INDEX 390 patterns of population density 13–15 South Asian co-operation 330–2 see also provincial Regulating Acts 225–7 religion in early middle ages 130–43 movements 5–6 ‘Mutiny’ and 237 tolerance 88–9, 190 see also Buddhism; gods; Hinduism; Islam; Jainism; Shaivism rent see land revenue reorganisation of states under republic 300–2 republic 294–332; see also external affairs; internal affairs ‘responsible government’ under British 254–5 revenue see taxation revolutionaries, national 260–3, 271 Ricardo, David 230, 234, 244 rice see grain rights, fundamental 296 Rigveda (text) 31–9, 43, 46, 57, 177 Ripon, Lord (viceroy) 239, 248, 260 Risley, H.H. 253–4 ritual sovereignty of king in early middle ages 5, 128–30 rock edicts see inscriptions Rohillas (clan) 218, 220 Rojdi (prehistoric site) 3 Romans 56, 69–72, 78, 80–1, 85, 87, 90 coins 10, 75–9, 102 and South India in time of ancient empires 99–102 Roosevelt, F.D. 279–80, 328 Round Table Conference 256, 273–6, 283 Rowlatt, Justice and Acts 264–6 Roy, B.C. 270 Roy, M.N. 300 Roy, Raja Ram Mohan 235 ‘royal’ gods 130, 136–8 RSS Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (association) 270, 300, 312 Rudradaman (king of Shakas) 78–9, 81 Rudrasena I & II (kings of Vakatakas) 85 Rudrasimha III (king of Shakas) 85 ruler, trading company as see Company Bahadur; see also kings Rupar (prehistoric site) 18 ryotwari system 245–7 SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) 330–2 Sabaras (tribe) 110 sacrifices 110, 132, 134–6, 138, 145 in early civilisations 39–40, 42–3, 46, 48, 68 great horse 4–5, 42, 68, 82, 84, 97, 113, 125 Sadanira see Gandak 4 Sadashiv Rao (general) 215 Sadashiva (ruler of Vijayanagar) 179 Sai Wang see Shakas Saketa 50 Sakhyas (tribe) 53–4 salaries of East India Company workers 204, 231 for royal officials 61, 86, 122, 128, 169, 189, 217 Salazar 323 Salbei, treaty of 219–20 Salim (son of Akbar) see Jahangir salt trade and tax 41, 94, 174, 250–1, 272 march 271–2 samantas (tributary princes) 84, 116–24, 127–30; gods and 136–8 Samapa 65 Samarkand 184, 187–8, 192 Samatata 83 Samaveda (text) 34 Sambandar (saint) 132 Sambhaji (son of Shivaji) 194 samgrama 38–9 samsara, concept of 46, 131 Samudragupta (king of Guptas) 79, 81–5, 87, 104; inscriptions 98, 121, 124 Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti 301 Sanchi 66, 68, 77, 81 Sangam period 93–4, 98–9, 101–3, 135 Sangama 176 Sangamas (dynasty) 176, 178 Sangha 5, 53, 115, 147 Sankhya philosophical system 131 Sanskrit classical culture 81 language 32, 78, 85, 92, 103, 142 literature 87–8, 104, 114, 141–2 Sanskritisation 92, 134–5, 137 Sarnath 76 art 81, 148 Buddha’s first sermon at 53 Sarvajanik Sabha (association) 259 Sassanids (dynasty) 79 Sastri, N.K.A. see Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. Satakarni I (king of Satavahanas) 95–6 satyagraha, individual 278 Satyaputras (people) 63 Saurashtra 72–4, 78, 119, 153 Sayana (Hindu monk) 177 Sayyids (dynasty) 167 Schlingloff, D. 59 Scindia (general) 196, 219, 222 Scottish Churches College 235 scripts 17, 32, 45, 51, 98, 148, 167, 244, 259 sculpture 21 in ancient empires 81, 88 in early middle ages 113, 130, 148–9 see also art; inscriptions
