Green Team Science portfolio 2017 - Google Docs

2. What is the velocity of a roller coaster at the bottom of the hill?

Hypothesis:
The roller coaster will have a higher velocity at the bottom of the hill than at the top. As the
height of the angle increases, so does the velocity and kinetic energy.

Independent Variable:
Velocity of a roller coaster/kinetic energy

Dependent Variable:
Height of the hill/angle of ramp

*Use the following angles: 8, 18, 28

Example: Suppose you want to make a ramp with a 23 degree angle. Look up 23

degrees on the Angle Chart and find the sine (decimal).
Sin 23 = 0.39
Substitute Sin 23 with 0.39

0.39 = opposite
hypotenuse

0.39 = opposite (height of ramp)
120 cm

46.8

solve for opposite (height of ramp)
8 degrees
0.139=opposite/hypotenuse
0.139=opp./120
16.7 cm=opp
18 degrees
0.309=opposite/hypotenuse
0.309=opp./120
37.08=opp.
28 degrees
0.469=opposite/120
56.28=opposite

*Angle Chart

*Include diagrams of the 3 Angles
*Include math examples for determining the angles and KE.
mass=33.3 g
time=1.58 s
height=16.7
ke=1/2m(v)2
ke=½(33.3g)(0.7594 m/s)
2552.544
GPE = mgh, 33.3*9.81*16.7, GPE = 5455.4391
KE=GPE
½ (33.3) v2=33.3(9.8)(16.7)
v2=327.32
v=18.09 m/s

ke=9.604 j

mass=33.3 g

time=1.39s

ke=½ m(v)2

ke=½ (33.3 g)(0.863 m/s) 2

ke= 12.409

GPE = mgh, 33.3*9.81*37.08, GPE = 12113.03484
KE=GPE
½ m(v)2=mgh
½ (33.3)v2=33.3(9.8)(37,08)
v2=726.768
v=26.96 m/s

Mass=33.3 g

Time 0.92 s

ke=½ m(v)2

ke=½(33.3)(1.3)2

ke=28.1385

GPE = mgh, 33.3*9.81*56.34, GPE = 18404.75682
KE=GPE
½ m(v)2=mgh
½ (33.3)v2=33.3(9.8)(56.34)
v2=1104.264
v=33.23 m/s
Video Resources:

1. How to solve KE problems: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tryiwu4RhSM
2. PE/KE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je8nT93dxGg
3. PE/KE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSWl_Zj-CZs
4. PE/KE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K4V0NvUxRg

Data Analysis - Write your data analysis paragraph here

In the experiment Kinetic energy and how angles affect them, our
hypothesis was correct in that as the angle increased, so did the Kinetic
energy. We used a ramp set at 8, 18, and 28 degrees, we found the
heights using sine and they were 16.7, 37.08, and 56.28. We also found
the time it took the car and the mass of the car. Then using the height,
time, and mass. , we found the KE and GPE, which means we also know
how to find the actual velocity by setting KE=GPE and finding the GPE.
To find the KE we used KE=½ m(v)2 and for GPE=mgh.

Data Analysis Rubric (Self Evaluate) 3 4
Lab Rubric - Data Analysis Sections

12

Data/ ____Data is poorly ____Data is ____Data is ___Data is clearly
Observations organized or missing represented in a represented in the and accurately
altogether. table or graph, but it table or graph with represented in a
No men on of is incomplete or minor errors. More table or graph.
observa ons there are major complete discussion Observa ons include
errors. Some of observa ons. discussion of both
discussion of qualita ve and
observa ons quan ta ve
observa ons.

Conclusion/ ____No conclusion is ____Somewhat ____Adequately ____Clearly explains
Analysis wri en in this report or it explains whether or explains whether or whether or not the
is very brief. No data is not the hypothesis not the hypothesis hypothesis was
cited. was supported. was supported. Data supported. Data was
____No analysis is included ____ Possible is cited to support cited to support the
or it is extremely brief no sources of error are hypothesis. hypothesis.
sources of error are somewhat ____Possible ____Possible
explained. explained. sources of error are sources of error are

____No discussion of ____ No discussion adequately clearly explained.
pa erns or trends in the of pa erns or trends explained.
data ____Some ____Trends and
discussion of Pa erns in the data
pa erns or trend in are clearly
the data discussed.

