EEPC

Cambodia

I. KEY COUNTRY FACTS

Population:
15.68 Million

Languages spoken:
Khmer, English, French

Currency:
Riel (KHR)

Country code:
+ 855

II. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
A. GDP at Current Prices (USD Billion)

30.00 10.7% 10.2% 26.73 25.95 12.00%
25.00 22.19 24.44 9.3% 10.00%
20.00 8.00%
20.04 6.00%
4.00%
15.00 2.00%
0.00%
10.00 -2.00%
-4.00%
5.00

-2.9%
0.00

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

GDP at Current price Growth

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select subjects?c=582

50

B. Per capita GDP at current prices ($)

1,800.00 9.6% 1,578.02 1,713.31 1,655.39 12.00%
1,600.00 1,446.88 9.1% 8.6% 10.00%
1,400.00 -3.4% 8.00%
1,200.00 1,320.33 2020 6.00%
1,000.00 2016 4.00%
2.00%
800.00 0.00%
600.00 -2.00%
400.00 -4.00%
200.00 -6.00%

0.00

2017 2018 2019
Per Capita GDP Growth

C. Inflation (average CPI), percentage change

3.50 2.91 2.39 2.01 2.94
3.03 2017 2018 2019 2020

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
2016

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select-subjects?c=582

Chapter 3
CAMBODIA

III. GLOBAL TRADE
A. Total merchandise exports vis-à-vis total merchandise imports ($ billion)

12.71
17.39

14.82
20.28

17.72
19.3

2018 2019 2020

Source: ITC Trade Map Total Merchandise Export Total Merchandise Import

B. Total Engineering Exports vis-à-vis Total Engineering Imports ($ billion)

0.99
4.22

1.43
5.84

1.88
4.93

2018 2019 2020
Total Engineering Export Total Engineering Import
Source: ITC Trade Map

52

C. Key rankings

Parameter Rank
Ease of Doing Business, 2020 144
Global Competitiveness Index, 2019 110
Global Innovation Index, 2020 106

Source: Ease of Doing Business Rankings taken from https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/ rankings?region=east-asia-and-pacific

Global Competitiveness Index Rankings taken from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf

Global Innovation Index taken from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_ 2020-intro4.pdf , jointly published by Cornell
University, WIPO and INSEAD

IV. EXISTING FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS (FTA)

Cambodia has in total seven FTAs which are signed and in-effect. Some of these are bilateral while others have been
signed as a member of ASEAN. These FTAs are:

u ASEAN Free Trade Area
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-free-trade-area

u ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-australia-and-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement

u ASEAN-Hong Kong, China Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-hongkong-china-free-trade-agreement

u ASEAN-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-india-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

u ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-japan-comprehensive-economic-partnership

u ASEAN-People’s Republic of China Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-peoples-republic-of-china-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-
agreement

u ASEAN-Korea Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-korea-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

Other than these FTAs as a member of ASEAN, Cambodia is also part of negotiation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
(RCEP).

Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership

Chapter 3
CAMBODIA

V. EXISTING FTA WITH INDIA
The ASEAN-India FTA in Goods came into existence in the year 2010. The agreement became further comprehensive
with the signing of the agreement on trade in services and investment. Further information can be obtained in the
link: https://commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/india-asean-agreements/

VI. INDIA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA

Between 2016 and 2020, India’s total trade with Cambodia increased by more than 19%. During the same time
India’s total engineering trade with Cambodia increased by almost 10%. In 2020, Cambodia ranked as the 111th
merchandise exports destination for India and 117th engineering exports destination.

A. India’s merchandise trade with Cambodia ($ million)
CAGR of exports: 7.2% CAGR of imports: -3.0%

179.66 204
46.59
120.34 144.04

109.27

43.21 47.86 48.23 38.19

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total merchandise export to Cambodia India’s total merchandise import from Cambodia

Source: ITC Trade Map

54

B. India’s engineering trade with Cambodia ($ million)
CAGR of exports: 3.8% CAGR of imports: -11.9%

61.48
74.58

19.94 19.35 23.13

2.5 4.08 2.45 2.46 1.51

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total engineering export to Cambodia India’s total engineering import from Cambodia

Source: ITC Trade Map

C. India’s share in Cambodia’s total import basket: Merchandise vis-à-vis engineering (%)

1.80% 0.7609% 0.65% 1.56% 1.48% 0.90%
1.60% 2016 0.50% 0.90% 0.95% 0.67%
1.40%
1.20% 2017 2018 2019 2020
1.00%
0.80%
0.60%
0.40%
0.20%
0.00%

India’s share in Cambodia’s merchandise import basket India’s share in Cambodia’s engineering import basket

Source: ITC Trade Map

Chapter 3
CAMBODIA

D. Potential items of export to Cambodia in engineering and India’s position

In engineering, India is the 13th-largest supplier to Cambodia. The major export items include motor vehicle/cars,
industrial machinery for dairy, agriculture, food processing, textiles, paper, chemicals, and accumulators and battery.
The two countries have a significantly high trade complementarity index of 80.3 in engineering, which implies there is
significant scope for intraregional trade. India’s share in Cambodia’s engineering imports, sector-wise, is listed here,
giving an idea as to the areas where India needs to improve its share.

