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ANYFLIP
COMPETITION

SCIENCETICS:STEPHEN
HAWKING(STEPHEN WILLIAM HAWKING)

BORN:8 JANUARY 1942 OXFORT,ENGLAND
DIED:14 MARCH CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND

STEPHEN WILLIAM HAWKING (8 JANUARY 1942 – 14 MARCH 2018) WAS AN ENGLISH THEORETICAL PHYSICIST, COSMOLOGIST, AND
AUTHOR WHO WAS DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AT THE CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL COSMOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE AT THE TIME OF HIS DEATH.HE WAS THE LUCASIAN PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
BETWEEN 1979 AND 2009.

HAWKING WAS BORN IN OXFORD INTO A FAMILY OF DOCTORS. HE BEGAN HIS UNIVERSITY EDUCATION AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE,
OXFORD, IN OCTOBER 1959 AT THE AGE OF 17, WHERE HE RECEIVED A FIRST-CLASS BA (HONS.) DEGREE IN PHYSICS. HE BEGAN HIS
GRADUATE WORK AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE, IN OCTOBER 1962, WHERE HE OBTAINED HIS PHD DEGREE IN APPLIED
MATHEMATICS AND THEORETICAL PHYSICS, SPECIALISING IN GENERAL RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY IN MARCH 1966. IN 1963,
HAWKING WAS DIAGNOSED WITH AN EARLY-ONSET SLOW-PROGRESSING FORM OF MOTOR NEURONE DISEASE THAT GRADUALLY
PARALYSED HIM OVER THE DECADES.[20][21] AFTER THE LOSS OF HIS SPEECH, HE COMMUNICATED THROUGH A SPEECH-GENERATING
DEVICE INITIALLY THROUGH USE OF A HANDHELD SWITCH, AND EVENTUALLY BY USING A SINGLE CHEEK MUSCLE.

SECOND PAGE OF BIOGHAPY

HAWKING'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS INCLUDED A COLLABORATION WITH ROGER PENROSE ON GRAVITATIONAL SINGULARITY
THEOREMS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF GENERAL RELATIVITY AND THE THEORETICAL PREDICTION THAT BLACK HOLES EMIT
RADIATION, OFTEN CALLED HAWKING RADIATION. INITIALLY, HAWKING RADIATION WAS CONTROVERSIAL. BY THE LATE
1970S AND FOLLOWING THE PUBLICATION OF FURTHER RESEARCH, THE DISCOVERY WAS WIDELY ACCEPTED AS A
SIGNIFICANT BREAKTHROUGH IN THEORETICAL PHYSICS. HAWKING WAS THE FIRST TO SET OUT A THEORY OF
COSMOLOGY EXPLAINED BY A UNION OF THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM MECHANICS. HE WAS A
VIGOROUS SUPPORTER OF THE MANY-WORLDS INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS.[22][23]

HAWKING ACHIEVED COMMERCIAL SUCCESS WITH SEVERAL WORKS OF POPULAR SCIENCE IN WHICH HE DISCUSSED HIS
THEORIES AND COSMOLOGY IN GENERAL. HIS BOOK A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME APPEARED ON THE SUNDAY
TIMES BESTSELLER LIST FOR A RECORD-BREAKING 237 WEEKS. HAWKING WAS A FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, A
LIFETIME MEMBER OF THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, AND A RECIPIENT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL OF
FREEDOM, THE HIGHEST CIVILIAN AWARD IN THE UNITED STATES. IN 2002, HAWKING WAS RANKED NUMBER 25 IN
THE BBC'S POLL OF THE 100 GREATEST BRITONS. HE DIED ON 14 MARCH 2018 AT THE AGE OF 76, AFTER LIVING WITH
MOTOR NEURONE DISEASE FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS.

DISCOVERIES OF STEPHEN HAWKING

❖ GRAVITATIONAL SINGULARITY
❖ BLACK HOLE THERMODYNAMICS
❖ HAWKING RADIATION
❖ DAWN OF GALAXIES
❖ WAVE FUNCTION OF THE UNIVERSE

EINSTEIN’S THEORY OF GRAVITY ALLOWS SINGULARITIES – LOCATIONS IN SPACETIME
WHERE THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD OF AN ASTRONOMICAL BODY CAUSES IT TO APPEAR
INFINITELY CURVED.

ALTHOUGH THE EXISTENCE OF SINGULARITIES WAS UNCONFIRMED BUT IN THE YEAR
1970, HAWKING AND PENROSE IMPLEMENTED THE SAME THEORY TO THE ENTIRE
UNIVERSE VALIDATING THAT TIME AND UNIVERSE BEGAN FROM SUCH A SINGULARITY
COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE BIG BANG THEORY.

2)BLACK HOLE THERMODYNAMICS

THE SECOND LAW OF BLACK HOLE DYNAMICS WAS POSTULATED BY STEPHEN HAWKING.IT EXPLAINED
THAT THE TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF A BLACK HOLE COULD NEVER GET SMALLER.

HE ALSO WORKED ON THE “NO HAIR” THEOREM WHICH POSTULATES THAT BLACK HOLES CAN BE
CHARACTERIZED BY THREE PARAMETERS NAMELY, MASS, ANGULAR MOMENTUM, AND ELECTRIC
CHARGE.

PHYSICISTS MOSTLY BELIEVED THAT NOTHING COULD ESCAPE A BLACK
HOLE, BUT HAWKING USED QUANTUM THEORY TO EXPLAIN THAT BLACK
HOLES EMIT HEAT WHICH CONTINUES UNTIL THEY EXHAUST THEIR
ENERGY AND EVENTUALLY VANISH.

ALTHOUGH THIS PROCESS IS VERY SLOW AND REQUIRES TIME
EQUIVALENT TO THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE TO EVAPORATE A BLACK HOLE
OF SAME MASS SIZE AS THE SUN.

4)DAWN OF GALAXIES

The British physicist also supported the cosmological inflation which describes how the
universe expanded exponentially just after the Big Bang and gradually settled down to a
slower expansion rate.

Stephen Hawking was the first one to explain how diminutive variations at the time of
expansion may give rise to different galaxies in the universe.

IN A QUEST TO CREATE A QUANTUM THEORY OF GRAVITY, HE
COLLABORATED WITH JIM HARTLE IN THE YEAR 1983 AND
PROPOSED THE WAVE FUNCTION OF THE UNIVERSE.

THIS THEORY IS KNOWN AS THE HARTLE–HAWKING STATE. IT

SAYS THAT THE UNIVERSE HAS NO ORIGIN AND IT IS STILL USED
BY PHYSICISTS TO CALCULATE THE PROPERTIES OF THE UNIVERSE.

R.I.P STEPHEN HAWKING