Self Evaluate Self Evaluate Score (1-4)
Category

Scientific Method

-Hypothesis
-Identify the variables

Math Examples

-Angle steps shown
-KE steps shown

Graph

-Accurate
-Informative

Data Analysis

-Hypothesis correct?
-Support for hypothesis
-Transition words

Reading
Comprehension

-Article questions

Article: Everyday Energy

Read the article and answer the questions.
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. It converts potential energy into kinetic energy, and then converts the kinetic energy into
electrical energy through the use of turbines.
9. Production varies based on water required downstream and the water levels of the lake.
10. The Hoover Dam generates less electricity during droughts because less water is flowing
through the river, and thus less water is converting potential energy into kinetic energy.
This explains the surplus energy produced during floods, and the decrease in energy
produced due to droughts.

FINAL PART - Roller Coaster Physics

Objective:
1. When energy is transformed, the total amount of energy stays constant (is conserved).
2. Work is done to lift an object, giving it gravitational potential energy (weight x height). The
gravitational potential energy of an object moving down a hill is transformed into kinetic
energy as it moves, reaching maximum kinetic energy at the bottom of the hill.

Determine the velocity of a full roller coaster of riders at the bottom of the largest hill. You can
use the following roller coasters:
Watch these Videos for help:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je8nT93dxGg
http://www.youtube.c om /watc h?v=iYEW IuQ BVyg

Use either:

GPEtop = KEbottom

1. Cyclone - Coney Island
Height of largest hill - 25.90800 m
Mass of Coaster/number of riders 907.185 kg +2079.2664 

2986.4514

GPE=KE

GPE=mgh=ke

GPE=(2986.4514 kg)(9.8 m/s/s)(25.908 m)

GPE=758255.232138

GPE=KE
mgh=½ m(v)2
2986.4514 kg(9.8 m/s/s)(25.908 m)=½ (2986.4514
kg) v2

758255.232138 j=1493.2257kg (v)2

507.7968 m/s/s=v2

22.5343471172 m/s=v

V=D/t

V= 800 m/270 s

V=2.962 m/s

Velocity at Bottom of Hill in m/s - 22.5343471172 m/s

2. Pick your own coaster
Height of largest hill
Mass of Coaster/number of riders
Velocity at Bottom of Hill in m/s -

*Write about your results in a paragraph.
The roller coaster that I chose to calculate the actual velocity was the Cyclone. To calculate the

Cyclone’s velocity at the end of the hill, I had to find the weight of the coaster (2986.4514 kg
with 16 people), the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s/s), and the height of the tallest hill
(25.908). After that I set KE=GPE (½ (m)(v)2=mgh) and solved for v, eventually getting
v=22.5343471172 for the velocity. This is much faster than the 2.962 m/s average velocity,
found using the formula V=D/T. This proves the initial velocity is different than the actual
velocity. In conclusion, the process to find the actual velocity at the bottom of the hill
includes calculations involving mass, height,

More resources:
http://www.youtube.c om /watc h?v=BSW l_Zj-CZs
Kinetic and Potential Energy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K4V0NvUxRg
Kinetic and Potential Energy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btLU2lb3-xs
Bill Nye

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dpBVtAbKJU
Roller Coasters

http://www.youtube.c om /watc h?v=iYEW IuQ BVyg

Inclined Plane Project

Due: April 19, 2017
1. Define the following vocabulary: Use pgs. 124 - 153

Simple Machine: A Mechanical Work:The transfer of Input Force: A force
machine that does Advantage:The ratio energy that occurs that is applied to a
work with only one of output force to when a force makes machine
movement input force an object move

Compound Machine Ideal Mechanical Power: The amount Output Distance-The
two or more simple Advantage of work done in one distance from the
machines that Mechanical second ground straight up to
operate together advantage w/out the height.
friction

Efficiency: a measure Actual Mechanical Input Distance-The Output Force: The
of how much work is Advantage The actual distance from the force applied by the
put into a machine is mechanical bottom of the ramp to machine
changed into useful advantage the desired heigh
output work by the
machine.