Potential sectors for bilateral trade and investment ($ million)

Units Cambodia’s imports from world avg India’s share in Cambodia’s import
(2017-19) basket (%)
Motor vehicle/cars 1005.68 2.77
Industrial machinery for dairy, agriculture, 555.23 0.48
food processing, textiles, paper, chemicals,
etc 510.66 0.38
Electric machinery and equipment 328.65 0.01
Iron and steel 316.22 1.09
Products of iron and steel 307.17 0.11
Aluminium and products made of aluminium 265.51 2.05
Two and three wheelers 257.51 0.02
Bicycle & parts 148.25 1.01
Other Construction Machinery

Source: ITC Trade Map

VII. CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN INDIA AND CAMBODIA

A. Mekong-India Economic Corridor
Involves integrating the four Mekong region countries – Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Thailand. It is planned to
connect Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) with Dawei (Myanmar) via Bangkok (Thailand) and Phnom Penh (Cambodia) and
further linking to Chennai in India.

B. Port connectivity
Cambodia has two major ports – Phnom Penh Port and Sihanoukville Port, also known as Kampong Som, and five
minor ports. Phnom Penh is Cambodia’s main freshwater port, a major port on the Mekong River. It is linked to the
South China Sea, 290 km distant, via a channel of the Mekong in Vietnam.

56 Distance with Phnom Penh Port Time taken to reach (days)
(nautical miles)
Location of port in India 10.9
Chennai 2614 11.4
Kolkata 14
Mumbai 2741
Source: ports.com
3360

C. Road connectivity
India has already proposed to expand the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway to include Cambodia, Laos, and
Vietnam.
India–Myanmar–Lao PDR–Cambodia–Vietnam Highway

D. Air connectivity
Phnom Penh International Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Cambodia. It is 7 km west of central Phnom Penh
and is connected to major airports in India.

Chapter 3
CAMBODIA

VIII. INVESTMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH INDIA

With a positive growth, Foreign investment inflow to Cambodia is expanding continuously. According to The Council
for the Development of Cambodia, total foreign investment reached US$3.6 billion in 2016. Indian investment worth
US$19.8 million (0.55%) ranked among the top 10 foreign investors in Cambodia. The major investments from India
are in the field of agricultural machinery, power, construction and mining.

Source: MEA

IX. INDIA, CAMBODIA DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS

Embassy of India
Ambassador: H.E. Dr Devyani Khobragade
Address: No.50, Street 214, Samdech Pan Ave
Sangkat Beung Raing, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh
Kingdom of Cambodia
Telephone: +855-23-210912, 210913, 218046

Embassy of Cambodia
Ambassador: H.E. Mr Ung Sean
Address: A-1/309, Safdarjung Enclave
New Delhi 110 029
Telephone: +91-11-41717136; 41717137

58

Indonesia

I. KEY COUNTRY FACTS
Population :
270.2 Million

Languages spoken:
Bahasa Indonesia (official), English,

Dutch, Local dialects
Currency:

Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)

Country code:

+ 62

II. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
A. GDP at current prices ($ billion)

1200 9.0% 1042.71 1120.04 1059.64 10.0%
1000 932.06 1015.48 2.7% 7.4% 8.0%
800 -5.4% 6.0%
600 2020 4.0%
400 2.0%
200 0.0%
-2.0%
0 -4.0%
2016 -6.0%
-8.0%

2017 2018 2019
GDP at Current price Growth (%)

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=516,522,536,544,548,518,566,57
8,582,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2016&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&s
ort=country&ds=.&br=1

Chapter 3
INDONESIA

B. Per capita GDP at current prices ($)

4300 7.8% 3947.25 4196.3 3921.62 10.0%
4200 3885.46 1.6% 6.3% 8.0%
4100 -6.5% 6.0%
4000 2019 2020 4.0%
3900 2.0%
3800 0.0%
3700 -2.0%
-4.0%
3605.72 -6.0%
3600 -8.0%
3500
3400 2017 2018
3300

2016

GDP at Current price Growth (%)

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=516,522,536,544,548,518,566,578,582,
&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2016&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&
ds=.&br=1

C. Inflation (average CPI), percentage change

4.00% 3.52% 3.80% 3.29% 2.82% 2.03%
3.50% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
3.00%
2.50%
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=516,522,536,544,548,518,566,578,582,&s
=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2016&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&
br=1

60

III. GLOBAL TRADE
A. Total merchandise exports vis-à-vis total merchandise imports ($ billion)

180.2
188.7

167.7
171.3
163.3
141.6

2018 2019 2020

Source: ITC Trade Map Total Merchandise Export Total Merchandise Import

B. Total engineering exports vis-à-vis total engineering imports ($ billion)

38.5
84.5

40.5
80.3

42.2
65.8

2018 2019 2020
Total Engineering Export
Source: ITC Trade Map Total Engineering Import

Chapter 3
INDONESIA

C. Key rankings

Parameter Rank
Ease of Doing Business, 2020 73
Global Competitiveness Index, 2019 50
Global Innovation Index, 2020 85

https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings?region=east-asia-and-pacific

Global Competitiveness Index Rankings taken from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf

Global Innovation Index taken from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020-intro4.pdf , jointly published by Cornell
University, WIPO and INSEAD

IV. EXISTING FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS (FTA)

Indonesia has in total 40 FTAs of which 12 FTAs are signed and in effect and three FTAs are signed but not in effect.
The remaining 18 FTAs are proposed and under consultation while seven FTAs have just launched negotiations.
Some of the signed and effective FTAs are bilateral while others are regional.

