title: Konsep Al-Salam Dalam Penerapan
Latihan PALAPES UiTM: Satu Tinjauan Awal

Islam merupakan sebuah agama yang bertunjangkan elemen al-Salam dalam setiap
prinsipnya dan ajarannya di dalam ketenteraan. Elemen al-Salam telah menjadi prinsip
teras Rasulullah SAW dalam setiap operasi bersenjata atau al-jihād bī al-silāḥ
khususnya sebelum, semasa dan selepas operasi hasil daripada didikan yang mantap
berlaku dalam periode Mekah dan Madinah. Selepas hamper 1400 tahun selepas
kewafatan Rasulullah SAW, gerakan bersenjata telah berevolusi dan berkembang
menjadi lebih kompleks dan canggih. Di Malaysia khususnya di Institusi Pengajian
Tinggi Awam terdapat badan beruniform yang berorentasikan ketenteraan iaitu unit
Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan (PALAPES) yang dikawal selia oleh Kementerian
Pertahanan Malaysia dan Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (ATM) dan majoriti daripada
ahlinya adalah Bumiputera yang beragama Islam. Latihan unit PALAPES ini akan
berlangsung selama tiga tahun mengunakan silibus ATM iaitu Manual Panduan Askar
Wataniah. Sepanjang tempoh tiga tahun tersebut terdapat beberapa latihan seperti
Latihan Tempatan, Latihan Berterusan dan Latihan Kem Tahunan yang perlu
diselarikan dengan elemen al-Salam khususnya dalam pengaplikasian sebelum operasi
bersenjata, agar sistem latihan ketenteraan ini bukan semata-mata membentuk jatidiri
seorang perajurit yang hebat tetapi juga pejuang agama yang berteraskan anjuran
Islam. Kajian ini akan mengunakan metode kualitatif terhadap dapatan berkaitan
pengaplikasian elemen al-Salam Rasulullah SAW dan metode kuantitatif terhadap ahli
PALAPES UiTM mengenai kewujudan elemen tersebut. Hasil dapatan mendapati
bahawa beberapa ciri-ciri persamaan kaedah sebelum operasi bersenjata Rasulullah
SAW sememangnya telah wujud di dalam skim Latihan PALAPES, namun ia masih
perlu dimurnikan agar bertepatan dengan eleman alSalam.
Kata kunci: al-Salam, al-jihād bī al-silāḥ, unit Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan
(PALAPES), silibus ketenteraan.

30

Paper No: 6136

Presenter: Norzaihan Mad Zain
Title: Contractual Issues: Justification On Force
Majeure Clause In The Realm Of COVID-19
Outbreak

The world was in chaos when World Health Organization (WHO) declared Covid-19 as
a pandemic. Subsequently, the Government of Malaysia has become the first ASEAN
country to enforce the 14 days nationwide Movement Control Order (MCO) initially from
18th March until 31st March 2020. Unknowingly it will be prolonged for other several
months, the pandemic had caused major damage to global economics including the
construction industry, thus challenging our existing operational ‘security’ system. While
contract considering the legal binding documentation to secure any projects, especially
in the construction industry Force Majeure has become one of the critical topics for
discussion by taking into consideration that the contracting parties can seek to rely on
this provision to excuse the obligations. Yet, a question arises whether Covid-19 can
invoke the Force Majeure or not as this event is beyond party control. Hence, this
paper aims to identify the relevant events to invoke Force Majeure and the effect of
absence on the Force Majeure clause in contract provision. This study was measured
through a qualitative research method consisting of semi-structured interviews with the
12 experts who were involved directly with contract administration. The data was then
analyzed using the Atlas-ti 9 to obtain empirical and scientific results. Findings from the
study reveal that MCO has more concrete criteria to invoke Force Majeure instead of
the Covid-19 outbreak based on the clause definition in the contract. This study also
found that the factors that contribute to the misinterpreting of the Force Majeure clause
are due to the clause's weakness itself. This study is also expected to guide expertise
in developing a better Force Majeure clause revision to manage future declarations.
Keywords: Force Majeure, Project Management, Disaster Management, Construction
Industry, Security

31

Paper No: 7513

Presenter: Muhamad Yusof Abdullah
Title: Pilot Study to Identify Problem Statement
for Ballistic Missile Impact On Optimization IBS
Precast Wall