INDEX 391 Scythians (people) 72, 146 seapower, European 197–203 SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation) 320 Sebastian (king of Portugal) 201 Secretary of State for India 226, 239, 253 Seleukids (dynasty) 62, 69 Seleukos Nikator (king) 8, 59, 62, 69 Selim I (Ottoman sultan) 184 Senas (dynasty) 106, 112 Seringapatam 221 Servants of India Society 265 Seven Years’ War 213–17 Shah Abbas (king of Persia) 191, 201 Shah Alam (Mughal emperor) 215, 220 Shah Ismail (Safavid king of Persia) 184 Shah Jahan (Mughal emperor) 158, 191–3 Shahanu Shahi (king of Shakas) 73, 79, 83 Shahbazgarhi 66 Shahi dynasty see Hindu Shahis Shahji Bhonsle (military commander) 193 Shahpur I (Sassanid king of Persia) 79 Shahu (king of Satara) 196 Shailodbhavas (dynasty) 124–5 Shaivism 132, 140–1, 150 Shaka era of 78 AD 73, 77 Shaka-Kshatrapas (dynasty) Shakas (people) 5, 71–2, 74–5, 78, 80, 83, 96 Guptas and 84–7 invasion of 72–4 Shakuntala (play) 87 Shalankayanas (dynasty) 98 Shankara (philosopher) 131–2, 138–40, 177 Shankaracharyas (priests) 131, 176–7 Sharala Das (poet) 142 Sharma, G.R. 51 Sharma, Shankar Dayal 316 Shashanka (king of Bengal) 104–6, 121 Shastri, Lal Bahadur 302, 323–5, 328 Shastri, N.K.A. see Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. Shatapatha Brahmana (text) 48 Shatavahanas, Andhra (dynasty) 5, 69, 78–9, 85, 94–8, 106 Shaulikas (tribe) 126 Shekkilar (poet) 147 Sher Shah (Afghan ruler) 167, 186–7, 189, 195 Shilappatikaram (poem) 98 Shin Arahan (Buddhist monk) 150 shipping 202, 204–5, 225 steam 248 see also East India Companies Shishunaga (king of Magadha) 56 Shiv Sena 315 Shiva (god) 75, 80, 88, 129, 131, 154 Bhakti and 132–4, 136 cult of 139–41 dancing 113–14, 134–56 lingam of 134–5, 141, 154 Shivaji (ruler of Marathas) Shortugai (prehistoric settlement) 3, 18 Shri Gupta (founder of Gupta dynasty) 81 Shri Vaishnavism 139 Shringeri, Shankaracharya of 131 Shrivijaya empire 113, 115–67, 147–8 Shuja-ud-Daula (nawab of Oudh) 215–16, 218 Shulkis (people) 126–7 Shungas (dynasty) 68–71, 81 Sialkot, battle of 324 Siam 116, 147–8 Sidis 208 Sikander (Islamic version of Alexander) 57, 159 Sikander (sultan of Delhi and Gwalior) 167–8 Sikander Hyat Khan, Sir 284–5 Sikander-Jinnah Pact 284 Sikhs (people) 222 and British 238, 249–50, 292 Mughal empire and 195, 220, 222 in republic 308–10 silk trade 101, 232; see also textiles silver trade 17, 40, 93, 162, 166, 190, 197, 207, 209, 223 Simhala 83, 108 Simhavishnu (king of Pallavas) 114 Simla 327; Conference and partition 286–8 Simon Commission 255–6, 287 Sindh 53, 106, 109, 153, 166–7, 186, 246, 283 Sindhi language 247 Singh, Charan 305–7 Singh, Manmohan 314 Singh, V.P. 310, 313, 316 Singh, Zail 309 Singh Deo, R.N. 111 Siraj-ud-Daula (ruler of Bengal) 213, 215–16, 218 Sitaramayya, Pattabhi (politician) 278 Skanda (god) 88 Skandagupta (king of Guptas) 85, 89–90 Skandagupta (royal officer) 121 Skandapurana (text) 138 Skylax (Greek explorer) 53 slaves: Islamic soldiers 155–6 Smuts, Jan (general) 265 social differentiation and Aryan settlement 40–3 in ancient empires 59–60, 92, 94 see also caste system Socialist Party 299; see also Congress Socialist Party Solankis (clan) 111 Solomon (king of Israel) 93 soma 37