u ASEAN Free Trade Area
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-free-trade-area

u ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-australia-and-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement

u ASEAN-Hong Kong, China Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-hongkong-china-free-trade-agreement

u ASEAN-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-india-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

u ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-japan-comprehensive-economic-partnership

u ASEAN-People's Republic of China Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-peoples-republic-of-china-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-
agreement

u ASEAN-Republic of Korea Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-korea-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

u Australia-Indonesia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/indonesia-australia-comprehensive-economic-partnership-agreement

62

u Indonesia-Chile Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/indonesia-chile-free-trade-agreement
u Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/japan-indonesia-economic-partnership-agreement
u Indonesia-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/pakistan-indonesia-free-trade-agreement
u Preferential Tariff Arrangement-Group of Eight Developing Countries
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/preferential-tariff-arrangement-group-of-eight-developing-countries
Other than these FTAs as a member of ASEAN, Indonesia is also part of the negotiations in the Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP), Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia, East Asia Free Trade Area, and Free
Trade Area of the Asia Pacific
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership

V. EXISTING FTA WITH INDIA

The ASEAN-India FTA in Goods came into existence in the year 2010. The agreement became further comprehensive
with the signing of the agreement on trade in services and investment. Further information can be obtained in the
link: https://commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/india-asean-agreements/

Chapter 3
INDONESIA

VI. INDIA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH INDONESIA

Between 2016 and 2020, India’s total trade with Indonesia increased by 1.8%. During the same time India’s total
engineering trade with Indonesia increased by almost 1.9%. In 2020, Indonesia became the 16th-largest merchandise
export destination for India and 15th-largest engineering export destination.

A. India’s merchandise trade with Indonesia ($ billion)
CAGR of exports: 9.10% CAGR of imports: -0.40%

3.1
12.2

3.8
16.2

4.8
16.1

4.5
15.6

4.4
12

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total merchandise export to Indonesia India’s total merchandise import from Indonesia

Source: ITC Trade Map

64

B. India’s engineering trade with Indonesia ($ billion)
CAGR of Exports: -8.50% CAGR of Imports: -6.90%

1.3
1.2

1.8
1.3

1.9
1.8

2.1
2.7

1.8
0.9

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total engineering export to Indonesia India’s total engineering import from Indonesia

Source: ITC Trade Map

C. India’s share in Indonesia’s total import basket: Merchandise vis-à-vis engineering (%)

3.50% 2.60% 2.50% 2.60% 3.10%
3.00% 2.40% 2.30% 2.70%
2.50%
2.00% 2.30%
1.50% 2.20%

1.00%

0.50%

0.00%

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s share in Indonesia’s merchandise export basket India’s share in Indonesia’s engineering import basket

Source: ITC Trade Map

Chapter 3
INDONESIA

D. Potential items of export to Indonesia in engineering and India’s position

In engineering, India is the 11th-largest supplier to Indonesia. The major export items include machinery, boilers
and parts, electrical machinery, iron and steel and automobiles. The two countries have a significantly high trade
complementarity index of 74.1 in engineering which implies there is significant scope for intraregional trade. India’s
share in Indonesia’s engineering imports, sector-wise, is listed here, giving an idea as to the areas where India needs
to improve its share.

Potential sectors for bilateral trade and investment ($ million)

Unit Indonesia's imports from world avg India’s share in Indonesia’s
(2017-19) import basket (%)
4.3
Iron and steel 9434.25
2.9
Industrial machinery for dairy, agriculture, 7441.60
food processing, textiles, paper, chemicals, 1.6
etc 2.5
1.9
Electric machinery and equipment 6206.42 13.9

Auto components/parts 3465.61 1.7

Products of iron and steel 3313.21 2.0
0.9
Motor vehicle/cars 2571.71 1.6
1.9
Air condition and refrigeration machinery and 2151.97 1.3
parts, industrial furnaces, water heaters and 2.1
centrifuges and compressor 1.7
11.6
Aluminium and products made of aluminium 2092.18

Cranes, lifts & winches 2058.99

Other construction machinery 2047.90

IC engines and parts 1894.15

Medical and scientific instruments 1627.12

Copper and products made of copper 1453.90

Other non-ferrous metals and their products 1251.68

Nuclear reactors, industrial boilers and parts 1231.61

Source: ITC Trade Map

66

VII. CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN INDIA AND INDONESIA

A. Andaman & Nicobar Islands-Aceh connectivity
Involves first connectivity between Aceh and Port Blair. It was envisaged that the shipping link would boost the
economy of Andaman Islands with that of western Sumatra (Aceh province).
B. Port connectivity
India and Indonesia are also jointly developing Sabang Deep Seaport, and Indian naval ships have been regularly
visiting this port after the signing of the agreement. There are six major ports in Indonesia along with numerous
smaller ports. Port of Tanjung Priok is the busiest and most advanced Indonesian seaport, handling more than
50% of Indonesia's transhipment cargo traffic.
C. Road connectivity
India has already proposed to expand the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway to include Cambodia, Laos,
and Indonesia
D. Air connectivity
Indonesia is connected to all major airports in India
u From Delhi it takes approximately 9 hours of flying time to reach Bali
u From Mumbai it takes approximately 5 hours to reach Bali
u From Chennai it takes approximately 7 hours 50 minutes to reach Bali

VIII. INVESTMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH INDIA

There are about 30 Indian investments/joint ventures in Indonesia. As per Indonesian authorities, Indian investment in
Indonesia was $995.18 million in 2215 projects during 2000-18. Indonesia’s investment in India is $629.16 million
(April-March 2019-20).

