BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE

Ythe CONFUSION

Crocodile v Alligator v Caiman v Gharial

Crocodiles (R) or true crocodiles are large semiaquatic

reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the
Americas and Australia. The largest species of crocodile, the
saltwater crocodile can grow to sizes over 7 m and weigh
1,000 kg. Several other large species can reach over 5.2 m
long and weigh over 900 kg. They have very good night vision,
and are mostly nocturnal hunters. They use the disadvantage
of most prey animals' poor nocturnal vision to their advantage. Crocodiles are similar to
alligators and caimans; for their common characteristics and differences among them.

What are the difference between a Crocodile, an Alligator and a Gharial?

Although they appear similar, crocodiles, alligators and the gharial belong to
separate biological families. The gharial, with its narrow snout, is easier to
distinguish, while morphological differences are more difficult to spot in
crocodiles and alligators. The most obvious external differences are visible in
the head, with crocodiles having narrower, longer pointed heads, with a more V-
shaped than a wider, U-shaped snout of alligators and caimans. All crocodiles
are tropical species that, unlike alligators, are very sensitive to cold.

Alligator (left) is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of

the family Alligatoridae. The two living species are the American alligator and the Chinese
alligator. An average adult American alligator's weight and length is 360 kg and 4 m, but
they sometimes grow to 4.4 m long and weigh over 450 kg. The largest ever recorded,
found in Louisiana, measured 5.84 m. The Chinese alligator is smaller, rarely exceeding 2.1
m in length. Additionally, it weighs considerably less, with males rarely over 45 kg. Alligators
are native to only the United States and China.

A caiman (right), is a small-sized crocodilian,

one of two primary lineages within Alligatoridae, the
other being alligators. Caimans inhabit Mexico,
Central and northern South America from marshes
and and swamps to mangrove rivers and lakes. Caimans have scaly skin, and

live a fairly nocturnal existence. Caimans are distinguished from alligators,
their closest relatives, by a few defining features: a lack of a bony septum
between the nostrils, ventral armour composed of overlapping bony
scutes formed from two parts united by a suture, and relatively longer,
slenderer teeth than those possessed by alligators.

The gharial (right) or gavial, a fish eating

crocodile and among the longest of all living
crocodilians. Its snout is very long and
narrow with a distinct boss at the end.

Y d Confusion The Book of Knowledge 151

Ythe CONFUSION
Climate and Weather

Climate is the long-term average of weather,

typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Some of the
meteorological variables that are commonly measured
are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind,
and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state
of the components of the climate system, which includes
the ocean and ice on Earth. The climate of a location is
affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as
nearby water bodies and their currents.
The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on
the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the
magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. There are several ways to classify
climates into similar regimes. Originally, climes were defined in Ancient Greece to describe
the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods
can be broadly divided into genetic methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and
empiric methods, which focus on the effects of climate.

The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and
precipitation. The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary
types labeled A through E. These primary types are A) tropical, B) dry, C) mild mid-latitude,
D) cold mid-latitude, and E) polar. The five primary classifications can be further divided
into secondary classifications such as rainforest, monsoon, tropical savanna, humid
subtropical, humid continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, desert, steppe,
subarctic climate, tundra, and polar ice cap.

Weather is the state of the atmosphere,

describing for example the degree to which it is hot or
cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most
weather phenomena occur in the lowest level of the
atmosphere, the troposphere, just below the
stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day
temperature and precipitation activity, whereas
climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.
When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of
Earth. Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between
one place and another. On Earth, the common weather phenomena include wind, cloud,
rain, snow, fog and dust storms. Less common events include natural disasters such as
tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons and ice storms. Almost all familiar weather phenomena
occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere).

Weather refers to short-term changes in the atmosphere, climate describes what the weather is like over a
long period of time in a specific area. Different regions can have different climates. Example, weather tells
you what to wear each day. Climate tells you what types of clothes to have in your closet.

