Tunku Abdul Rahman Dilemma: The Separation of Singapore

Mohd Afendi Haji Daud
Nuratikah Suhaini

WARNING

No part of the illustrated articles and
contents of this e-book may be reproduced
in any form or by any means, electronic,
photocopying, mechanical, recording
or otherwise, without the prior written

permission of the author this e-book.

NO PUBLISHER

1
i

SENDIRI MADE

Ketua Projek Mohd Afendi Haji Daud
Editor Bahasa Nuratikah Suhaini
Pruf Bahasa Nuratikah Suhaini
PenulisPereka Mohd Afendi Haji Daud
Grafik Mohf Afendi Haji Daud
Illustrasi Mohd Afendi Haji Daud

Tunku Abdul Rahman

Dilemma
The Separation of Singapore

Cetakan Pertama 2021

©Hak Cipta Terpelihara. Tidak dibenarkan mengeluar ulang mana-mana bahagian artikel,
illustrasi dan isi kandungan buku ini dalam apa juga bentuk dan dengan cara apa jua sama

ada secara elektronik, fotokopi, mekanik, rakaman atau cara lain sebelum mendapat izin
bertulis dari penerbit buku ini.

ii

ISI KANDUNGAN

Abstract 1
Introduction 2
Reasons For Singapore's Separation 6
Singapore's Separation 12
Malaysia's Relationship With Britain 15
Conclusion 17

iii

WORDS OFTHE AUTHOR

I am thankful to Allah S.W.T for HIS help and grace, I
was able to write a work entitled Tunku Abdul Rahman
Dilemma: Separation of the Singapore. This e-book
reveals a little about the reasons and why Singapore was
eliminated from Malaysia. This e-book, can further
enliven the reading material related to the history of
Malaysia, especially to the new generation.

Mohd Afendi Haji Daud

iv

Abstract

The separation of Singapore closely related with
Tunku Abdul Rahman as an important decision for
the country. It is controversial and there are various
opinions on whether pro or contra with Tunku's
decision to separate Singapore from Malaysia.
Tunku has to face opposition from UMNO itself who
is dissatisfied with Tunku's actions which they
alleged that the decision has not been brought
beforehand. The decision was rushed and surprised
many people and the British was not informed.
Tunku has to make a decision whether separating
Singapore or confronting Lee Kuan Yew who
continues to urge Tunku to give equal rights to all
Malaysians and is based on the slogan "Malaysia-
Malaysian". Lee Kuan Yew wanted status and equal
rights with Malays in Peninsular Malaysia. For Tunku,
it is necessary to defend the special rights of the
Malays for ensuring the future of the Malays. Tunku
has chosen to secure the position of the Malays by
separating Singapore from Malaysia. Lee Kuan Yew's
threats and requests are also dismissed when
Singapore is separated.

Keywords: Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysian
Malaysia, People Action Party, Lee Kuan Yew

1

Introduction

Old issues that have been forgotten by the two

countries and the relationship between both
countries continued with good, though some issues
arise. The two countries have united in the past but
still leave a deep nostalgia and become a nightmare
to the past leaders. The two countries have a lot in
common but still cannot survive. This article
discusses again the causes of the separation of
Singapore from Malaysia.

The merge of Malaya with Singapore began with
the formation of Malaysia and opened the door to
race relations between both countries. Historical ties
have existed between the two countries as well as
the brotherhood between Malaysia and Singapore
citizens. However, political differences between the
two leaders have separated the two countries till
today. Many researchers argue that the separation of
Singapore is due to the arrogance of Singapore which
has challenged the patience of Malaysian leaders
especially Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Razak, Tun
Tan Siew Sin, and many more.