Source: MEA and DIPP factsheet

Chapter 3
INDONESIA

IX INDIA, INDONESIA DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS

Embassy of India
Ambassador: H.E. Mr Pradeep Kumar Rawat
Address: Gama Tower, 28th floor, Jl HR Rasuna Said Kav
C22 Karet Kuningan, Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Selatan
Jakarta 12940
Telephone: +62 21 2522299 (Hunting)
Fax: +62 21 2522407

Embassy of Indonesia
Address: 50-A Kautilya Marg, Chanakyapuri,
New Delhi 110 021
Telephone: +91-11- 26118642-46
Email: [email protected]
Fax: +91-11-26874402, 26886763

68

LAO PDR

I. KEY COUNTRY FACTS

Population :
7.3 Million

Languages spoken:
Lao, French, English

Currency:
Kip (LAK)

Country code:

+ 856

II. Economic Performance
A. GDP at Current Prices ($ billion)

19.50 7.2% 18.136.3% 18.81 19.07 8.00%
19.00 17.06 3.7% 7.00%
18.50 1.4% 6.00%
18.00 15.91 2020 5.00%
17.50 2016 4.00%
17.00 3.00%
16.50 2.00%
16.00 1.00%
15.50 0.00%
15.00
14.50
14.00

2017 2018 2019

Per Capita GDP Growth

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select subjects?c=582

Chapter 3
LAO PDR

B. Per capita GDP at current price ($)

2,650.00 2,625.49 2,625.53 6.00%
2,600.00
2,550.00 5.6% 2,567.89 5.00%
2,500.00 2,452.97 4.7%
2,450.00
2,400.00 4.00%
2,350.00
2,300.00 3.00%
2,250.00
2,200.00 2,323.36 2.2% 2.00%
2,150.00 2016
1.00%

0.0% 0.00%
2020
2017 2018 2019
Per Capita GDP Growth

C. Inflation (average CPI), percentage change

6.00

5.07

5.00

4.00 3.32
3.00 2.04
2.00 1.76

1.00 0.66

0.00 2017 2018 2019 2020
2016

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select-subjects?c=582

70

III. GLOBAL TRADE
A. Total merchandise exports vis-à-vis total merchandise imports ($ billion)

3.12
5.84

4.9
5.79
5.81
5.9

2018 2019 2020
Total Merchandise Export
Source: ITC Trade Map Total Merchandise Import

B. Total engineering exports vis-à-vis total engineering imports ($ billion)

1.35
3.13

1
2.67

0.92
2.69

2018 2019 2020
Total Engineering Export Total Engineering Import
Source: ITC Trade Map

Chapter 3
LAO PDR

C. Key rankings

Parameter Rank
Ease of Doing Business, 2020 154
Global Competitiveness Index, 2019 113
Global Innovation Index, 2020 127

Source: Ease of Doing Business Rankings taken from https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings?region=east-asia-and-pacific

Global Competitiveness Index Rankings taken from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf

Global Innovation Index taken from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020-intro4.pdf , jointly published by
Cornell University, WIPO and INSEAD

IV. EXISTING FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS (FTA)

Laos has in total nine FTAs which are signed and in-effect. Some of these are bilateral while others have been signed
as a member of ASEAN. These are:

u ASEAN Free Trade Area
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-free-trade-area

u ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-australia-and-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement

u ASEAN-Hong Kong, China Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-hongkong-china-free-trade-agreement

u ASEAN-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-india-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

u ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-japan-comprehensive-economic-partnership

u ASEAN-People’s Republic of China Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-peoples-republic-of-china-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-
agreement

u ASEAN-Korea Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-korea-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

u Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA)
Link:https://aric.adb.org/fta/asia-pacific-trade-agreement

72

u Laos-Thailand Preferential Trading Arrangement,
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/laos-thailand-preferential-trading-arrangement
Other than these FTAs as a member of ASEAN, Laos is also part of the negotiations in the Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP). Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership

V. EXISTING FTA WITH INDIA

The ASEAN-India FTA in Goods came into existence in the year 2010. The agreement became further comprehensive
with the signing of the agreement on trade in services and investment. Further information can be obtained in the
Link: https://commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/india-asean-agreements/

VI. INDIA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH LAO PDR

Between 2016 and 2020, India’s total trade with Laos increased by 4%. During the same time India’s total
engineering trade with Laos increased by almost 22%. In 2020, Laos became the 15th-largest merchandise exports
destination for India and 13th-largest engineering exports destination.