INDEX 392 Somavamshis (dynasty) 125, 172 Somnath temple 154 Sopara 66 Sopatma 101 South Africa, Gandhi in 265 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) 330–2 South India ancient empires in 64, 67, 69, 82, 84–7, 91–102; ecology 93–4; geopolitics 92–3; Cholas, Pandyas and Cheras 98–9; Kharavela of Orissa and Andhra Shatavahanas 94–8; trade and Roman connection 99–102 in early middle ages 105–10, 113–17, 127, 136; great merchants 117–20; and Southeast Asia 148–50 freedom movement and 262 in late middle ages 153, 159–60, 169–83; Amaranayakas and military feudalism 180–3; Bahmani sultanate 170–2; Gajapatis of Orissa 172–6; Vijayanagar empire 176–80 in Mughal empire 192–7, 210, 216, 219 partition and 287 under British 219–20, 233, 245–68; see also Bombay; Madras see also Deccan Southeast Asia in ancient empires 64, 77, 80, 85, 88, 100–1 in early middle ages 112–13, 114, 116–18, 143–51; Buddhist monks, contribution of 147–8; cultural borrowings, dynamics of 144–7; Islam, impact of 151; South India and 148–50; theories of transmission of Indian culture 143–4 Japan conquers 278, 280–1 Vietnam/Indochina war 320, 328–9 Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) 320 Soviet Union Afghanistan invaded 329–30 China and 325 Pakistan and 324–5 republic and 300, 318–21, 323, 326, 328, 331 spice trade 151, 198–9, 202–3 spies in ancient empires 60–1, 67 in middle ages 127, 162–3 Sravasti 50 Sri Lanka 153 and ancient empires 63–4, 83, 85, 97–8, 100 in early middle ages 108–9, 115–16, 147, 150 and republic 313, 330–1 Sringeri monastery 176–7 Srirangam 136, 139, 160 Stalin, J. 319–20 States Reorganisation Commission 301 states, reorganisation under republic 300–2 Stein, Burton 182 Strabo (Greek geographer) 70, 100 stupas 51, 68, 76 Sudasa 35–6 Suez Canal 248, 252 Suffren, Admiral 220 Sufism 190 Suhrawardy, H. 289 Sulayman (Muslim historian) 153 Suleiman Kanuni (Ottoman sultan) 188 Sumatra 115, 117–18, 147–51 Sumerian-Elamites (people) 77 Sun, royal lineage from 110 Sundaramurti (saint) 132–3 Supatama 101 supremacy, struggle of Mughals and Europeans for 210–23 Surasena 49 Surat 193, 207–8, 263 Surkh-Kotal 77–8 Surya (sun god) 88 suryavamsa 110 Suryavamshis (dynasty) 170, 174 Suryavarman I (king of Angkor) 116 Suryavarman II (king of Angkor) 117 Sutkagen Dor (prehistoric Site) 18 Sutras (texts) 34 Suvarnadvipa 148 Suvarnagiri 65–6 ‘Swaraj in one year’ 267–9 Swaraj Party 270 Swatantra Party 299 Syed Ahmad Khan, Sir 245 Syria 63, 184 Tagore, Dwarkanath (entrepreneur) 232 Taila (king of Chalukyas) 108–9 Takuapa 116, 118 Takla Makan desert 321 Talikota, battle of 180, 192 Tambapani (Sri Lanka) 63 Tamil language 15, 93, 98–9, 117–18, 144, 246 Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC) 316 Tamil Nadu 301, 316, 318, 334 in early middle ages 105, 118, 132, 139, 148 Tamil Tigers 313, 331 Tamil Veda’ 132 Tandon, Purushottamdas 297 Tanjore 106, 116, 175, 194; temple 129 Tantric Buddhism 52, 112, 148, 150 Tara (goddess) 149