Singapore does not respect Peninsular Malaysia
as the head and the federal government of Malaysia
and does not adopt an attitude of concern for
consensus and deliberation. Singapore is more
insisting and stressing to the federal government
with various issues, especially on an equal position.
Singapore is a former British colony administered
under the laws of the Straits Settlements. After
World War II, the British Colonial Office in London
had decided to release Singapore to the local
government due to unfavorable economic
conditions. The status of self-government was given
by the British to Singapore in 1958. Then in 1959 the

2

elections in Singapore were held for the first time.
People's Action Party (PAP) under the leadership of
Lee Kuan Yew has won Singapore's first election by
securing 43 out of 51 contested seats. This victory
has appointed Lee Kuan Yew as the first Singapore
Prime Minister.

Tunku initially was not interested in the
proposal to merge Singapore but the British
continued to urge Tunku to accept Singapore as part
of Malaysia. The British rested the conditions for
releasing Sarawak and North Borneo (Sabah) to
Tunku, he was forced to accept Singapore as well
(Abdullah Ahmad, 1980:101).

Looking at the position of the Chinese who are
the majority in Singapore and this will affect the
special position of the Malays. Likewise, he worried
about the communist influence in Singapore will
spread widely in Malaya. Tunku did not agree with
Malaya's proposal to merge with Singapore because
of the occurrence of a situation that threatens the
peace and stability of Malaya but changes his stand
when he finds “…they might link up with the
communist countries…” (Parliament‟s Debate, Dewan
Ra‟ayat, Vol. III, No. 25, 11 January, 1962:2647-2648).
In addition,

Tunku has his political agenda and supports the
involvement of Singapore (Albert Lau, 1998:281) in
the establishment of Malaysia. Said Zahari is a
journalist who has been jailed under the Internal
Security Act in Singapore for 17 years seeing the
establishment of Malaya by involving Singapore is a
political agenda of Lee Kuan Yew and the British in
dealing with internal problems in Singapore (Berita
Minggu, 9 December 2007:12). Lee Kuan Yew has his
political agenda in an uncertain state and requires
the establishment of Malaysia to save his position as
a leader who is still accepted by Singaporeans.

3

Similarly, the party led by him, the People Action
Party (PAP) from the defeat in the 1963 elections.
The party which encountered the disunity has led to
the formation of a new political party known as
the Barisan Sosialis (Ibid.:24-25).

The emergence of two figures that can compete
and hit Lee Kuan Yew's position are Lim Chin Siong
and Dr. Lee Siew Choh who lead the Barisan Sosialis.
They also get big support from Singaporeans (Nik
Anuar Nik Mahmud, 2009:32). The British view that
the political atmosphere in Singapore is threatening
as it is likely that Lee Kuan Yew and the PAP party
will be defeated and they will lose influence over
Singapore (Berita Harian, August 31, 2007:6). The
establishment of Malaysia indirectly gave Lee Kuan
Yew an advantage to strengthen his position in
Singapore's political arena (Albert Lau, 1998:293).

Tunku has taken advantage of Malaysia's
establishment with the condition that Malaysia's
merging with Singapore can occur if the left-wing
community in Singapore is regarded as a socialist
and pro-communist being imprisoned first. It is an
attempt to restrict the socialist and pro-communist
elements of entering and spreading in Malaya (Berita
Minggu, 9 December 2007:12). Tunku's request was
agreed upon by the British and Lee Kuan Yew who
took seriously the new political developments in
Singapore. The political scenario in Singapore
requires drastic intervention for crippling the leftist
party movement.

The British and Lee Kuan Yew have launched an
operation known as the Cold Store (Nik Anuar Nik
Mahmud, 2009:53-56). The operation was launched
on 2 February 1963 and has managed to get rid of all
leftist leaders in Singapore either from political
parties, Trade Unions, and Student Unions. This has
strengthened the position of the PAP party as there

4

is no further strong opposition from the leftist
group (Berita Minggu, 9 December 2007:12).

5

Reasons for Singapore's separation

The concept of 'Malaysian Malaysia' is often voiced
by Lee Kuan Yew who fights for equal rights between
every Malaysian citizen regardless of race and
religion. Lee Kuan Yew argued that Malaysia would
be more advanced if Tunku Abdul Rahman not only
emphasized the interest of the Malays only and
allowed the Chinese and Indians to join the country's
administrative system (Straits Times Press,
2013:161).