Chapter 3
LAO PDR

A. India’s merchandise trade with Laos ($ million)
CAGR of exports: 3.9% CAGR of imports: -66.9%

249.74

172.4

23.93 23.6 37.64 29.29 27.87
16.45 2.62 2.08

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total merchandise export to Laos India’s total merchandise import from Laos

Source: ITC Trade Map

B. India’s engineering trade with Laos ($ million)

CAGR of exports: 7.4% ; CAGR of imports: -54.8%

29.17

12.02 14.08 16.9 16
4.74 1.08 0.2

0.43 0.01

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total engineering export to Laos India’s total engineering import from Laos

Source: ITC Trade Map

74

C. India’s share in Laos’ total import basket: Merchandise vis-à-vis engineering (%)

1.4% 1.1%
1.2%

1.2%

1.0%

0.8% 0.7% 0.8%

0.7%
0.6% 0.6%

0.6%

0.4%

0.4% 0.3% 0.3%

0.2%

0.0%
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s share in Laos’s merchandise import basket India’s share in Laos’s engineering import basket

Source: ITC Trade Map

D. Potential items of export to Laos in engineering and India’s position

In engineering, India is the 10th-largest supplier to Laos. The major export items include electric machinery and
equipment, and motor vehicle/cars. The two countries have a significantly high trade complementarity index of 77.7 in
engineering which implies there is significant scope for intraregional trade. India’s share in Lao’s engineering imports,
sector-wise, is listed here, giving an idea as to the areas where India needs to improve its share.

Potential sectors for bilateral trade and investment ($ million)

Unit Laos’ imports from world avg India’s share in Laos’ import
(2017-19) basket (%)
Motor vehicle/cars 431.32 1.22
Iron and steel 356.93 0.20
Electric machinery and equipment 319.19 2.59
Products of iron and steel 305.94 0.92
Industrial machinery for dairy, agriculture, food
processing, textiles, paper, chemicals, etc 101.14 0.17

Source: ITC Trade Map

Chapter 3
LAO PDR

VII. CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN INDIA AND LAOS

Laos is a part of India’s extended neighbourhood as only one country, Myanmar, separates Laos from India’s Northeast.
The distance from the Laos border with Myanmar in the north to the Manipur border in India is less than 2000 km.

A. Port connectivity
As a landlocked country, Laos possesses no ports or harbours on the sea.
B. Road connectivity
India has already proposed to expand the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway to include Cambodia, Laos,
and Vietnam.
C. Air connectivity
The Wattay International Airport is the biggest airport in Laos and serves Vientiane, the capital of the country. It
also has large numbers of international routes offered by various Asian airlines and is well connected to all major
Indian airports.

VIII. INVESTMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH INDIA

India has supported the development of Laos by extending lines of credit for infrastructure projects in the fields of
transmission lines, hydropower projects, conversion of diesel to electric driven pump sets, and irrigation projects.

Source: MEA

IX. INDIA, LAO PDR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS

Embassy of India
Ambassador: H.E. Mr Dinkar Asthana
Address: No.125, Unit 7, Ban Saphanthong (Kang)
PO Box No.225, Sisattanak District, Vientiane, Laos
Telephone: +856-21-352301 to 352303

Embassy of Laos
Ambassador: H.E. Mr Southam Sakonhninhom
Address: S-420, Greater Kailash, Part 2, New Delhi 110 048
Telephone: +91-11-4132 7352

76

Malaysia

I. KEY COUNTRY FACTS
Population :
32.9 Million

Languages spoken:
Malay (Official), English, Tamil, Chinese

Currency
Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)

Country code:

+ 60

II. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
A. GDP at current prices ($ billion)

400 358.71 364.68 15.0%
12.4% 10.0%
350 319.1 338.28
301.25 5.9%
5.0%
300
1.7% 0.0%
250
-7.2% -5.0%
200 2020 -10.0%

150 2017 2018 2019
GDP at Current price Growth (%)
100

50

0
2016

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select subjects?c=582

Chapter 3
MALAYSIA

B. Per capita GDP at current prices ($)

11500 11077.43 11213.12 15.0%
11000 11.2% 10.0%
10500 5.0%
10000 9965.124.6% 10269.86 0.0%
9500 -5.0%
9000 9523.29 1.2% -8.4% -10.0%
8500 2016 2020

2017 2018 2019
Per Capita GDP Growth (%)

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select-subjects?c=582

C. Inflation (average CPI), percentage change

5.00% 3.79%
4.00%

3.00% 2.07%
2.00%
1.00% 0.97% 0.66%

0.00% 2016 2017 2018 2019 -12.01240%
-1.00%

-2.00%

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select-subjects?c=582

78

III. GLOBAL TRADE
A. Total merchandise exports vis-à-vis total merchandise imports ($ billion)

247.5
217.7

238.2
205

233.6
189.6

2018 2019 2020

Total Merchandise Export Total Merchandise Import

Source: ITC Trade Map

B. Total engineering exports vis-à-vis total engineering imports ($ billion)

141.2
121.6

137.5
113

140.8
107.9

2018 2019 2020
Total Engineering Export Total Engineering Import
Source: ITC Trade Map

Chapter 3
MALAYSIA

C. Key rankings

Parameter Rank
Ease of Doing Business, 2020 12
Global Competitiveness Index, 2019 27
Global Innovation Index, 2020 36

Source: Ease of Doing Business Rankings taken from https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings?region=east-asia-and-pacific

Global Competitiveness Index Rankings taken from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf

Global Innovation Index taken from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020-intro4.pdf , jointly published by
Cornell University, WIPO and INSEAD

