INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT TITLE: SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA AND SINGAPORE GMJT3113 ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATION (GROUP A) SEMESTER I 2023/2024 (A231) PREPARED BY: NUR ADJRINI FASYA BINTI MUHAMAD NAZRI. NO.MATRIC: 290019 BACHELOR OF DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PREPARED TO: DR.NORANIDA BINTI MOKTHSIM
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Opinion Of Issue ...................................................................................... 2 Water Pollution In Indonesia ...................................................................... 3 Shortage Of Water Resources During Dry Season In Indonesia .............. 4 Re-use Of Wastewater In Singapore ............................................................ 5 NEWater Singapore ................................................................................. 6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 7 REFERENCE ................................................................................................. 8 TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENT PAGES
INTRODUCTION In the discussion of sustainable resource management in ASEAN, there are two ASEAN countries that the author chose which is Indonesia and Singapore. The author has decided to talk about water as a natural resource, one of the components of the environment. Sustainable water management in Indonesia and Singapore involves the effective and efficient utilization of water resources to meet the current and future needs of their populations while also ensuring the long-term sustainability of their water systems. In Indonesia, sustainable water management efforts include the implementation of water conservation measures, the development of water infrastructure and technologies to maximize water use efficiency, the protection and restoration of water ecosystems, and the promotion of community participation in water management decisions. This includes investing in water supply infrastructure, wastewater treatment plants, and rainwater harvesting systems, as well as conducting public awareness campaigns to promote water conservation and efficient water use. According to the Directorate of Water Resources (2020), Indonesia has a wealth of natural resources, one of which is water resources. The fifth water resource in the world with the potential of rainwater reaching 7 trillion and even more than that amount. Sustainable water resources are important for human life and natural sustainability in Indonesia. Rivers, lakes, groundwater, coastal areas and rainfall are examples of natural water sources. 1 Meanwhile, Singapore has a limited supply of freshwater and relies on four sources for its water supply local catchment, imported water, reclaimed water, and desalinated water. The country has invested heavily in water infrastructure and technology to ensure a sustainable water supply for its residents. The government also promotes water conservation and efficient use of water resources. The country being a small island nation with limited freshwater resources, has implemented advanced water management strategies to ensure long-term sustainability. This includes investing in water technology such as desalination and water recycling, launching water conservation programs, implementing water pricing mechanisms to incentivize efficient water use, and developing comprehensive water catchment and drainage plans to manage water runoff effectively. Both countries are also investing in research and innovation to develop new, sustainable water management solutions, as well as strengthening governance and regulatory frameworks to ensure effective water resource management. Sustainable water management in Indonesia and Singapore focuses on balancing economic, social, and environmental needs while ensuring the efficient and equitable use of water resources for current and future generations. These efforts are essential to address the challenges of increasing, and water scarcity in urban and rural areas.
OPINION OF ISSUE 2 Sustainability of water resources is a critical issue that requires significant attention and action. The world's population is growing, putting extra pressure on limited water supply. It is important for us to manage water resources so that future generations have access to clean and safe water. On sustainable water sources, some critical issues must be addressed. This includes protection and preservation of natural water resources such as rivers, lakes, and wetlands, as well as reducing pollution and water consumption excessively. As a result, the two Asean countries are elected namely Indonesia and Singapore have problems with sustainable water resource management issues so the governments even have to help address the issue. Efforts should be directed towards promoting water conservation, investing in water infrastructure, and formulating policies and regulations that protect and conserve water resources. Overall, sustainable water sources are important for human well-being and the environment, and it is important for us to take proactive steps to ensure long-term availability and water quality for future generations.