This paper aims to Identify Problem Statement using Pilot Study for the Ballistic Missile
Impact on Optimization IBS Precast Wall. The study to address Ballistic Missile Impact
on the IBS Precast Wall and any related to cost manufacturing. Objective for this study
to identify trend pilot study on the problem statement that relates to any theory on
impact of Ballistics Missile at IBS Precast Wall that can optimize cost manufacturing.
The study combined using Literature Review on the theory and collect data for un-
official desk study such as pilot study to determine the Problem Statement. From
underlaying theories, defined variables that will be used for pilot study to know the
trend of the problem in the industry. The finding of the variables using theory for pilot
study will be better insight for identified the problem statement before designing the
framework
Keywords: Pilot Study, Industrialise Building System, Optimization

32

Paper No: 7704

Presenter: Rizal E. M Nasir

Title: Conceptual Design of An Unmanned
Interceptor for The Royal Malaysian Air Force
from Flight Performance Perspective

A medium power nation such as Malaysia shares its land sea borders with many
nations and most of them possess larger military forces in terms of numbers but not
necessarily firepower. It also the centre trade route such as Malacca Straits and South
China Sea that cater USD3.0 billion worth of trading activities. These areas are the
magnets of superpower nations that continues to exercise or project their authority
even within national Economic Exclusive Zones (EEZ). Unlike Cold War era where
each weapon system developed by a superpower is often matched by another
superpower and other nations can become followers of either one, warfare nowadays
has changed drastically with the introduction combat aerial drones (UAVs) that can
provide advantage to smaller military force but with ample local resources. Many
nations have acquired or developed unmanned combat aerial vehicle or UCAV mainly
for aerial strike or ground attack role. In Malaysia case, the threat not only comes from
sea but also from intruding foreign aircraft into our airspace. With increasing cost of
multi-role fighter aircraft acquisition nowadays, the number of available squadrons are
limited. It is proposed that a specific kind of small UAV to be designed and developed
for the purpose of guarding our airspace. What is needed is a small, missile-carrying air
defence interceptor. This paper describes features of a flying-wing type fighter-
interceptor UAV designed with performance requirements based on its specific flight
mission profile. This interceptor aircraft mission shall have radius of action that covers
land and sea including national EEZ areas up to 200nm or slightly less than 400 km
from the shore. It shall be equipped with four short-range air-to-air missiles and be able
to achieve 36,000 ft/min climb rate with 50,000 feet ceiling. Its dimension is limited to
6.0 m wingspan with length not exceeding 6.0 m. Maximum take off weight shall not
exceed three tonnes in which it can achieve supersonic flight at maximum thrust of 15
kN from a single turbojet engine. Economical cruise speed is at Mach 0.9 at 36,000 ft
ASL. Since it is an unmanned system, it is allowed to manoeuvre at more than ±9.0 G
with rate of turn exceeding 72 degree per second. The aim of this study is to synthesize
its mass, dimensions, and aerodynamic features so that it will be able to achieve its
intended performance within its flight mission profile. Flight mechanics and
performance for each mission segment is analysed and computed using Class II
conceptual design method established by Roskam. Iterations are made if mission
performance objectives/targets are not achieved where mass, dimensions, or
aerodynamic characteristics such as lift and drag coefficients are altered/changed. The

33

final conceptual design is presented after all mission objectives and requirements have
been met before proceeding to produce conceptual design three-dimensional model by
using OpenVSP parametric design vehicle sketchpad. Components of the interceptor
UAV is highlighted here within its general arrangement drawings. The design exercise
manages to achieve its intended target of meeting all mission requirements. The
conceptual design proposed will be studied further for preliminary and detail design
phase including building a small-scale remote control flying model.
Keywords: Unmanned Aerial System, Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle, Fighter-
Interceptor, Aircraft Design, Military Technology

34

Paper No: 7804

Presenter: Mohamed Azlan Ashaari

Title: Implementing Big Data Analytics Capability
for Effective Data-Driven Decision-Making In
Malaysian Armed Forces

