Morphology Characteristics of Organisms in Kingdom Plantae & Animalia BY: BALQIS NUR ADYANI BINTI ZULHAZMI . 12V
Taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, describing, and classifying living things. This study involves all of the plants, animals, and microorganisms. Taxonomy hierarchy includes kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. In this book, only organisms from kingdom plantae and animalia will be discussed. All plants belong to the Plantae kingdom. Autotrophic, multicellular, and eukaryotic describe these organisms. The cell wall of a plant is very rigid. The pigment chlorophyll and the chloroplasts inside plants are necessary for photosynthesis to occur. Kingdom Animalia includes all animals. It is the largest kingdom compared to the others. Animals are eukaryotes. Moreover, the animals in the kingdom display a heterotrophic diet. As a subdivision of the kingdom, phylum is the next classification level. Several of the phyla of the plant kingdom (antophyta and coniferophyta) and the animal kingdom (athropoda, annelida, and mollusca) will be discussed. Meanwhile, morphology is the scientific study of organisms, including plants, animals, and bacteria, with a focus on their sizes, forms, structures, and the interactions of its parts. Introduction
KINGDOM PLANTAE
PHYLUM ANTOPHYTA
Plantae Bougainvillea glabra, also known as paper flower or lesser bougainvillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Nyctaginaceae. It is native to South America, specifically Brazil, but it is widely cultivated in many parts of the world for its beautiful and colorful flowers. Introduction to Bougainvillea glabra Antophyta Eudicots Caryophyllales KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea glabra FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
Bougainvillea glabra LEAVES Each leaf has a central longitudinal vein, with branching off-shoots FLOWER contain both male and female components makes nectar that attracts butterflies, moths and hummingbirds BRACTS Function to protect the tiny flowers that they surround Help attract pollinating insects and hummingbirds STEM Heart-shaped leaves and thorny, pubescent stems. STAMEN & PISTIL Reproductive organs of the plant ROOT Due to their habit of climbing, bougainvillaeas typically do not develop a deep root system. Morphology
The brightly coloured bracts of the bougainvillaea plant make it a stunningly colourful addition to any garden. This plant is not easily destroyed by pests and diseases. Each cluster of three flowers is surrounded by three bracts that appear like paper. Bougainvillea flowers have both male and female parts, but in order to generate seeds, they must be cross-pollinated with other Bougainvillaea flowers. Unique Characteristics of Bougainvillea glabra
The primary stage of development for angiosperms is the sporophyte (adult) stage. Bougainvillea glabra are heterosporous. That's why they create microspores, which develop into male gametophytes (pollen grains), and megaspores, which eventually result in an ovule with female gametophytes. Male gametophytes undergo meiosis within the anthers' microsporangia, producing haploid microspores that proceed through mitosis to produce pollen grains. Each pollen grain has two cells: a generative cell that divides into two sperm and a pollen tube cell. The carpel's ovule protects the megasporangium with two layers of integuments and ovary wall. Each megasporangium produces four megaspores, three small and one large, from a megasporocyte's meiosis. Life Cycle & Reproduction of Bougainvillea glabra Only the huge megaspore survive and creates the embryo sac which is the female gametophyte. The synergids are the two cells closest to the egg while the antipodals are three cells apart. There is one egg cell, two synergids ("helper" cells), three antipodal cells, and one central cell with two polar nuclei in a fully developed embryo sac. At the stigma, pollen grains release pollen tubes that go down the style and into the ovule through the micropyle. Two sperm cells are inserted in the embryo sac. A double fertilization then occurs in the ovule.
In its native range, Bougainvillea glabra can be found growing in a variety of habitats, including forest edges, riverbanks, and disturbed areas. Outside of its native range, it is commonly planted in gardens, parks, and along roadsides and buildings Bougainvillea glabra is able to grow in a range of soil types, from sandy to clayey, and it is also tolerant of drought and salt spray, making it well-suited for coastal environments. However, it does not tolerate freezing temperatures or heavy frost, and it may suffer damage or die back in these conditions. Habitat of Bougainvillea glabra
Adaptations of Bougainvillea glabra LEAVES The leaves end in drip tips, allowing the plant to quickly shed the water and avoid instability. STEMS Its stems allow it to cling to and gain support from neighbouring plants. STEMS The thorns on its stems help to prevent potential predators. BRACTS & FLOWERS In order to attract pollinators, it has developed colourful leaves (called bracts) and scented flowers.
PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA
Plantae Coniferophyta Pinopsida Araucariales Araucariaceae Araucaria heterophylla Araucaria heterophylla, commonly known as the Norfolk Island pine, is a species of coniferous tree native to Norfolk Island, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean. It is also commonly grown as an ornamental tree in other parts of the world due to its symmetrical, pyramid-shaped growth and attractive foliage. Introduction to Araucaria heterophylla KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
Araucaria heterophylla LEAVES The leaves are awl-shaped and needle-like. Upper crown leaves are the thickest and most scale-like on conifers. RPA Summer 2020 ROOT It has shallow & weak roots (intolerant of mechanical damage) FEMALE CONE It is round and covered in sharp scales. It is found on trees older than 15 years STEM The branches grow outward in a flat horizontal plane, sometimes drooping, and produce branchlets in whorls of four to seven. MALE CONE It is clustered and cylindrical in shape. It grew on trees that were more than 40 years BARK The bark is a grayish-brown colour and exfoliates in very little pieces. Morphology
Unique Characterisitics of Araucaria heterophylla APPEARANCE It is gracefully shaped like a pyramid. CONES Male and female cones can be found on different trees. ENDURANCE Mature trees can withstand droughts.
Because to its monoecious nature, the mature sporophyte (2n) will generate both seed cones and pollen cones. Each ovuliferous scale of seed cones produces two megasporangia with integuments. A megasporangium mother cell (2n) performs meiosis to produce four megaspores (n). Three of them die, but one grows into the megagametophyte through a process called mitosis. Megagametophytes produce two egg-bearing archegonia. Every microsporophyll of the pollen cone develops a microsporangium. At first, they are packed with mother cells (2n) that will later undergo meiosis to become microspores (n). These mitosis-producing microspores develop into microgametophytes with four cells (pollen). The wind carries the developed pollen grains to the cones, where the tube cell forms a pollen tube into the megagametophyte through a micropyle in the integument. When the generative cell divides, it produces sperm cells that can fertilise an egg by travelling through the pollen tube. Following fertilisation, the integument closes to create the seed coat. As it grows, the embryo consumes the megagametophyte and the megasporangium (now known as the nucellus) within the seed. After dispersal, the seed germinates and, under ideal conditions, produces a fully mature sporophyte from the embryo contained within the seed. Life Cycle & Reproduction of Araucaria heterophylla
Habitat of Araucaria heterophylla In its native range, Araucaria heterophylla grows in lowland and montane rainforest habitats, often on steep slopes or in valleys. It is able to tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy and rocky soils, and it can also grow in areas with high rainfall and humidity. Outside of its native range, Araucaria heterophylla has been widely introduced and cultivated as an ornamental tree in many parts of the world, particularly in coastal areas with mild climates. It is commonly planted in parks, gardens, and along streets, and it is often used as a decorative indoor plant as well. However, it is not cold-hardy and cannot tolerate frost or freezing temperatures.
To hold more water which helps the tree through the winter. Will not get much snow, thus keep the tree in stable Needle-like leaves Minimize water loss Waxy cuticle on epidermis Lets snow slide down the tree's branches without any difficulty Cone shape Adaptations of Araucaria heterophylla
Discussion The Kingdom Plantae, or the plant kingdom, is incredibly important to humans in many ways. Plants produce oxygen, provide food, medicine, and economic benefits, and help to maintain the health and balance of ecosystems. Without plants, life on Earth as we know it would not be possible. Next, the phylum Anthophyta, also known as the flowering plants, is incredibly important to humans in many ways. The phylum Anthophyta is an essential group of organisms that provides us with numerous benefits, from the food we eat to the medicines we rely on and the beauty of our surroundings. On the other hand, phylum Coniferophyta is an important group of plants that provides us with numerous economic, environmental, and cultural benefits. The study, conservation, and sustainable use of conifers is essential for human wellbeing and the health of the planet.