IV. EXISTING FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS (FTA)

Malaysia has in total 34 FTAs of which 16 FTAs are signed and in effect, one FTA has been signed but not in effect,
and another FTA has been discontinued. The remaining nine FTAs are proposed and under consultation and six FTAs
have just launched negotiations. Some of the signed and effective FTAs are bilateral while others are regional. These
FTAs are:

u ASEAN Free Trade Area
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-free-trade-area

u ASEAN-Korea Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-korea-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

u ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-japan-comprehensive-economic-partnership

u ASEAN-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-india-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

u ASEAN-Hong Kong, China Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-hongkong-china-free-trade-agreement

u ASEAN-People’s Republic of China Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-peoples-republic-of-china-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-
agreement

u ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-australia-and-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement

u Australia-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/malaysia-australia-free-trade-agreement

80

u Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/comprehensive-and-progressive-agreement-for-trans-pacific-partnership
u India-Malaysia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/malaysia-india-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement
u Japan-Malaysia Economic Partnership Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/japan-malaysia-economic-partnership-agreement
u Malaysia-Chile Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/malaysia-chile-free-trade-agreement
u Malaysia-Pakistan Closer Economic Partnership Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/malaysia-pakistan-closer-economic-partnership-agreement
u Malaysia-Turkey Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/malaysia-turkey-free-trade-agreement
u New Zealand-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/malaysia-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement
u Preferential Tariff Arrangement-Group of Eight Developing Countries
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/preferential-tariff-arrangement-group-of-eight-developing-countries
Other than these as a member of ASEAN, Malaysia is also part of the negotiations in the Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP), Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia, East Asia Free Trade Area, Free
Trade Area of Asia Pacific and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/comprehensive-and-progressive-agreement-for-trans-pacific-partnership

V. EXISTING FTA WITH INDIA

The ASEAN-India FTA in Goods came into existence in the year 2010. The agreement became further comprehensive
with the signing of the agreement on trade in services and investment. Further information can be obtained in the link:
https://commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/india-asean-agreements/

VI. INDIA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH MALAYSIA

Between 2016 and 2020, India’s total trade with Malaysia increased by 1.4%. During the same time India’s total
engineering trade with Malaysia has been consistent, increasing by merely 0.1%. In 2020, Malaysia became the 10th-
largest merchandise export destination for India and 6th-largest engineering export destination.

Chapter 3
MALAYSIA

A. India’s merchandise trade with Malaysia ($ billion)
CAGR of exports: 10.3% ; CAGR of imports: -3.9%

4.2
8.7

5.5
8.9

6.6
10.4

6.3
10.4

6.2
7.4

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total merchandise export to Malaysia India’s total merchandise import from Malaysia

Source: ITC Trade Map

B. India’s engineering trade with Malaysia ($ billion)
CAGR of exports: 6.5%; CAGR of imports: -4.7%

2
3.1

2.2
3.8

1.9
4.1

2.4
3.8

2.5
2.6

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total engineering export to Malaysia India’s total engineering import from Malaysia

Source: ITC

82

C. India’s share in Malaysia’s total import basket: Merchandise vis-à-vis engineering (%)

3.50% 2.50% 2.80% 3.00% 3.10% 3.30%
3.00% 2.00% 2.00% 1.50% 2.10% 2.30%
2.50%
2.00%
1.50%

1.00%

0.50%

0.00%

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s share in Malaysia’s merchandise export basket India’s share in Malaysia’s engineering export basket

Source: ITC Trade Map

D. Potential items of export to Malaysia in engineering and India’s position

In engineering,India is the 10th-largest supplier to Malaysia.The major export items include metals,auto components,
machinery and parts, and automobiles. The two countries have a significantly high trade complementarity index1
of around 60.7 in engineering which implies there is significant scope for intraregional trade. India’s share in
Malaysia’s engineering imports, sector-wise, is listed here, giving an idea as to the areas where India needs to
improve its share.

Chapter 3
MALAYSIA

Potential sectors for bilateral trade and investment ($ million)

Unit Malaysia’s imports from world avg India’s share in Malaysia’s import
(2017-19) basket (%)
Electric machinery and equipment 6695.67 1.6
Iron and steel 6142.43 5.2
Industrial machinery for dairy, agriculture,
food processing, textiles, paper, chemicals, 5956.28 1.8
etc
Copper and products made of copper 3663.09 2.9
Aircrafts, spacecrafts and parts 3447.32 0.8
Aluminium and products made of aluminium 3328.38 22.7
Products of iron and steel 2887.34 1.4
Motor vehicle/cars 2763.93 0.2
Auto components/parts 2573.28 0.7
Medical and scientific instruments 2228.47 1.2
Air condition and refrigeration machinery and
parts, industrial furnaces, water heaters and 1408.84 1.5
centrifuges and compressor
Machine tools 1133.47 0.3

Source: ITC Trade Map

84

VII. CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN INDIA AND MALAYSIA

A. Road connectivity
India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway (IMTTH) is a cross-border transportation network being financed by the
governments of India, Myanmar, and Thailand. Similarly, Mekong-India Economic Corridor (MIEC) involves integrating
the four Mekong countries – Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam – with India. All these connectivity corridors
are often termed as land bridges between South and Southeast Asia.

B. Port connectivity
According to the UNCTAD connectivity index, Malaysia is the world’s fifth best connected country in terms of shipping
line connectivity. Currently, Malaysia counts eight federal administrated ports – Port Klang, Port of Tanjung Pelepas,
Johor Port, Penang Port, Bintulu Port, Malacca Port, Kuantan Port, and Kemaman Port. Port Klang is the largest and
most important port in Malaysia. Meanwhile, the ports in Sabah and Sarawak are under the jurisdiction of the state
governments of Sabah and Sarawak respectively.