Y d Confusion The Book of Knowledge 152

Selected list of common Phobias (i)

Phobia/s Psychological Conditions (Fear of…)

Achluophobia Darkness
Acousticophobia Noise
Heights
Acrophobia
Aerophobia Aircraft or flying
Agoraphobia Open places
Agyrophobia
Aichmophobia Crossing streets
Ailurophobia Sharp or pointed objects
Algophobia
Aquaphobia Cats
Arachnophobia Pain
Astraphobia Water
Atelophobia Spiders or Arachnids
Autophobia Thunder and Lightning
Bacteriophobia Imperfection
Isolation
Bacteria

Basophobia Falling
Batrachophobia Amphibians
Belonephobia
Needles
Bibliophobia Books

Catoptrophobia Mirrors
Chemophobia Chemicals
Cherophobia Happiness
Chiroptophobia
Bats

Chromophobia Colours
Chronomentrophobia Clocks
No escape / Being closed in
Claustrophobia Cemeteries
Coimetrophobia Feces or defecation

Coprophobia

Phobias The Book of Knowledge 153

Selected list of common Phobias (ii)

Phobia/s Psychological Conditions (Fear of…)

Coulrophobia Clowns
Cyberphobia Computers
Cynophobia
Demonophobia Dogs
Dendrophobia Demons
Dentophobia
Dysmorphophobia Trees
Eisoptrophobia Dentists
Emetophobia Real or imaginary body defect
Enochlophobia Seeing one’s reflection in mirror
Entomophobia Vomiting
Equinophobia Crowds
Ergophobia Insects
Erotophobia Horses
Erythrophobia Surgeon’s fear of operating
Sexual abuse
Colour Red or blushing

Frigophobia Becoming too old
Gamophobia Marriage
Gelotophobia
Gephyrophobia Being laughed at
Bridges

Genuphobia Act of kneeling
Gerascophobia Growing old or Aging

Globophobia Balloons
Glossophobia Speaking in public / trying to speak

Gymnophobia Nudity
Halitophobia Bad breath
Heliophobia Sun or sunlight
Helminthophobia
Hemophobia Worms
Blood

Phobias The Book of Knowledge 154

Selected list of common Phobias (iii)

Phobia/s Psychological Conditions (Fear of…)

Herpetophobia Reptiles
Number 666
hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia
Travel
Hodophobia Sleep or Nightmares
Hypnophobia
Hypochondria Illness
Ichthyophobia Fish, eating fish, dead fish
Insectophobia
Koumpounophobia Insects
Lilapsophobia Buttons
Mageirocophobia Tornadoes or Hurricanes
Melanophobia Cooking
Melissophobia Colour Black
Musophobia
Myrmecophobia Bees
Mysophobia Mice or Rats
Necrophobia
Ants
Germs, Contamination or Dirt

Death or the Dead

Neophobia Newness, novelty or change
Noctiphobia Night
Nomophobia
Nosocomephobia Being out of mobile phone contact
Hospitals

Nosophobia Contracting a disease
Numerophobia Numbers
Nyctophobia Darkness
Obesophobia
Gaining weight

Odontophobia Dental
Oneirophobia Dreams
Ophidiophobia Snakes
Ornithophobia
Birds

Phobias The Book of Knowledge 155

Selected list of common Phobias (iv)

Phobia/s Psychological Conditions (Fear of…)

Osmophobia Odours
Panphobia Everything or unknown cause
Pedophobia
Phagophobia Babies or children
Pharmacophobia Swallowing
Phasmophobia Medications
Philophobia
Phobophobia Ghosts or phantoms
Phonophobia Love
Pogonophobia
Porphyrophobia Having a phobia
Pteromerhanophobia Loud sounds or voices
Pyrophobia
Radiophobia Beards
Ranidaphobia Colour Purple
Roller Coaster Phobia
Scopophobia Flying
Fire
Radioactivity or X-rays
Frogs
Roller Coasters
Being looked at or stared

Siderodromophobia Trains or railroads
Sociophobia People or social situations
Somniphobia
Spectrophobia Sleep
Mirrors