Lee Kuan Yew seeks the implementation of the
'Malaysian Malaysia' concept and this is his attempt
to challenge one of the provisions in the Malaysian
Agreement to state the special position of the Malays
and Bumiputera in North Borneo (Paridah Abdul
Samad, 1988:41). Albert Lau (1998:17) seeing Lee
Kuan Yew's action is due to wanting to be equally
equal between the federal government and the
states. The UMNO party views that Lee Kuan Yew has
challenged the position of the Malays (Nik Anuar Nik
Mahmud, 2009:72-75).

Tunku thinks Lee Kuan Yew has defaulted on
the promise made to Tunku before the
establishment of Malaysia. Tunku stated: '... he
promised to observe and respect Malay right
enshrined in the constitution.' (J. S. Solomon,
(edited), 1984:57). According to Lee Kuan Yew, after
the formation of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman
wanted him not to intervene in the affairs of the
Malays. The majority of the Malay population is
regarded as Malay. Lee Kuan Yew is not allowed to
visit the area. He cannot accept the terms because
the constitution does not specify Malaysia as 'Malay
Malaysia' but as 'Malaysian Malaysia' (Straits Times
Press, 2013:160).

6

Lee Kuan Yew insisted on creating a „Malaysian
Malaysia‟ and not a 'Malay Malaysia' (Mohd Guntur
Sadali and Jamaliah Mohd Hassan, (editor), 2001:6).
Tunku thinks: “…but before he talked about
Malaysian Malaysia. It was a very dangerous
statement to make; it was a very provoking
statement to make because it tended to break racial
harmony and antagonize one race against the other.”
(Abdullah Ahmad, 1985:101). His efforts to gain
support in the parliamentary conference in May 1965
failed. Next, he acted by intensifying „Malaysian
Malaysia‟ campaign inside and outside the country.
During his campaign, he illustrated the injustice in
the merger with Malaya because the Chinese were
not given fair treatment (Tunku Abdul Rahman,
2011:119).

Lee Kuan Yew has acted more aggressively by
suggesting an Alternative Consensus (Zainuddin
Maidin, 2004: 85). He expressed his wish at a speech
at Balai Rakyat Delta, Singapore, and his speech was
published by the Straits Times as the headline on
June 1, 1965 (Ibid, 121). Lee Kuan Yew has called for
Sarawak, Sabah, Malacca, and Penang to unite in
making decisions whether „Malaysian Malaysia‟ was
created if there was an unlawful act taken to prevent
„Malaysian Malaysia‟. His actions are a threat to split
the Malaysian citizen. However, Lee Kuan Yew's
efforts to influence Sarawak, Sabah, Malacca, and
Penang were unsuccessful (Tunku Abdul Rahman,
2011:121-122).

Tunku gave his views on Lee Kuan Yew: “I
simply could no longer work with nor trust Lee Kuan
Yew.” Tunku no longer believes Lee Kuan Yew in his
attitude of trying to fool Malaysians and Singapore
by playing „Malaysian Malaysia‟ sentiment. The
issues of the privilege of the Malays were also raised
to cause dissatisfaction among other races,

7

especially the Chinese against the Malays. Lee Kuan
Yew has challenged the patience of the Malays,
especially among UMNO leaders. They wanted harsh
action taken against Lee Kuan Yew. Tunku did not
allow UMNO leaders to take harsh action against Lee
Kuan Yew because the British would not agree with
Tunku's actions. They are more supportive of Lee
Kuan Yew (Abdullah Ahmad, 1985:103). Various
issues were brought by Lee Kuan Yew to get people's
support to fight Tunku and get equal rights as the
Malays.