C. Air connectivity
Located around 45 km south of Kuala Lumpur city in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur International Airport is the prime
international airport in Malaysia offering flight services to various destinations across the world. Also, one of the South
East Asia’s main airports, this public airport is under the operation of Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad. Malaysia is
connected to all major airports in India,

u From Mumbai it takes approximately 5 hours 05 minutes to reach Kuala Lumpur
u From Kolkata it takes approximately 5 hours 45 minutes to reach Kuala Lumpur
u From Delhi it takes approximately 5 hours 25 minutes to reach Kuala Lumpur

VIII. INVESTMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH INDIA

Malaysia continues to be the preferred investment destination for high value manufacturing and global services hub in
Asia. Malaysia continues to attract quality investments with greater specialisation in electrical, electronics, machinery
equipment, aerospace, and medical devices. Malaysia places emphasis on high-technology and continues to target
global service centres, principal hub, healthcare, education, logistics, green technology and R&D.

Source: MEA and DIPP factsheet

Chapter 3
MALAYSIA

IX. INDIA, MALAYSIA DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS

High Commission of India
High Commissioner: H.E. Mr Mridul Kumar
Address: Level 1, Wisma HRIH Lotus
442 Jalan Pahang, Setapak 53000
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Telephone: +603-4024 0990/2200/2211/1010
Email: [email protected]
High Commission of Malaysia
High Commissioner: H.E. Dato’ Hidayat Abdul Hamid
No.50-M, Satya Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi 110 021, India
Telephone: +91-11-2415 9300
Email: [email protected]

86

Myanmar

I. KEY COUNTRY FACTS

Population :
53.19 Million

Languages spoken:
Burmese, English

Currency
Kyat (MMK)

Country code:
+ 95

II. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
A. GDP at current prices ($ billion)

90.00 81.26 20.00%
80.00 18.1% 18.00%
70.00 16.00%
60.00 66.70 68.80 14.00%
12.00%
60.09 10.00%
8.00%
61.27 6.00%
4.00%
50.00 2.00%
0.00%
40.00 8.9%

30.00

20.00 2.0% 3.2%
10.00

0.00
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

GDP at Current price Growth

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select subjects?c=582

Chapter 3
MYANMAR

B. Per capita GDP at current prices ($)

1,800.00 1,271.68 1,302.28 1,527.44 20.00%
1,600.00 17.3% 18.00%
1,400.00 1,163.79 1,177.08 16.00%
1,200.00 2016 2020 14.00%
1,000.00 8.0% 12.00%
10.00%
800.00 1.1% 2.4% 8.00%
600.00 2017 2018 6.00%
400.00 2019 4.00%
200.00 Per Capita GDP Growth 2.00%
0.00%
0.00

C. Inflation (average CPI), percentage change

10.00 9.10 4.62 5.94 8.63 5.73
9.00 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select-subjects?c=582

88

III. GLOBAL TRADE
A. Total merchandise exports vis-à-vis total merchandise imports ($ billion)

19.35

18.1 16.92
18.61 17.96

16.69

2018 2019 2020

Source: ITC Trade Map Total Merchandise Export Total Merchandise Import

B. Total engineering exports vis-à-vis total engineering imports ($ billion)

2.04
7.42

1.82
6.92

2.41
7.63

2018 2019 2020
Total Engineering Export Total Engineering Import
Source: ITC Trade Map

Chapter 3
MYANMAR

C. Key Rankings

Parameter Rank
Ease of Doing Business, 2020 165
Global Innovation Index, 2020 129

Source: Ease of Doing Business Rankings taken from https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings?region=east-asia-and-pacific

Global Innovation Index taken from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020-intro4.pdf , jointly published by Cornell
University, WIPO and INSEAD

IV. EXISTING FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS (FTA)

Myanmar has in total 7 FTAs which are signed and in-effect. Some of these are bilateral while others have been signed
as a member of ASEAN. The list is given here.

u ASEAN Free Trade Area
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-free-trade-area

u ASEAN-Korea Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-korea-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement

u ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-japan-comprehensive-economic-partnership

u ASEAN-Hong Kong, China Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-hongkong-china-free-trade-agreement

u ASEAN-China Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-peoples-republic-of-china-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-
agreement

u ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
Link: https://aric.adb.org/fta/asean-australia-and-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement

u Myanmar-US FTA,

Other than these FTAs as a member of ASEAN, Myanmar is also part of the negotiations in the Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP), Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia and East Asia Free Trade Area.
Link:https://aric.adb.org/fta/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership

90

V. EXISTING FTA WITH INDIA

The ASEAN-India FTA in goods came into existence in the year 2010. The agreement became further comprehensive
with the signing of the agreement on trade in services and investment.
Further information can be obtained in the link: https://commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/india-
asean-agreements/
India and Myanmar are also part of the BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation). BIMSTEC is a sector-driven organisation consisting of the adjacent and littoral states lying in the periphery
of the Bay of Bengal. These include India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka from South Asia and Myanmar
and Thailand from the ASEAN region. The six initial focus sectors include trade, technology, energy, transport, tourism,
and fishery.
Further information can be obtained in the link: https://bimstec.org