Precautions Ensure that you are using the right tools, such as a hand lens, scalpel, or tweezers, to make accurate and precise observations without damaging the plant. USE PROPER TOOLS Be gentle when handling the plant to avoid breaking or damaging any of its parts. HANDLE THE PLANT WITH CARE If you are working with plants that have harmful properties, such as poison ivy or stinging nettles, wear protective equipment, such as gloves and goggles, to avoid contact with the plant's toxic compounds. WEAR PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
CONCLUSION In conclusion, plant morphology is an essential tool for understanding the diversity of plant life and their importance to the environment and human society. By studying the physical characteristics and structures of different plant species, researchers can gain insights into their anatomy, physiology, and ecological roles. However, when conducting plant morphology studies, it is important to take necessary precautions to ensure accurate observations and minimize any potential harm to the plants being studied, as well as the observer. This includes using appropriate tools, handling plants with care, working in a clean environment, wearing protective equipment if necessary, and following ethical guidelines. Through plant morphology studies, we can develop a better understanding of the complex relationships between different plant species and their roles within their ecosystems. These insights are crucial for the conservation and management of threatened and endangered plant species and the maintenance of healthy ecosystems. 20
Refererences
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Animalia Annelida Clitellata Opisthopora Lumbricidae Lumbricus terrestris Lumbricus terrestris, commonly known as the earthworm, is a species of annelid worm found in soil around the world. Earthworms are important decomposers in soil ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and contributing to soil health. Introduction to Lumbricus terrestris KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
Lumbricus terrestris MOUTH A small opening that leads into the pharynx, a muscular tube that draws in soil and organic material for the earthworm to feed on. POSTERIOR Contains the anus and several segments that make up the worm's tail CLITELLUM Earthworms' glandular saddle or ring during maturity. ANTERIOR The part of the body that contains the sensory organs, mouth, and digestive system SETAE Many bristly hairs that aid in movement for earthworms. Morphology ANUS The anus is responsible for waste elimination (worm casts).
Earthworms are aware of light and vibration but cannot see or hear. Its streamlined body makes it easier for it to move through the ground. They are hermaphrodites. (consist both male and female reproductive organ) Mucus is secreted by earthworm that facilitates their movement through the soil. Unique characteristics of Lumbricus terrestris
A cocoon is used to shelter the eggs. There is a 14-18 day incubation period for these cocoons, after which the juveniles emerge. Juveniles transform into non-clitellate forms during this time. Eventually, after about 15 days, the clitellate (also known as the clitellum) forms. After mating, earthworms spend around 10 days in their cocoons before emerging as adult worms. Life Cycle of Lumbricus terrestris
T h e y m a t e b y f a cing o n e o t h e r i n o p p o sit e dir e c tio n s. T h e w o r m s will t h e n c r e a t e a la rge a m o u n t o f mu c u s t o aid i n t h e t r a n s p o r t o f s p e r m f r o m o n e w o r m t o t h e o t h e r , w h e r e i t will b e s t o r e d b e f o r e b eing u tili s e d t o f e r tili s e t h e eggs. Worms then depart the connection. The clitellum the n c r e a t e s a rin g o f m u c u s t h a t g o e s d o w n t h e w o r m , ga t h e rin g u p t h e s p e r m a n d eggs a n d allo wing t h e m t o fir tili z e. Reproduction of Lumbricus terrestr i s SEXUAL REPRODUCTION HERMAPHRODITES
Habitat of Lumbricus terrestris In general, Lumbricus terrestris prefers moist, well-drained soils with high organic matter content. They are often found in soil that is rich in decaying plant matter, such as leaf litter or compost, where they feed on the organic material and help to break it down. They are generally more abundant in temperate climates and are less common in arid or desert regions. They are also sensitive to soil pollution and can be negatively impacted by pesticides or other pollutants in the soil.
BURROWING It has a special organ called the clitellum, which secretes a slime that helps it burrowing without getting stuck. SEGMENTED BODY Earthworms have a segmented body, which allows them to move and burrow through soil easily. REGENERATION Earthworms are able to regenerate lost body parts. e.g. It can grow a new tail if they lost it. Adaptations of Lumbricus terrestris
PHYLUM ATHROPODA
Animalia Athropoda Diplopoda Spirobolida Trigoniulidae Trigoniulus corallinus In Malaysia, Trigoniulus corallinus is commonly found in gardens, parks, and forested areas. It is often mistaken for a centipede due to its long, segmented body and rapid movement, but is actually harmless to humans. However, it can release a defensive fluid when threatened that can cause skin irritation or discoloration. Introduction to Trigoniulus corallinus KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
Trigoniulus corallinus RPA Summer 2020 ANTENNAE It have two pairs of antennae on their head that they use to sense their environment and locate food. ANAL SEGMENT It is responsible for the excretion of waste material from its' digestive system. SEGMENTED TRUNK It have a long, cylindrical body that is divided into many segments. LEGS It have two pairs of leg that made up each segments and ends in a claw that helps it grip surfaces as it moves. HEAD The head is the front-most part of its' body, and it contains the mouth, antennae, and eyes. Morphology
Unique Characteristics & Adaptations of Trigoniulus corallinus Unlike many other millipede species which are dark in color, Trigoniulus corallinus is bright orange or reddishorange. This coloration is thought to serve as a warning to predators, indicating that the millipede is toxic or unpalatable. Coloration The secretion is from its telson, which is the modified anal segment of its body. It is thought to serve as a deterrent to predators, and may also play a role in communication or mate selection. Defensive Secretion They can form large groups or "mills". The purpose of this behavior is not fully understood, but it may serve as a defense mechanism against predators, or as a way to facilitate mating. Grouping While many millipedes can live for several years, the rusty millipede typically only lives for 6-12 months. This short lifespan is thought to be related to the species' high reproductive rate and rapid growth. This allows the species to colonize new habitats and take advantage of available resources more efficiently. Short Lifespan
Adult Stage Once the millipede reaches maturity, it can reproduce and continue the life cycle. The adult stage of Trigoniulus corallinus lasts for several years, during which time the millipede continues to molt and grow larger. The adult millipede is typically dark brown or black in color with a rust-colored underside. Life Cycle of Trigoniulus corallinus Juvenile Stage The nymph undergo several molts, shedding their exoskeletons and growing larger with each molt. During this stage, they resemble small adults but are not yet sexually mature. The juvenile stage may last for several months to a year, depending on environmental conditions. Egg Stage The female millipede lays eggs in the soil or other suitable substrate. The eggs hatch into small, worm-like larvae.