Tunku had to take immediate action to avoid any
bad incidents. The „Malaysian Malaysia‟ slogan by Lee
Kuan Yew has an impact that can split Malaysians
with Singaporeans and the multi-racial life of the
people will no longer be harmonious. The chaos and
riots of the races can threaten the stability of the
country and the inter-racial situation is always tense.
Khoo Kay Kim said Lee Kuan Yew's dissatisfaction
caused political tensions and racial riots in
Singapore (Albert Lau, 1998:161-199). The racial
riots in Singapore have threatened the safety and
security of Malaya The day before the riots, Syed
Albar spoke at an assembly of Malays by giving
speeches that fueled the Malays:

We have the last strength we can
count on. We are weak in all areas.
We are economically weak. We are
weak in education. However, we still
have the last weapon and strength
that we can use by imposing
pressure on others to recognize our
existence and our presence, on this
island of Singapore. This weapon is
none other than our unity ... with
this unity, we will save our people,

8

we will improve ourselves. ... if this
unity continues, by the will of God, I
tell you, no power on earth can
trample us, no power that despises
us (Sopiee, M.N. 1974).

Tunku decided to separate Singapore from
Malaysia so racial riots did not spread to Malaya
(Berita Harian, 31 August, 2007:5). The separation of
Singapore is something that Tunku needs to do when
looking at the speed of the Chinese population of
Singapore and „Malay Malaysians‟. The Chinese
population of Singapore about two million can
drown „Malay Malaysians‟ and become dominant and
majority to Malaysia. This position can undermine
the position of the Malays and Lee Kuan Yew will
succeed to make „Malaysian Malaysia‟. Having long
been patient with Lee Kuan Yew's inadequacy who
still did not want to give up has caused Tunku to feel
confident with his decision to get rid of Singapore:
“Yes, entirely mine, and if there is any blame, I
accept it. But in my mind, deep in my heart, that was
the correct policy.” (Abdullah, 1985:97).

Lee Kuan Yew's strategy is to take over the role
and influence of the Malayan Chinese Association
(MCA) in the „Perikatan‟ party as MCA is unable to
fight Chinese rights in Malaysia. After winning the
elections in Singapore in 1963, the PAP urged Tunku
Abdul Rahman to nominate one of the two Federal
Senator posts among Singaporean leaders. The
proposal is a PAP strategy to widen the PAP's
influence as a Chinese representative and attempt to
get rid of MCA from the Parti Perikatan by labeling
MCA as a non-functioning political struggle partner.
However, the PAP effort failed (N. Ganesan, 2005:32).

Lee Kuan Yew began taking steps to challenge
the influence of „Perikatan‟, especially MCA in

9

Malaysian politics. The PAP rejected „Perikatan‟ entry
into Singapore before Malaysia was set up even
though democracy was an election practice. During
the early stages of the establishment of „Parti
Perikatan Malaysia‟ in Singapore branch supported
by the central of „Perikatan‟ has received a severe
defeat in the Singapore elections. The inclusion of
„Perikatan‟ in Singapore is considered a challenge to
the influence of PAP. In the 1964 Federal election,
PAP had contested against MCA and won only one
seat, it was won by former Lee Kuan Yew Press
Secretary, Lim Kit Siang. The PAP saw it as a sign of
PAP's political dignity victory and had the
opportunity to replace MCA as a Chinese party in
Malaysia. Tunku and „Perikatan‟, especially MCA
assume that these efforts can affect the pattern and
mood of the coming election.

In addition, some issues add tension between
the federal government and Singapore. Singapore
wants freedom from Malaysia concerning financial
affairs, internal defense, and administration.
Singapore wants to get the most profit from its
membership in Malaysia by pushing for a common
market to facilitate industrial products disseminated
throughout Malaysia. When the British dismissed the
import of Singapore cloth to Hong Kong, they had
blamed the federal government.

The Minister of Finance of Malaysia Tun Tan
Siew Sin then introduced two new types of taxes on
industrial products to overcome Malaysia's deficit
was rejected by Singaporean businessmen and Tun
Tan Siew Sin closing the Bank of China in Singapore
was regarded as a central government intervention
state power.