Spheksophobia Wasps

Stasiphobia Standing or Walking
Submechanophobia Partially or fully submerged objects

Taphophobia Graves
Technophobia Advanced technology

Teratophobia Disfigured people
Tetraphobia Number 4

Phobias The Book of Knowledge 156

Selected list of common Phobias (v)

Phobia/s Psychological Conditions (Fear of…)

Thalassophobia Sea or being in the Ocean

Thanatophobia Dying

Thermophobia High Temperatures

Tokophobia Childbirth or Pregnancy

Tomophobia Invasive Medical Procedure

Tonitrophobia Thunder

Toxiphobia Being Poisoned

Traumatophobia Having an Injury

Trichophobia Hair Loss

Triskaidekaphobia Number 13

Trypanophobia Needles or Injections

Trypophobia Holes or Pattern of Holes

Vehophobia Driving

Verminophobia Germs

Workplace Phobia Workplace

Xanthophobia Colour Yellow

Xenophobia Strangers, Foreigners or Aliens

Zoophobia Animals

Phobias The Book of Knowledge 157

About the Author

KNOWLEDGE IS POWER, is strongly believed and advocated by Mr KSM
Rajasekaran @ Kevin Raja.
His quest for knowledge started in 1989 when he became an encyclopedia
sales representative. With the able management and guidance from his boss
and mentor Dr. T Chandroo, Kevin progressed to Regional Sales Manager
within few years. He started reading the volumes of the encyclopedia and his
inquisitive mind made him to take up a hobby of reading more books on
knowledge and statistics.
With the emergence of internet, google, Wikipedia and more, he cultivated a
habit of searching, reading and writing till today.
A Regional Data Protection Officer now, reading and researching had made him to further his studies as well.
Equipped with a Diploma in Legal Studies, Advance Diploma in Data Protection, Double Diploma in
Leadership and People’s Management, Kevin Raja is a passionate enthusiast in many fields.
His passion for long distance driving made him to execute a drive mission from Singapore to Cambodia to
help the needy children in late 2019. He drove his Mazda 3 sports on a 5403 km trip via Malaysia and
Thailand to Siem Reap, Cambodia and returned in 12 days. He is planning another charity drive mission
further than Cambodia after the pandemic situation.
As an Arts enthusiast, he sings, acts and produces stage and online shows and concerts. In mid 2020, amidst
the pandemic situation he produced several online shows for online audience. One of which, Tiktok Stars
2020 was recorded in Singapore Book of Records as the ‘Largest Tiktok Video Montage’.
During the Covid-19 Circuit Breaker period, while searching and reading many topics on knowledge, he
decided to compile them and make it useful to everyone. He felt not many takes the trouble to read such
statistics. So he decided to have them compiled and hope all keep it in their mobile phones for quick
references. Hence this e-book BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE is born. It took Kevin 3 months to search, compile,
proof-read and make it worthy of sharing, on 9 August 2020 as Singapore celebrate the nation’s 55th birthday.
Kevin Raja thanks Google, Guinness Records, Wikipedia and many other sources that made this possible for
all to benefit from. Currently he is writing a book “Earth and Mankind” that tells much about the beginning
of Earth and its Mankind. Expected to complete in 2021.

Published and data correct on: 9 August 2020
Sources: www.google.com / www.wikipedia.org / www.guinnessworldrecords.com

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Comoros 27 Deadliest river
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Digital projection 107 Eugene Dolgoff 107

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Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr 71 Fastest ships 54

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Feodor Vassilyev 69 Fraser Island 24
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73
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First World Hotel Greatest waterfall 13
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Flevopolder
Florence Delorez Griffith Joyner Greenland 7, 30, 141

Flying machine
Flywheel

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42
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Heaviest mammal 125 Iceland
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102 Kuwait

79 K2-33b

105 Largest bird

90 Largest building

92 Largest canal

66 Largest cargo aircraft
87 Largest cave

73 Largest domesticated cat breed

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62 Largest fish

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Largest passenger ship 53 LCD Projector
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109
146