The armed forces institutions are currently attempting to make their decision-making
processes more effective and data-driven. However, not enough research has been
done on the application of Big Data Analytics Capability (BDAC) by Malaysian armed
forces organisations for datadriven decision-making (DDDM). This conceptual study
attempts to review the body of research and the use of BDAC for efficient DDDM in
order to conceptualise a usable DDDM framework via BDAC. Therefore, the armed
forces sector must adopt BDAC for DDDM from the perspective of the data-orientation
business process in order to guarantee that the process of making an effective decision
is feasible. The advantage of doing this for the armed forces is that they will accomplish
the highest performance and create the finest plan for maintaining their relevance in the
merciless environment of the armed forces sector. The use of Resource-Based Theory
(RBT) and Sociomaterialism Theory as theoretical perspectives highlights the vital
resources for BDAC and how these resources are integrated to produce an effective
DDDM for achieving the highest performance possible for the institutions of the armed
forces. To build data-oriented business processes for DDDM, the practitioners of armed
forces institutions might leverage the most important BDAC components, such as
technology, management, and people, as imperative qualities. A standard instrument
that can be understood by all personnel in the institutions of the armed forces at all
levels can be used to materialise the design of a data-oriented business process at the
early stages of the process. The structured equation modelling (SEM) and partial least
squares (PLS), which are being examined and justified as a viable statistical approach
for the data analysis, are connected to the study technique employed in this conceptual
paper. The Malaysian Armed Forces' IT personnel are the major subjects of the probe.
Finally, the management of the Malaysian Armed Forces will be able to determine the
essential components of BDAC to carry out DDDM through data-oriented business
processes, and the outcomes will give them practical answers. The findings would give
management the information they need to formulate a strategic plan, which may be
viewed as a significant success component in setting up a productive DDDM to achieve
exceptional performance.

Keywords: Big Data Analytics; Big Data Analytics Capability; Data-Orientation Business
Process; Data-Driven Decision Making.

35

Paper No: 8512

Presenter: Ariff Md Abd Malik
Title: Social digital security: a preliminary study
on the individual factors of Malaysian small and
micro entrepreneur community towards the
digital technology adoption readiness

As a part of Malaysian Government’s transformation agenda, the digital transformation
implementation towards Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) has slowly shown the impacts
of the needs of change not only in the business and industrial sectors but also to the
society in general. This process has also been accelerated by the world uncertainty
environment, globalization, and Covid19 pandemic that force many business entities to
adopt these technologies in meeting the fast changing of society lifestyle and attitude
with regards to their business survival. Thus, it gives a lot of impacts to Malaysian small
and micro entrepreneur communities to survive in this kind of situation. Lack of capital,
lack of understanding and knowledge on the digital technologies and trust are among
the barrier factors for them to fully adopt these technologies in their business structure
and processes. In addition, the digital threats’ elements such as scammer, cyber
attacks, impersonating, fake requests, and hijacking have also influenced the adoption
efforts among these entrepreneurs. This study analyzes several individual factors such
as openness to experience, personal innovation, trust towards digital adoption
readiness among the selected small and micro entrepreneurs from several places in
Malaysia with the age range from below 20 years old to more than 50 years old. 91
respondents of this community had been collected and analyzed using SPSS 26.0. The
result shows that digital adoption readiness among the micro entrepreneurs has a
positive correlation with openness to innovation, personal innovation, and trust.
However, personal innovation is the only factor that significantly predicted and have
positive effect towards digital adoption readiness. The findings also show that
openness to experience and trust factors could not drive these micro entrepreneurs to
adopt the digital technology in their business practices.
Keywords: Social Digital Security, Openness to Experience, Personal Innovation, Trust,
Digital Adoption Readiness

36

Paper No: 8565

Presenter: Roslan Sadjirin

Title: A Proposed Framework to Improve Data
Association and Loop Closure Detection of
Slam Method for Search And Rescue
Autonomous Robot

Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and rescue of people or animals in imminent
danger. The location of search and rescue is typically determined by the type of terrain
over which the search is conducted, which may include mountain rescue, ground
search and rescue, and collapse building search and rescue caused by natural disaster
or man-made disaster. The task becomes even more difficult when the SAR area is
hazardous to the rescuer or authority due to conditions such as poisonous fumes and
radiation, high humidity, extremely high temperature, extremely high or extremely low
air pressure, or any unpleasant and dangerous surrounding environment. Search and
rescue robot concepts have been presented since the 1980s (Yue et al., 2016), and it is
now well established with a variety of techniques and methods such as the use of
multirobot SLAM for large robot teams for urban search and rescue (Sun et al., 2009),
the combination of a robust scan matching approach using Light Detection and
Ranging (LiDAR) system with a 3D attitude estimation system based on inertial sensing
to improve data association problem (Kohlbrecher et al., 2011), a real-time 3D SLAM
based on normally distributed transform (NDT) with pose graph optimization and loop
closure (Li et al., 2018), and effective rescue system based on an online multi-agent
SLAM framework (Lee et al, 2019). Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) is
a computational method and enabler that allows a robot to achieve truly autonomous
navigation by incrementally building up a consistent map in an unknown environment
and then using this map to infer its current location (Azzam et al., 2020; Bailey &
Durrant-Whyte, 2006; Carlone et al., 2011; Mahadevaswamy et al., 2020; Pei et al.,
2020). The incorporation of the SLAM method into search and rescue robots is critical
because there are situations in which humans may not be able to enter potentially
hazardous environments. In essence, the search and rescue robot should be
autonomous to keep human personnel out of potentially hazardous areas (Belter et al.,
2015). Therefore, the goal of this paper is to propose a framework to improve data
association and loop closure detection for SLAM method for search and rescue
autonomous robot by incorporating the association rules learning in the hope that it will
improve the SLAM mapping construction while reducing the time and complexity of
localization and estimation computation, and hence reduce the time for searching and
rescuing the living who require immediate attention.