M a t i n g A d ult T rig o niulu s c o r allin u s millip e d e s e n g a g e in c o u r t s hip b e h a vio r t o fin d m a t e s. T his m a y in v olv e t h e m ale u sin g his a n t e n n a e t o d e t e c t p h e r o m o n e s r ele a s e d b y t h e f e m ale , o r t h e m ale a n d f e m ale p e r f o r min g a s e rie s o f m o v e m e n t s o r v o c aliz a tio n s t o sig n al t h eir in t e r e s t. Courtship O n c e a m ale h a s s u c c e s s f ully c o u r t e d a f e m ale , t h e y will mate. Millipedes have internal fertilization, so the male will use specialized legs called gonopods to transfer sperm to the female's reproductive tract. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Reproduction of Trigoniulus cora l l i n u s
This species is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, including forest floors, leaf litter, and other moist environments such as gardens and parks. Trigoniulus corallinus prefers habitats that are humid and well-shaded, and can often be found hiding under rocks, fallen logs, and other debris on the forest floor. They are also known to climb trees and other vegetation, where they feed on decaying plant matter and other organic material. Habitat of Trigoniulus corallinus
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Animalia Mollusca Cephalopoda Myopsida Lo Uroteuthis duvauceli liginidae Uroteuthis duvauceli, also known as the slender squid or the slender reef squid, is a species of small, predatory squid found in shallow coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are commonly found in seagrass beds, coral reefs, and sandy areas near rocky shores. Introduction to Uroteuthis duvauceli KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
Uroteuthis duvauceli FIN a pair of fins located on either side of the mantle that help it to maneuver through the water. MANTLE Body part that contains most of the internal organs, such as the reproductive and digestive systems. It is a muscular tube-shaped structure that can change shape to allow the squid to move through the water. SIPHON Siphon propels the squid through the water. TENTACLE Reproductive organs of the plant ARMS Many bristly hairs that aid in movement for earthworms. Morphology EYE They are adapted for low light conditions. They are located on either side of the head and can move independently.
Unique Characteristics of Uroteuthis duvauceli SIZE It can grow up to a maximum length of about 45 centimeters COLORATION The body of Uroteuthis duvauceli is typically reddish-brown or pinkish in color, with darker spots or patches DIET Uroteuthis duvauceli is a carnivorous predator, feeding on a variety of small fish and crustaceans.