First Class Lever Second Class Lever Third Class Lever Energy is the ability to
The fulcrum is The output force is The input force is cause change
between the Output between the fulcrum between the fulcrum
and Input forces and the input force and the output force

Block and Tackle Fixed Pulley Changes Movable Pulley A
Pulley is a system of only the direction of pulley where one end
pulleys made up of 2 your force of the rope is fixed ,
fixed pulleys and 2 and the other is free
movable pulleys to moved

2. Experiment: How does the angle of an inclined plane affect:
A. Ideal Mechanical Advantage
As the angle increases, the IMA decreases.
B. Actual Mechanical Advantage
As the angle increases, the AMA decreases.
C. Efficiency
As the Angle increases, then the Efficiency increases
*Think about the scientific Method
DATA TABLE
***Why is the Actual Mechanical Advantage always less than the Ideal Mechanical

Conclusion:The angle of an inclined plane greatly
affects the IMA, AMA, and Efficiency. The hypotheses
we made was correct, as the efficiency went down as
the angle of the ramp decreased. However, the actual
and ideal mechanical increased with lower angled
ramps. This could show how the ramp helps people
lift heavy objects, however the ramp requires more
work than lifting it straight up. The IMA is always
greater than the AMA due to it not accounting for
forces like gravity and friction. The IMA is the perfect
scenario, while the AMA is the actual course of
events. In conclusion, the angle of the ramp has many
factors that affect IMA, AMA, Efficiency, and many
more forces\.

*Write your OWN CONCLUSION HERE!

3. Critical Thinking (Include in Presentation):
A. How much WORK would be done to lift a 350 kg Piano to the top of the Empire State Building
using a ramp with an angle of 35 degrees?

1. What is the length of the ramp to the top of the Empire State Building?
664m

2. Suppose the Ideal Mechanical Advantage is 3.2
3. The Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is 2.5.
4. What is the Efficiency of this Machine?
Efficiency=AMA/IMA x 100
Efficiency=2.5/3.2 x 100

E=78.125 %

5. Provide a diagram of this example.

4. Explain how the Ideal Mechanical Advantage and Actual Mechanical Advantage is
determined for the following simple machines:
A. Inclined Plane

IMA = Input Distance(Effort)/Output Distance (Height)
AMA = Output Force/Input Force (Effort)

B. Lever
IMA=D1

D2
AMA=W /F
C. Pulleys
IMA=Number of ropes
AMA=W /Ropes
D. Wheel and Axle
IMA=Radius of wheel/radius of axle
AMA=Resistance/Force
5. Complete the Following Worksheet:

Worksheet 2
Effort Force = Input Force
Resistance Force = Output Force
4b:IMA=4.5
5b:AMA=16.25
6a:IMA = 6

AMA=5.22
Eff=5.22/6 x 100
Eff=87%
7b:IMA=0.8
7c: IMA=2.14
8a: AMA=7.96
8b: AMA=2.327
9.Eff=83.69%
10a. 7 7.14n
B.IMA= 5 8n
C.IMA= 1 30n
D.IMA=2 100n
E.IMA=3 100n
F. IMA=6 83.33n
11. Refer above
12. 25% efficiency
13. 25% efficiency
14. 33.33% efficiency
15. 30% efficiency
16.f. IMA=4
16. G. IMA=4.333
6. Group: Video 1 Trial of the Lab that demonstrates the experiment and
the calculations
* Attach link to video here

Resources to Help:

QUIZ: Inclined Plane

Directions: Analyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:

How does the angle of an inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage?

Hypothesis: (Use proper form!)

If the angle of the incline planes, then the Mechanical Advantage of the plane will
decreased.

