http://www.foodnetworksolution.com/vocab/word/2190/bamboo-mushroom-bamboo-mushroom 51
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http://ananmanee.blogspot.com/ 53
http://mushroaming.com/content/ghost-hepialus-haunting-high-asia http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action ?articleId=281474978332898 54
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Viruses 57
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T ER A Brief History of Microbiology 1 58
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4756289/ 59
The Golden Age of Microbiology • Scientists searched for answers to four questions (late 1800 to 1900 - but long after Leeuwenhoek – why ?) • 1) Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible ? • 2) What causes fermentation ? • 3) What causes disease ? • 4) How can we prevent infection and disease ? 60
Q1- Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible ? Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiments But Critics said 1) sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive and 2) prolonged heating destroyed the "life force" Is there growth of microbes ? NO 61
Figure 1.11 Louis Pasteur. 62
Figure 1.12 Pasteur's experiments with "swan-necked flasks." There is NO spontaneous generation of microbes Cells come from “parent” Cells 63
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• Live Yeast used for fermenting grapes = wine, grains = beer • Yeast Extracts • Eduard Buchner demonstrated fermentation does not require living cells • Showed enzymes promote chemical reactions • Began the field of biochemistry and the study of metabolism 65
The Golden Age ofMicrobiology • Q3- What Causes Disease? • Pasteur developed germ theory of disease (microbes cause disease) ***** Now applies to infectious diseases only • Robert Koch developed etiology (study of causative agents of disease) • also developed experimental microbiology 66
The Golden Age ofMicrobiology • Robert Koch also developed experimental microbiology • Simple staining techniques • Use of Petri dishes • Techniques to transfer bacteria 67
The Golden Age ofMicrobiology • What Causes Disease? • Koch's 4 postulates • 1) Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts • 2) Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host • 3) When agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease • 4) Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host 68
Figure 14.7 Koch's postulates. Agent not typically found in healthy subjects Healthy subject Bacterial colonies Petri plate Streaked plates 1 The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease. Diseased subjects 2 The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture. Injection 3 The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host (animal or plant). 4 The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host. 69
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• How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? • Semmelweis and handwashing • Lister's antiseptic technique • Nightingale and nursing • Snow – infection control and epidemiology • Jenner's vaccine – field of immunology • Ehrlich's "magic bullets" – field of chemotherapy NOSOCOMIAL Infections 71
Figure 1.19 Some of the many scientific disciplines and applications that arose from the pioneering work of scientists just before and around the time of the Golden Age of Microbiology. 72
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• How Do We Defend Against Disease? • Serology • The study of blood serum – indicator antibodies in blood • Von Behring and Kitasato – existence in the blood of chemicals and cells that fight infection • Immunology • The study of the body's defenses against specific pathogens • Chemotherapy • Fleming discovered penicillin • Domagk discovered sulfa drugs 75 The Modern Age of Microbiology
The Modern Age of Microbiology • What Role Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? • Recyclers of Nature • Recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur 76
ENERGY FLOW Light energy Heat Chemical energy Plants take up chemicals from the soil and air. Chemicals Decomposers return chemicals to the soil. Chemicals pass to organisms that eat the plants. Recyclers of Nature น ั กร ีไซเค ิ ลแห ่ งธรรมชาต ิ 77
Recycling function can be used for our benefit Bioremediation uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments 78
Kill the Spill https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2GU3RyiTow 79