INDEX 393 Tarain, battles at 157 Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (text) 159, 162–3, 173 Tarn, W.W. 70–1 Tashkent Conference 302, 324–5 Tata, J.R.D. 298 taxation/revenue in ancient empires 95 in early middle ages 128, 130 in late middle ages 161–4, 166–7, 174, 182 under British 218, 226–7, 229–31, 233, 243–4, 249; freedom movement and 272 under Mughals 185, 187–90, 193–5, 197–8 Taxila 50–1, 54, 57, 62, 65, 70, 75, 147 tea trade 225, 232, 243 Telugu Desam Party 307, 309, 311, 315 Telugu language 15, 179, 246, 301 temples in early middle ages 110–11, 113–18, 126, 128–30, 138, 143, 148–50; cities 134–6 in late middle ages 173–6, 179, 183 textiles trade 199, 202–3, 206, 223, 231–2, 246, 248; and freedom movement 267, 270, 272 texts see literature and individual titles Thailand see Siam Thakurdas, Purushottamdas 273 Thaneshwar 154 Thanjavur see Tanjore Theravada Buddhism 150 Thomas, Saint 74 Tibet Buddhism in 112–13, 148, 150 China occupies 321–2 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 33, 261, 263–4, 268–9 Tilak Swaraj Fund 270 Timur 167 Tipu Sultan 9, 13, 220–2, 230, 233 Tirumala (general) 180 Tirumurai (texts) 132 Tirupati 136 Tiruvasagam (text) 132 TMC see Tamil Maanila Congress tolerance, religious 88 Tolkappiyam (text) 98 Tomaras (dynasty) 111 Tondaimandalam 9, 106, 108, 113–14, 178 Toramana (Hun leader) 90–1 Tosali 65 trade, international in ancient empires 66, 85–6, 93–4, 96; in South India 99–102 in early civilisations 17, 20–1, 24–5, 29, 41 in early middle ages 117, 122, 144, 149, 151; in South India 118–20 under British 208–9 under Mughals 190; Europeans 197–209, 213, 216, 223 see also Company Bahadur Trajan (Roman emperor) 77–8 Trasadasyu (king) 36 Travancore 262, 301 tribes and the emergence of the early state 49–50, 54–7, 98–9 Tripuri 111 Tughluqs (dynasty) 164–6, 168–70, 193 Tulamaya (king) 64 Tulsidas (writer) 142 Tuluvas (dynasty) 179 Tuluva Narasa (regent) 179 Tungabhadra 10, 172 Tungas (people) 126–7 Turks 91, 269 in late middle ages 152, 159, 167–8, 170–1 in Mughal empire 184, 198, 200, 206 Tushaspha 79 Udaipur 9, 129, 140, 157 Udayaditya 130 Udayagiri cave inscriptions 95 Ujjain 9, 47, 50, 55, 62, 65–6, 69, 71–3, 78, 84, 87 ‘unearned increment’ 230, 234; see also land revenue Union Bank 233 United Nations 293, 319 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 243–5 United States of America 278 China and 325–6 nuclear option and 328 Pakistan and 325, 328–9 republic and 318–19 universities see colleges Upanishads (texts) 33–4, 46, 52, 119, 131–2 Uparikas (governors) 89, 121 Upper Burma, conquest of (1885) 250, 319 Uraiyur 101 urbanisation in ancient empires 47–51, 54, 59 in early civilisations 17–29 in middle ages 134–6 under British 244 see also individual towns Urdu language 195, 244–5, 259, 284 Usbeks (people) 184–8, 192 Ushas (goddess of dawn) 37 Uttama Chola (king of Cholas) 115 Uttar Pradesh 14, 53, 90, 303, 305, 307, 314–16 Vainyagupta (king) 90 Vaishali 53–4 Vaishnavas 69, 88, 132, 139–12, 261 Vaishyas (members of third estate) 39–40, 46; theory of colonisation of Southeast Asia 143–4 Vajpayjee, Atul Bihari 305, 316, 329