Diagrams of Inclined Planes: (Label Diagrams)

12 degrees 19.5 degrees 37 degrees
Sine=opposite Sine=opposite Sine=opposite

Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
Sine=30 Sine=30/90 Sine=30/50
Sine=0.333=19.5 degrees Sine=0.6=37 degrees
150
Sine=0.2=12 degrees

Angle Chart: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Calculations (Examples):

IMA=Din/Dout AMA=Fout/fin Efficiency=AMA/IMA x 100
IMA 150/30 AMA= 7/2 Eff-3.5/5 x 100
IMA=5 AMA=3.5 Eff=70%

IMA=Din/Dout AMA=Fout/Fin Efficiency=AMA/IMA x 100
IMA 90/30 AMA=7/3 Eff=2.33/3 x 100
IMA=3 AMA=2.33 Eff=77.67%

Graph: (Angle and Mechanical Advantage)

Conclusion:
Option #1 Write a Conclusion.
***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible
and why?

Option #2 Building
Compare 2 famous buildings based on the following Inclined Plane Data.
A builder wanted to get a 60 kg bag of concrete to the top of the 2
buildings.
Building 1:One World Trade Center: 1776 ft=541.2348 m
Building 2:Burj Khalifa: 2717 ft=828.1416 m
1. What would the length of the ramp be if the machine has:
IMA - 5.9
Trade Center length:3193.28532 m
IM A=Din/Dout

5.9=Din/541.2348 m
Din=3193.28532 m
Burj Khalifa length:4886.03544 m
IM A=Din/Dout
5.9=Din/828.1416 m
Din=4886.03544 m
AMA - 3.7
Trade Center:F=M x A

F=60 kg x 9.8 m/s/s
F=588j
AMA=Fout/Fin
3.7=588/x
x=158.919
Burj Khalifa:
F=M x A
F=60 kg x 9.8 m/s/s
F=588
AMA=Fout/Fin
3.7=588/x
x=158.919
2. What are the angles of the ramps?
Trade Center:about 9.8 degrees
Sine=opposite/hypotenuse
Sine=541.2348/3193.28532
Sine=0.16949=about 9.8 degrees
Burj Khalifa:about 9.8 degrees
Sine=opposite/hypotenuse
Sine=828.1416/4886.03544
Sine=0.169=about 9.8 degrees
3. Using Work Input and Output, what is the efficiency of the machines?

W=F x D
Trade Center:62.71%

Wout:588 x 541.2348 m
Wout=318246.0624 j
Win=158.919 x 3193.28532 m
Win=507473.7098 j
Eff=Wout/win x 100
Eff=318246.0624 j/507473.7098 j x 100
Eff= 62.71%
Burj Khalifa 62.71%
Wout=588 j x 828.1416 m
Wout=486947.2608 j
Win= 158.919 x 4886.03544 m
Win=776483.8661 j
Eff=Wout/Win x 100
Eff=486947.2608 j/776483.8661 j x 100
Eff=62.71 %

Rubric

Lab Rubric - Data Analysis Sections

1 234

Data/ ____Data is poorly ____Data is ____Data is ___Data is clearly
Observations organized or missing represented in a represented in the and accurately
altogether. table or graph, but it table or graph with represented in a
No men on of is incomplete or minor errors. More table or graph.
observa ons there are major complete discussion Observa ons include
errors. Some of observa ons. discussion of both
discussion of qualita ve and
observa ons quan ta ve
observa ons.

Conclusion/ ____No conclusion is ____Somewhat ____Adequately ____Clearly explains
Analysis wri en in this report or it explains whether or explains whether or whether or not the
is very brief. No data is not the hypothesis not the hypothesis hypothesis was
cited. was supported. was supported. Data supported. Data was
____No analysis is included ____ Possible is cited to support cited to support the
or it is extremely brief no sources of error are hypothesis. hypothesis.
sources of error are somewhat ____Possible ____Possible
explained. explained. sources of error are sources of error are
____No discussion of ____ No discussion adequately clearly explained.
pa erns or trends in the of pa erns or trends explained.

data ____Some ____Trends and

discussion of Pa erns in the data

pa erns or trend in are clearly

the data discussed.