Likewise, Malaysia's policy of boycotting goods
from South Africa against the Apartheid Policy was
also not well received by Singapore traders (Straits

10

Times, November 28, 1964). A relatively critical issue
before joining Malaysia, Singapore agrees with
Malaysia's request to provide its 40 percent income
to the federal government. After joining Malaysia,
Singapore began to clarify the percentage of the
allocation by recommending it to 37 percent only.
This request was not accepted by Malaysia. Lim Kin
Sam, Singapore's Finance Minister, said Singapore
was only able to afford 37 percent to maintain the
revenue ratio for Singapore's development.

The Borneo region needs assistance from the
federal government for the development of the
region. It was the responsibility of the rich state to
help the poor and agreed with states in London in
June 1962. Singapore had taken a stance not to help
the central finances to finance the development of
Sabah and Sarawak. This has been contrary to the
spirit of friendship as a state in the Federation
(Suhaimi Abdan and Nordin Hussin, 2011:125).

11

Singapore's separation

Tunku stated that “When facing this dilemma, I
found that only two choices lay before me. One takes
positive action against Mr. Lee Kuan Yew and two,
break with Singapore and save the nation from a
bloodbath.” (Tunku Abdul Rahman:127). Ghazali
Shafie saw Singapore's separation from Malaysia as a
good thing by saying: “However I believe most
sincerely that a major racial conflagration had been
averted and May 13, 1969 could have been worse
and more difficult to mend.” (The New Straits Times,
25 Oct. 1999:5).

Tunku took action by separating Singapore from
Malaysia on June 29, 1965, after looking at current
developments and also getting views and consents
from some of the senior and trusted by Tunku (Ibid.,
Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, 2005:67). After Tunku
decided to separate Singapore from Malaysia, he just
asked Tun Abdul Razak's views, Tun Dr. Ismail, Tun
Tan Siew Sin, and V. T. Sambanthan. After getting
their consent, Tunku instructed Tun Razak to hold a
cabinet meeting to discuss the decision he had taken
to get rid of Singapore from Malaysia and Tunku also
ordered Tun Razak to meet Lee Kuan Yew to give his
last chance but this effort cannot resolve and find a
dead end.

On July 26, 1965, Tun Razak met again with Lee
Kuan Yew and his stand was still the same. On
August 6, Tunku had discussed with several cabinet
ministers and on August 8, 1965, Tunku had chaired
the meeting of the Supreme Council of „Parti
Perikatan‟ with a final decision being taken to
separate Singapore from Malaysia (Asrizal Mohamed
Radzi and Ahmad Shah Pakeer, 2012:94). Tunku
continued to instruct Tun Abdul Razak to bring
Singapore's separatist proposal in parliament

12

(Abdullah Ahmad, 1985:1). Tunku took this decision
without referring to Agong and the Malay Rulers
Council. Ghazali Shafie argues that the decision
taken surprised is because it needs to be taken
immediately and is very confidential (The New Straits
Times, Oct. 25, 1999:5).

A proposed constitution of Malaysia (Singapore
Amendment) Bill 1965 was submitted by Malaysian
Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak at Dewan
Rakyat Malaysia on 9 August 1965 at 10 am. Tunku
made the first reading and debate was made. The
debate ended at 1:30 pm. Then sent to the Dewan
Negara which passed the bill at 4:30 pm (Mubin
Sheppard, 1987:68, Zainuddin Maidin, 2004:89).
When the bill was submitted to His Majesty of Agong
on the same day and was approved by Agong.
Legally Singapore has been separated from Malaysia
(Ramlah Adam, 2008:405).

Tunku has announced the decision taken by
Malaysia to separate Singapore from Malaysia on
August 9, 1965 (Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud, 2009:189,
Ramlah Adam, 2008:405). The decision taken by
Tunku caused Lee Kuan Yew to feel sad and cry in
front of journalists for twenty minutes (Zainuddin
Maidin, 2004:91). Lee Kuan Yew states: "Separation!
What I fought for so long is now being disbanded.
Why? And why so suddenly? "(Lee Kuan Yew,
1998:13). In fact, in 1958 Tunku disagreed with the
proposed merger with Singapore (Albert Lau,
1998:11). Initially, Tunku accepted Singapore merged
to restraint communist influence in Singapore.