WATER POLLUTION IN INDONESIA Water pollution is a major environmental issue in Indonesia caused by human hands (Puspitasari, 2009) with various sources contributing to the deterioration of water quality throughout the country. Indonesia's rapid industrialization and urbanisation have resulted in increased pollution discharge into rivers, lakes, and coastal areas. Untreated industrial and domestic wastewater discharge is a major source of water pollution in Indonesia. Many industrial facilities, particularly those in the textile, mining, and manufacturing sectors, discharge heavy metals, chemicals, and other harmful substances into bodies of water. Furthermore, insufficient sewage treatment in urban areas has resulted in the discharge of untreated sewage into rivers and coastal waters. Agriculture also contributes to water pollution in Indonesia, as the widespread use of pesticides, fertilisers, and animal waste can contaminate water bodies with harmful chemicals and pathogens. Deforestation and land clearing practises have also caused soil erosion, which has resulted in the sedimentation of rivers and lakes. Water pollution has a significant impact in Indonesia, causing water quality degradation, biodiversity loss, and threats to public health. Communities that rely on contaminated water sources for drinking, fishing, and farming are especially vulnerable. 3
SHORTAGE OF WATER RESOURCES DURING DRY SEASON IN INDONESIA . 4 Indonesia experiences a shortage of water resources during the dry season due to a combination of factors including seasonal rainfall patterns, increasing demand for water, and inadequate infrastructure for water management (Arifin, 2003). Firstly, Indonesia's dry season typically occurs between May and September, and during this time, rainfall is significantly reduced, leading to a depletion of water resources. This especially impacts agricultural activities, as crops require adequate water for growth and development. Secondly, as Indonesia's population continues to grow, there is an increasing demand for water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. This puts pressure on the limited water resources available, exacerbating the shortage during the dry season. Furthermore, the country's infrastructure for water management, such as dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems, may not be sufficient to effectively store and distribute water during the dry season. This can further contribute to the shortage of water resources in certain regions. The shortage of water resources during the dry season in Indonesia poses significant challenges for the country, including impacts on agriculture, water supply for communities, and the environment. Addressing this issue requires a combination of measures, such as improving water infrastructure, implementing water conservation practices, and developing sustainable water management strategies to ensure the availability of water resources during the dry season.
RE-USE OF WASTEWATER IN SINGAPORE 5 Singapore is a small island nation with limited freshwater resources, so the government has been taking initiatives to provide a sustainable water supply for the population. One such initiative is the re-use of wastewater as a source of freshwater. The Master Plan drawn up in 1972 identified water reclamation and desalination as an alternative to reduce dependence on imported water from Malaysia In the early 2000s, Singapore launched the NEWater program, which treats and purifies wastewater to ultra- high-quality standards, making it safe for human consumption. This treated water is then used for industrial processes, air conditioning, and even for drinking. To raise public awareness and confidence in the safety of NEWater, the government organized public tours of the water treatment plants, showcasing the advanced technology and rigorous testing processes that ensure the quality of the water. The program was a success, and today, around 40% of Singapore's water demand is met by NEWater. The success of the NEWater program has also led to other sustainable water management practices in Singapore, such as rainwater harvesting and desalination. This multi-pronged approach has allowed Singapore to achieve water self-sufficiency, even in the face of drought and climate change. The re-use of wastewater in Singapore is a testament to the country's commitment to sustainability and innovation. It has not only helped to secure a reliable water supply for the nation but has also set an example for other countries facing similar water challenges.
NEWater SINGAPORE Singapore has a limited supply of freshwater and relies on four sources for its water supply: local catchment, imported water, reclaimed water, and desalinated water. The country has invested heavily in water infrastructure and technology to ensure a sustainable water supply for its residents. The government also promotes water conservation and efficient use of water resources. On November 27, 2002, the Fatwa Committee of Malaysia's National Council for Islamic Religious Affairs held its 53rd session and discussed the use of new water (newater). Muzakarah has determined that the new Newater water is clean and should be used in accordance with Islamic law. When impurity-affected water is treated by separating the impurities from it, the water becomes pure again. Recycling water is an efficient and environmentally friendly method of managing water supply. Singapore has long relied on water resources from Johor; however, as Singapore has grown into a developed and modern country, it has taken steps to produce its own water resources. Singapore's action is motivated by strategic security concerns, as it cannot rely on Malaysian water sources indefinitely. Singapore's new water (Newater) is created through a process of restoration and strict cleaning of the sewage water supply using dual membrane technology. Microfiltration (Microfiltration), reverse osmosis (Reverse Osmosis), and Ultra-violet Radiation technology Disinfection (Ultraviolet light disinfection technologies) are the three main processes used to produce Newater. 6
CONCLUSION In conclusion, sustainable resource management plays a very important role in ensuring the responsible and wise use of natural resources. Sustainable resource management refers to practices and processes that manage natural resources and human resources effectively, fairly, and as a necessity to ensure the sustainability of these resources for future generations. It involves environmental, economic, and social management to achieve a balance between current needs and future needs. Sustainable resource management involves several aspects including land use planning, water management, sustainable development, efficient energy use, and biodiversity conservation. It also involves managing human resources by ensuring that the needs of current and future generations are secured. The importance of sustainable resource management is because the environment and resources are increasingly threatened as a result of uncontrolled human activities. Therefore, sustainable resource management is key in ensuring environmental sustainability and human well-being in the future. 7
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