LARVAL STAGE After hatching, the larvae emerge and swim towards the surface of the water where they feed on planktonic organisms. This stage lasts for about 1-2 months, during which the larvae undergo significant developmental changes. ADULT STAGE The final stage of the life cycle is the adult stage, which begins when the juvenile squids reach sexual maturity at around 9-12 months of age. The adult squid then mate and lay eggs, completing the life cycle. EGG STAGE The life cycle begins when adult female Uroteuthis duvauceli lay eggs in shallow waters. The eggs are laid in a gelatinous capsule and are anchored to the seafloor or any available substrate. The eggs hatch after 3-4 weeks. JUVENILE STAGE Once the larvae reach a certain size and stage of development, they transform into juvenile squids and settle in shallow coastal waters. During this stage, the juveniles grow rapidly and begin to feed on small fish and crustaceans. Life Cycle of Uroteuthis duvauceli
M A TIN G M ale a n d f e m ale s q uid c o m e t o g e t h e r t o m a t e. D u rin g m a tin g , t h e m ale s q uid t r a n s f e r s p a c k e t s o f s p e r m , c alle d s p e r m a t o p h o r e s , t o t h e f e m ale's b o d y u sin g a s p e cializ e d a r m c alle d a h e c t o c o t ylu s. FERTILIZATION T h e f e m ale s q uid s t o r e s t h e s p e r m p a c k e t s u n til s h e is r e a d y t o f e r tiliz e h e r e g g s. W h e n t h e tim e is rig h t , s h e r ele a s e s t h e s p e r m a n d f e r tiliz e s t h e e g g s in t e r n ally. EGG-LAYING A ft e r f e r tiliz a tio n , t h e f e m ale s q uid la y s h e r e g g s in a s t rin g -lik e s t r u c t u r e , c alle d a n e g g m a s s. T h e e g g m a s s is a t t a c h e d t o a h a r d s u b s t r a t e , s u c h a s r o c k s o r s e a w e e d , t o p r o t e c t t h e e g g s f r o m p r e d a t o r s. HATCHING T h e e g g s d e v elo p a n d h a t c h in t o s m all, t r a n s p a r e n t la r v a e c alle d p a r ala r v a e. T h e p a r ala r v a e a r e f r e e - s wim min g a n d f e e d o n pla n k t o n u n til t h e y a r e la r g e e n o u g h t o h u n t f o r p r e y o n t h eir o w n. Reproduction of Uroteuthis duvauceli
Uroteuthis duvauceli prefers to inhabit shallow coastal waters up to depths of around 200 meters. They are often found in areas with soft sediment or rocky substrate, and can be found in seagrass beds and coral reefs. These squid are capable of swimming at great speeds and are active predators, feeding on a variety of prey such as fish, crustaceans, and other cephalopods. Habitat of Uroteuthis duvauceli 02
CAMOUFLAGE It has the ability to change the color and texture of its skin to match its surroundings. This helps it to blend in and avoid detection by predators or prey. Adaptations of Uroteuthis duvauceli REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY It has a short lifespan and reproduces rapidly, producing large numbers of offspring. JET PROPULSION It uses a jet propulsion system to move through the water. This allows it to conserve energy and move quickly when necessary LARGE EYES It has large eyes that are adapted to see in low-light conditions, allowing it to hunt and navigate in dimly lit environments. INK DEFENSE MECHANISM When threatened, Uroteuthis duvauceli can release a cloud of ink into the water, which acts as a smokescreen to confuse predators and allow the squid to escape. RAPID MOVEMENT It has a highly developed muscular system that allows it to move quickly and maneuver easily in the water. This helps it to avoid predators and catch prey.
Discussion The Kingdom Animalia, or the animal kingdom, is incredibly important to humans in many ways such as food production, medicine, economic benefits, ecological services companionship and culture. The phylum Annelida is an important group of organisms that includes various types of segmented worms the phylum Annelida is an important group of organisms that provides us with many benefits, from improving soil health to medical applications and research. The phylum Arthropoda and Mollusca is a diverse group of organisms that includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other types of arthropods for phylum athropoda and organisms that includes snails, clams, squid, octopuses, and other types of mollusks for phylum mollusca. It is important to us in agriculture, human health, ecological services, biodiversity and economic benefits. The study, conservation, and sustainable use of kingdom animalia is essential for human well-being and the health of the planet.
Precautions Handle animals gently to avoid causing any harm or distress. Use appropriate tools, such as nets or forceps, to handle the animal as necessary. HANDLE ANIMALS WITH CARE Minimize any stress to the animal by keeping it in a calm environment and minimizing the amount of time it is handled. If necessary, sedate the animal to reduce stress and ensure accurate observations. MINIMIZE STRESS If necessary, wear protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and masks to protect against any potential hazards, such as bites or scratches, or exposure to toxins. WEAR PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Refererences
CONCLUSION In conclusion, animal morphology is a critical tool for studying and understanding the diversity of animal life. By carefully observing the physical characteristics and structures of different animal species, researchers can gain insights into their anatomy, physiology, and ecological roles. However, it is essential to take necessary precautions when conducting animal morphology studies to ensure accurate observations and minimize any potential harm to the animals being studied, as well as the observer. This includes using appropriate tools, handling animals with care, working in a clean environment, wearing protective equipment if necessary, and following ethical guidelines. Through animal morphology studies, we can develop a better understanding of the complex relationships between different animal species and their roles within their ecosystems. These insights are crucial for the conservation and management of threatened and endangered species and the maintenance of healthy ecosystems. 20