37

Paper No: 8943

Presenter: Abdul Khaiyum Baharom

Title: Modification of Supacat Into Unmanned
Ground Vehicle (UGV) Using Optimized
Localization for Fleet Management System

Construction companies and system manufacturers have developed numerous
prototype systems for managing a fleet of robots. The vehicle’s electric power provides
a silent drive and silent watch capability. Modification of Alvis Supacat 6x6 into
Autonomous UGV with improves autonomous localization algorithms, for example,
providing full compliance with the army’s interoperability protocols makes the vehicle
easy to operate using a wide variety of mission kits. Imagine hundreds of autonomous
Supacat retrofitted into Combat Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) would look like
without robot missioning controllers. Due to the same mission stacking to each robot
this would be a disaster due to the robot being unable to run smoothly. This will
decrease the robot in combat performance and agility. Without working centralize
intelligence, combat robots cannot work in unison. This will disrupt the workflow and
take a longer time for the robot to execute its mission effectively. The entire fleet of
robots can run out of power at the same time, bringing everything to a grinding halt
because robots are recharging themselves all at the same time. Operator updating
mission or any map changes will be tedious and time-consuming process for each
robot. The existing method of fleeting management system in the mobile robot is the
single master system, multi-master system, and cloud robotic system. Global planner
are used in all of these generic methods in FMS responsible for generating paths for
robots between their current locations and the target destination of each robot. As for
the single master system method, is generally used in simple mobile robot
constructions such as research mobile robots for the researcher. Single master system
roscore run on one machine called the master. Other nodes in the system work in a
distributed fashion on different machines. The nodes can run anywhere on the network
except the driver nodes. For the multi-master system which is using multiple master are
introduced to cater single master problem which is running in their independent
roscore. This makes the system robust as the failure of one will not lead to the failure of
the complete system. Cloud robotic systems on the other hand solved multimaster
systems by having a cloud infrastructure to which the robot can offload computational
heavy tasks. All these existing methods have their limitations which lead to machines’
inefficiency. In response to the need to manage diverse fleets of combat robots in
military defense or any dynamic environment. This paper proposes an implementation
of optimized localization for fleet management system architecture. A generic decision-
making model for comparing conventional methods for combat vehicles with available
robots using optimized localization for combat robot performance and agility in the use
for military defense. Fleet management system modules and their interrelationships are

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presented. Logic comparison on the use of optimized robot localization concurrent is
discussed and the example implementation of fleet management system centralized
intelligence in combat UGV robot evaluation is presented. The fleet management
systems optimize robot localization, including its modules with an analysis of the
frameworks. A generic decision-making model for comparing conventional methods
with the proposed method using optimized localization. Early experiments expected to
achieve longitudinal and literal precision centimeters will be shown in the applicability of
the fleet management system. Comprehensive real-time data allowed an efficient
integration of numerical, semantic, and graphical data for FMS to be operated well as a
fleet of robots to execute missions. Additional refinement, enhancement, and testing of
the system are ongoing. Application of benefits of implementing fleet management
system in optimize robot localization in missioning for autonomous vehicles will be
included. Localization model designed for the completion of autonomous mobile
applications to achieve robust localization by synchronously fusing the data from
multiple sensors.
Keywords: Fleet Management System (FMS), Graphical User Interface (GUI),
Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV)

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Paper No: 9225

Presenter: Sofianita Mutalib
Title: Twitter Sentiment Analysis on Airlines in
Malaysia

Sentiment analysis nowadays usually uses social media sites such as Twitter to
analyze the public’s opinion on any topic. People always have things and complaints on
how the airline industry works, some may express their satisfaction, and others may
express negative sentiments related to the airline industry. Since these companies
have their own official social accounts on Twitter, people are more encouraged to
express their opinions here. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to detect
the sentiments which are positive, negative and neutral of the public towards the airline
companies such as Malaysian Airlines, Air Asia and Malindo Air. It is carried out by
performing two approaches where it uses the lexicon-based approach to label the
tweets and also the machine learning approach such as Naïve Bayes, SVM and Deep
Learning techniques to predict and compare the performance. The total tweets scraped
are 35,005 combined of all three keywords. Deep Learning achieved the highest
accuracy with 74.10% by using VADER dictionary and the percentage split of 90:10.
From the findings, Deep Learning has outperformed other classifiers as it has the
highest accuracy and also f1-score. Finally, the sentiment analysis results are then
visualized in a dashboard to have a clearer analysis of the research and AirAsia is
perceived to have the best reputation among all three airlines. For future work, the
dashboard could be integrated with a web-based dashboard so it will be publicized for
public use and not just the aviation companies.
Keywords: Aviation, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Sentiment Analysis, Twitter