INDEX 394 Vajrabodhi (Buddhist monk) 148 Vakatakas (dynasty) 84–5, 97 Valabhi 122 Vallabha (Brahmin) 140 Vallalasena (king of Bengal) 112 Varanasi 157, 218, 243, 245, 335 in ancient empires 49–50, 54, 75–6, 81 in early middle ages 109, 121, 128, 131 freedom movement and 262 university at 245, 269 Varendra 112, 173 varnas (estates) 39 Varuna (god) 32, 119 Vasco da Gama 100, 198 Vashishka (king of Kushanas) 77–8 Vasishthiputra (king of Shatavahanas) 96 Vasudeva (Brahmin minister) 69 Vasudeva (god) 80 Vasudeva (king of Kushanas) 79 Vasugupta (teacher) 140 Vatapi 11, 113 Vatsa 49–50, 54 Vatsaraja (king of Gurjara Pratiharas) 107 Vedanta 131, 260; freedom movement and 261–2 Vedas (texts) 31, 52, 131, 141; mirror of historical experience 33–7 Velamas (dynasty) 178 Venetians 199–200, 202 Vengi 11, 82, 105, 109, 115 viceroys 65, 68–9, 71, 75–6, 105, 157, 192, 207 British 239, 254, 256, 273, 279, 288, 291 see also individual people Victoria (queen of England) 239, 253 Vidarbha 9 Videgha-Mathava (prince) 48–9 Videha 48 Vidyaranya (Hindu ascetic) 176–7 Vietnam war see Indochina/Vietnam wars Vijayalakshmi Pandit 319 Vijayanagar empire 9, 106, 131, 192, 210; in late middle ages 165–6, 170–2, 174, 176– 83 Vijayasena (king of Bengal) 112 Vikrama era of 58 BC 73, 77 Vikramaditya (alias Chandragupta II) 87 Vikramaditya (alias Hemu) 187 Vikramaditya I (king of Chalukyas) 105 Vikramaditya II (king of Chalukyas) 113 Vikramaditya (king of Malwa) 73 Vikramaditya (king of Ujjain) 87 Vikramashila university 112 Vikramorvashiya (poem) 87 village gods 88, 134, 136–8 Vima Kadphises (king of Kushanas) 75, 77, 80 Vindhya mountains 14, 66, 83–5, 91, 95, 104 Vindhyashakti (king of Vakatakas) 85 Vira Shaiva 141 Virudhaka (king of Koshala) 54, 56 Virupaksha (god) 176 Virupaksha II (ruler of Vijayanagar) 178 Vishayapatis (district leaders) 89, 121 Vishnu (god) 5, 88, 118, 133, 139; Bhakti and 134–6 Vishnu (general) 173 Vishnu Purana (text) 88 Vishnu-Jagannath (god) 175 Vishnu-Trivikrama (god) 113 Vishnu-Vasudeva (god) 80 Vishnugopa (king of Kanchipuram) 82, 98 Vithoba (god) 136 Vivekananda, Swami 261 Vratyas 47 Vrijis (tribal confederation) 50, 54 Walpole, Robert 207 Wandiwash, battle of 215, 219 Warangal 160, 164–5, 170, 176, 178 Wardak monastery 78 wars Afghan 250 European 198, 210, 212–17 First World 254, 263–5 Second World 278–81, 285, 300 Korean 320 Vietnam 320, 328–9 see also armies; military fiefs; weapons Wavell, Lord (viceroy) 280, 286–91, 296 weapons 12 cavalry and elephants 7–8, 11–12, 56–61, 96, 104, 109, 119, 127, 155, 159–60, 180–2, 185, 189, 193, 196, 210–13, 217, 222 chariots 7–8, 30, 34, 40, 42, 54, 56 in early civilisations 30, 34, 38, 40, 42, 55 firearms and light artillery 182, 184–7, 195, 211, 214–15, 222, 238, 310 iron 38, 55 under Mughals 184–7, 189, 193, 195–6, 210–15, 217, 222 see also armies; wars Wellesley, Lord (governor general) 221, 231 Wellington, Duke of 221 West in ancient empires: Persian control of 53–4; see also Shakas in early civilisations see Indus civilisation see also Gujarat; Northwest; Pakistan wheat see grain Wheeler, Sir Mortimer 101 Wilson, Harold 323 Wilson College 235 World Bank 313–14 Wynad 221
INDEX 395 Xerxes (Persian emperor) 53 Xiongnu see Huns Xuanzang, (Hsiuen-tsang, Chinese pilgrim) 91, 104, 114, 122 Yadavas (dynasty) 106, 159–60, 165 Yajurveda (text) 34 Yamuna 2; see also Ganges area Yashodharman (king of Malwa) 91 Yaudehas (people) 79, 83 Yavanas see Greeks Yerragudi see Erragudi Youth Congress 304–5 Yue-Chi see Yuezhi Yuezhi (tribe) 73–4, 90 Zafar Khan (ruler of Deccan) 170 Zail Singh 309 zamindars see landlords