Once the problem is over and Singapore's better
position, Tunku gets rid of Singapore. Ghazali Shafie
states: "He [Tunku] could not see any further
advantage of keeping Singapore in Malaysia." (The
New Straits Times, 25 Oct. 1999:5). For Lee Kuan
Yew, Singapore needs to be together in Malaysia. Lee

13

Kuan Yew states: "Every time we look back at the
moment, we signed this document it is for us a
moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of
anguish. All my life, my whole adult life, I have
believed in merger and unity of the two territories ...
I broke everything we stood for." (Mohamed Noordin
Sopiee, 2005:212).

The separation of Singapore from Malaysia has
become a major trauma in Lee Kuan Yew's life. He
felt sad that the separation was something he could
not expect. Lee continued to blame Tunku's actions
by saying: "Tunku's idea, Tunku wanted Singapore to
go alone." (The New Straits Times, June 9, 1989:4). In
a series of interviews 'Omnimbus', Lee Kuan Yew
with British Broadcast Corporation (BBC)
representative, Geoffrey Stern recorded at Lee's
official residence on May 10, 1989, and aired on June
8, 1989).

14

Malaysia's relationship with Britain

On August 11, 1965, Tunku sent a message to
Britain's Prime Minister, Harold Wilson to apologize
for separating Singapore from Malaysia and had
done the separation without referring to the British
for their view before (Mubin Sheppard, 1987:67). To
maintain good relations with Britain, Tunku had no
choice and had to report the separation of Singapore
to Britain. Malaysia is facing Indonesia's actions that
have launched a convergence on Malaysia and a
security threat from communist guerrilla warfare.
This situation needs the help of the British to
prevent Malaysia from falling to Indonesia and the
communists.

The British are more in favor of Singapore and
Tunku knows behind Lee Kuan Yew is the British.
There is an organization known as the Internal
Security Council comprising Britain, Malaysia, and
Singapore. Any Malaysian action against Singapore
requires prior approval from the British. Although
there are suggestions and insistence on UMNO
members to arrest Lee Kuan Yew, declaring an
emergency and controlling Singapore cannot be done
as the British will intervene in preventing the
proposal (Zainuddin Maidin, 2004:90). The British
were worried about Tunku's actions overturning
them and the cause of Malaysia's relationship with
Britain was tough. Tunku's actions have drawn a
good relationship between Malaysia and Britain.
Although Tunku was known as a pro-British (Rusdi
Asrar, et al., 2008:19).

When Tunku separates Singapore from Malaysia,
it indirectly gave Singapore back its independence.
Tunku did not negotiate with the British in the
matter of separation from Singapore and did not
involve and refer to Britain. He has taken drastic

15

measures and shocked Britain not expecting Tunku
to separate Singapore from Malaysia. This action was
taken as Tunku did not want the British to interfere
in the problems faced by Malaysia with Britain and
would also result in Singapore's separation being
blocked by the British. This was explained by
Noordin Sopiee: "Tunku is the off opinion that had
the British Government been informed of the
decision to break, Whitehall would have not gone
alone with it and could have been in a position to
frustrate the separation." (Mohamed Noordin Sopiee,
2005:211).

Tunku had given a surprise to the British and
the act had caused the British to think that the
Malaysian side had abandoned them for not first
asking for their views or discussions before deciding
to get rid of Singapore from Malaysia (Albert Lau,
1998:220). The separation of Singapore has caused
Singapore's uncertain future to look bleak and Lee
Kuan Yew feels optimistic about Singapore's future.
Lee states: "My colleagues and I are sane, rational
people even in our moments of anguish." (Albert Lau,
1998:294).