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Paper No: 9560

Presenter: Rostam Yaman
Title: Modular Mobile Pool Structural & Filtration
System for Military Training & Fitness Test

Military training and periodical assessment is important in preparing a well built soldier
physically and mentally. Hence, supporting facilities and equipment are necessary in
implementing this exercises and tests. The problem in this study is lack of water-pool
facilities at medium or small military units in the country. The aim of this research is to
design and prototype a modular mobile pool for floating exercise and test for military
personnel. The study is conducted in partnership with Kor Kejuruteran DiRaja in
achieving the goals. The objectives of the study is to design, simulate, prototype and
built the modular mobile pool for military uses. The output of the study will be tested,
evaluate and appraised the workability on-site. The methodology of the study is divided
into 4 phases; 1. Content Studies & Design Profiling, 2. Digital Prototyping, Evaluation
& Testing, 3. Physical Prototyping - Materials & Method, and 4. Application &
Measurement. The significance of the study is to maximise the training of military
personnel, reduced transportation time and resources to permanent pool at main
military bases and budget expenditure saving to built permanent pool. The study also
aim to achieve SDG 17 Partnership for the Goal by bridging the gap between civilian
academia researcher with Malaysia Arm Forces. Military training and fitness test is a
continuing procedures and routines throughout all three branches of Malaysia Arm
Forces. Besides combatant exercises and others military tasking, fitness test is one of
the most important measures in assessing level of physical abilities and readiness
towards any duty calls while serving. Since training were carried out at bases and
remote field, the requirement for water-pool in conducting aquatic-based physical
training and testing. The main issue in handling this physical training and test is the
limitation of military bases that have water-pool facilities in the country besides main
Military Bases. The problems are further supported with the high-cost to build and
maintain the water pool, location of the military unit or training ground are remote and
far-away from main bases with such facilities and aquatic-based fitness ability test done
periodically which not viable to built a permanent pool of such huge cost.

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Paper No: 9901

Presenter: Yoshihide Yamada
Title: RCS Calculation and Measurement
Methods for a Scale Model Object
The radar cross section (RCS) is an important subject in the military operations. In this
presentation, fundamental equations for the RCS, a calculation method by using an
electromagnetic simulator and a measurement method are explained. As for equations,
definition of RCS, special equations for the typical structures, and radar equation are
explained. As for calculation method, fast calculation algorism at the method of moment
(MoM) scheme is explained in the case of an electromagnetic simulator FEKO. As for
measurement method, high resolution measurement by employing the time domain
function is explained. Comparisons with simulation results and measured results are
shown. Moreover, RCS measurement facility at MJIIT, UTM is explained for convenient
use at Malaysia.

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Paper No: 9902

Presenter: Mohd Shahrizan Abd Rahman
Title: US-China Rivalry In South China Sea And
Its Impact On Malaysia Maritime Interest

After the formation of The People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China went
through a significant transformation, rising to be the emerging power both in trade as
well as military. It’s provocative 9-dash line has been laid out as the basis of China’s
claim on the greater portion of SCS due to historical reasons. This is opposing to the
provision of UNCLOS which protects the interest of adjacent coastal states. This
aggressive claim has narrowed the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) of other claimant
states. Such detrimental position will jeopardize the access of the claimant states to the
oil and gas reserves as well as fishing and ocean resources. Being the non-claimant
state, the presence of the United States is pertinent to balance the assertiveness of
China in SCS. This complex and ambiguous conflict affects Malaysia’s maritime
interest in terms of maritime security, state sovereignty, geopolitics, diplomacy,
economic impact, fisheries management as well as environment which will be
systematically discussed in this article.
Keywords: Emerging Power, Coastal States, Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ),
Ambiguous Conflict, Maritime Security

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Acknowledgement

RF STATION SDN. BHD.A-2-7, Block A, Glomac
Damansara,699, Jalan Damansara,60000 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia.Office: +603 – 2712 8280 /
8281Whatsapp: +6016 – 214 8680Email Contact:
[email protected]:
[email protected]

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SDET 2022