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55

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Machu Picchu
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Motion picture 106
Motion picture camera

Motion picture projection 121 Optical telegraph
Mponeng 48 Orville Wright

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Ostrich 150 Photo-typesetting 30
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Pacific Ocean 17 Places without snakes 102
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Philippine Sea 19 Raymonde de Laroche 109
Philo Taylor Farnsworth 91 Refractometer
Photography, digital colour 94
René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec

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Republic of the Congo 147 Santurnino de la Fuente 124
Reykjavik 25 Sarah Fredrika Sjostrom 99
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131
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Saltiest ocean 18 Smallest African cat 4
Samuel Finley Breese Morse 117 Smallest bird

San Alfonso del Mar 47 Smallest car
46 Smallest cat
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge 119 Smallest continent

Sanford Fleming

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Smallest country 5 Steamboat 109
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Smallest fish 133 Submarine 119
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Smallest island country 6 Swimming records 137
Smallest living dog 129 Sydney funnel-web spider 53
Smallest mammal 126 Symphony of the Seas 145
Smallest ocean 18 Taj Mahal 38
Smallest planet 34 Tallest building 127
Smallest reptile 135 Tallest cat 129
Smallest snake 134 Tallest dog 129
Smallest spider 137 Tallest female dog 129
Smallest vertebrate 133 Tallest living dog 64
126
Smallest wild cat 128 Tallest living man 64
Smallest wild dog 130 Tallest mammal 37
Smokeless fire grate 99 Tallest man 65
Snake island 142 Tallest statue 85
50
Sphaerodactylus 135 Tallest woman 81
88
Sprinter 122,123 Tandem rotor helicopter 89
SS United States Tarbela Dam 88
Stationaries 54 Taximeter
Statue of Liberty Telephone
96-107

37

Statue of Unity 37 Telephone answering machine
Steam turbines 114 Telephone receiver

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Words Pages Words Pages
121
Television, colour 90 Two-colour filming 27
Television, colour picture tube 119
Television, colour technology 90 UAE 122
Television, electronic 54
Tenzing Norgay 91 Universal Time 116
Therese Peltier
Thermometer 91 Usain st Leo Bolt 109,110
Test scoring equipment
Thomas Bramwell Welch 72 USS Gerald R Ford 105
Thomas Parry Jones 70
Three-toed Sloth 74 Vaccination 5,8,27
Timothy John Berners-Lee 102
Tinker toy 110 Vaccines 35
Tiger, Siberian 22
Titan 93 Vacuum flask 78
Titan Beetle 13
Tokyo 115 Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova 93
118
80 Vatican City 120
18
139 Velcro 99
105
93 Venus 100
152
127 Veryovkina Cave 25
132
128 Victor Vescovo 103
149
99 Victoria Falls 46

136 Videocassette tape

10 Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov

Tortoise (Jonathan) 140 Walter Fredrick Morrison
Tortoise (Tu’I Malila) 140 Warmest ocean
Toshitada Doi 95 Waterbed
Triplane 84 Waterproof disposable diaper

Tropical Islands Resort 42 Waterproof fabric

Tupolev Tu-28 56 Weather
Tupolev Tu-144 58 Wellington
Tupolev Tu-160 56 Whale Shark
Tupperware 116 Whitcomb L Judson

Turtle, Asian Giant Softshell 139 White panther
Tuvalu 27, 28 Widest bridge

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Words Pages Words Pages

Wilbur Wright 82 Youngest planet 33
William Cullen 104 Youngest river 16
William Friese Greene 121 Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin 70
William Kennedy-Laurie Dickson 106 Yury Vladimirovich Lomonosov 81
Wolffia Globosa 32 Zambezi, River 14
Wonders of the World Zavikon Island 45
World wide web (www) 143-145 Zeng Jinlian 65
X-15 Zeus 129
Y-40 “The Deep Joy” 93 Zipper 103
Yemen 59 Zoopraxiscope 121
Youngest female pilot 47
27
77

Correct on 8 August 2020

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