16

Conclusion

The decision to separate Singapore has caused
Tunku Abdul Rahman to deal with UMNO's internal
problems that disagree with Tunku's actions. Tunku
faced pressure from Lee Kuan Yew who urged him
and PAP to be permitted to intervene in politics in
Malaysia. PAP is trying to compete with the Alliance
party. It is a threat to the „Perikatan‟ party in the face
of Lee Kuan Yew's desire to Malaysia for Malaysians
by not taking into account the privilege of the
Malays. Tunku Abdul Rahman's action to get rid of
Singapore from Malaysia is a dilemma as it is seen to
drive the peace and order of Malaysians and
Singaporeans.

Singapore's separation action is deemed to be a
"thorn in the meat" to ensure the harmony, security,
and unity of Malaysians are guaranteed. There is an
opinion that disagrees with Tunku's actions. Many
believe that Tunku can make a more effective
strategy than to release a state that is so important
and very strategic to history and economy. This has
made a regret for them, especially the Malay
opposition parties who want Singapore with
Peninsular Malaysia. It turns out, the move to get rid
of Singapore is not the answer to Singapore's
arrogance that continues till today. Historical
relations with Singapore have always been a horror
hunt, especially for Lee Kuan Yew who plays an
important role in shaping Malaysia-Singapore ties.

17

Reference

Abdullah Ahmad. 1985. Tengku Abdul Rahman and
Malaysia’s Foreign Policy, Kuala Lumpur Berita
Publishing

Albert Lau. 1998. A Moment of Anguish: Singapore in
Malaysia and the Politics of Disengagement,
Singapore: Eastern University Press

Asrizal Mohamed Radzi dan Ahmad Shah Pakeer.
(2012). „Singapura dan kemerdekaan Malaysia.
dlm Pemikir. Bil. 70. Okt.-Dis. 2012

Berita Harian. 31 Ogos, 2007
Berita Minggu. 9 Disember 2007
J. S. Solomon. (editor). Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra

Al-Haj: Challenging Times, Petaling Jaya:
Pelanduk Publlications
Lee Kuan Yew. (1998). Kisah Singapura: Memoir Lee
Kuan Yew. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish
Editions
Mohamed Noordin Sopiee. (2007). From Malayan
Union to Singapore Separation: Political
Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945-1965.
Kuala Lumpur: University Malaya Press, 2007
Mohd Guntur Sadali dan Jamaliah Mohd Hassan.
(editor). (2001). Kisah Singapura: Memoir Lee
Kuan Yew. Singapura: Times Media
Mubin Sheppard. (1987). Tunku: A Pictorial
Biography, 1957-1958, Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk
Publications
N. Ganesan. (2005). Realism and Interdependence in
Singapore’s Foreign Policy: Politics in Asia, New
York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group
Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud. (2009). Konfrantasi
Malaysia-Indonesia, Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia
Perbahasan Parlimen, Dewan Ra‟ayat, Vol. III, No. 25,
11 Januari, 1962.

18

Ramlah Adam. (2005). Biografi Politik Tunku Abdul
Rahman Putra, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka

Rusdi Asrar. et. al., (2008). Hubungan Malaysia-
Singapura: Era Mahathir, Sintok Universiti Utara
Malaysia

Straits Times Press. (2013). One Man’s View of The
World: Lee Kuan Yew, Singapura, Straits Times
Press Pte. Ltd.

Suhaimi Abdan dan Nordin Hussin. (2011).
„Pembangunan dan Perkembangan Ekonomi
Singapura 1961-1966. Jebat. Vol. 38. (1)

The New Straits Times. 25 Oct. 1999
The New Straits Times. 9 Jun, 1989
Tunku Abdul Rahman. (2011). Looking Back, Petaling

Jaya: MPH Publishing
Zainuddin Maidin. (2004). Wira tak Didendang, Kuala

Lumpur: Utusan Publishers and Distributors
______________. (2004). Unsung Heroes, Kuala

Lumpur: Utusan Publishers and Distributors

19

20