VI. INDIA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH MYANMAR

Between 2016 and 2020, India’s total trade with Myanmar declined by -10.73%. However, during the same time India’s
total engineering trade with Myanmar increased by 1.07%. In 2020, Myanmar became the 49th-largest merchandise
export destination for India and 43rd-largest engineering export destination.
A. India’s merchandise trade with Myanmar ($ million)
CAGR of exports: -7.4% , CAGR of imports: -14.65%

1141.03 1063.31 1244.73
1084.87
956.9
837.62
737.7 575.59

456.34 506.73

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s total merchandise export to Myanmar India’s total merchandise import from Myanmar

Source: ITC Trade Map

Chapter 3
MYANMAR

B. India’s engineering trade with Myanmar ($ million)
CAGR of exports: 4.92%; CAGR of imports: -25.52%

247.15
352.63

301.91
296.26
299.51

56.49
36.14
25.49
26.93
17.38

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
India’s total engineering import from Myanmar
India’s total engineering export to Myanmar

Source: ITC Trade Map

C. India’s share in Myanmar’s total import basket: Merchandise vis-à-vis engineering (%)

8.00% 7.26% 5.52% 6.43% 5.14% 4.66%
7.00% 3.44% 4.36% 4.07% 4.28% 3.92%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%

2.00%

1.00%

0.00%

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

India’s share in Myanmar’s merchandise import basket India’s share in Myanmar’s engineering import basket

Source: ITC Trade Map

92

D. Potential items of export to Myanmar in engineering and India’s position

In engineering, India is the 11th-largest supplier to Myanmar. The major export items include metals, auto components,
machinery and parts, and automobiles. The two countries have a significantly high trade complementarity index of
68.44 in engineering which implies there is a significant scope for intraregional trade. India’s share in Myanmar’s
engineering imports, sector-wise, is listed here, giving an idea as to the areas where India needs to improve its share.

Potential sectors for bilateral trade and investment

Unit Myanmar’s imports from world avg India’s share in Myanmar’s import

Iron and steel (2017-19) basket (%)
Motor vehicle/cars
Industrial machinery for dairy, agriculture, 929.18 5.12
food processing, textiles, paper, chemicals,
etc 832.62 1.34
Electric machinery and equipment
Products of iron and steel 655.59 6.90
Two and three wheelers
Other construction machinery 523.07 3.38
Ships, boats and floating structures 522.04 2.27
Aircrafts, spacecrafts and parts 387.96 1.95
Air condition and refrigeration machinery and 365.23 2.44
parts, industrial furnaces, water heaters and 339.78 0.00
centrifuges and compressor 217.13 0.00
Cranes, lifts & winches
Aluminium and products made of aluminium 156.67 2.77
Auto components/parts
IC engines and parts 150.07 2.35
Source: ITC Trade Map 140.11 1.53
132.76 8.36
100.05 1.59

VII. CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN INDIA AND MYANMAR

Myanmar is extremely important not only for India but also the rest of South Asia for greater connectivity with the
ASEAN region. Myanmar shares a 1600-km-long border with four of India’s Northeastern states – Mizoram, Manipur,
Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh. Apart from this, Myanmar also has maritime connections with India. Some major
connectivity projects between India and Myanmar are listed here.

Chapter 3
MYANMAR

A. Kaladan Multimodal project

The project is expected to create a multimodal platform for cargo movement from eastern ports of India to Myanmar
and Northeast India. The project is estimated to reduce the distance from Kolkata to Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine
province, by 1328 km.

B. Mekong-India Economic Corridor

Involves integrating the four Mekong region countries – Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Thailand. It is planned to
connect Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) with Dawei (Myanmar) via Bangkok (Thailand) and Phnom Penh (Cambodia) and
further linking to Chennai in India.

C. Port connectivity

There are six major ports in Vietnam along with numerous smaller ports. The nearest and biggest port to India is located
in Sittwe, which is the capital of Rakhine state.

Location of port in India Distance with Ho Chi Minh City Port Time taken to reach (days)
(nautical miles)
Chennai 1054 4.4
Kolkata 1.7
Mumbai 419 9.4
Source: ports.com 2260

D. Road connectivity

India and Myanmar along with Thailand are already cooperating in the building of the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral
Highway.

94

VIII. INVESTMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH INDIA

As of November 2019, India is the 11th-largest investor in Myanmar with a total investment of $771.48 million by 33
Indian companies. Energy is one of the major sectors of cooperation. Myanmar’s investment in India by end of 2019
stood at $8.97 million.

Source: MEA

IX. INDIA, MYANMAR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS

Embassy of India, Yangon
Ambassador: H.E. Mr Saurabh Kumar
Address: 545-547 Merchant Street,
Kyauktada Township, Yangon
Telephone: +95-388412, 243972

Embassy of Myanmar, India
Ambassador: H.E. U Moe Kyaw Aung
Address: 3, 50F, Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021
Telephone: 91-11-24678822

PHILIPPINES

I. KEY COUNTRY FACTS
Population :
108.77 Million

Languages spoken:
Filipino (Official), English

Currency
Philippine Peso (PHP)

Country code:
+ 63

II. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
A. GDP at current prices ($ billion)

390 376.8 10.0%
8.6% 8.0%
380 6.0%
2019 4.0%
370 5.6% 362.24 2.0%
346.84 0.0%
360 -3.9% -2.0%
2018 2020 -4.0%
350 3.1% -6.0%
340 328.48
330 318.62
320

310

300

290

280 2017
2016

GDP at Current price Growth (%)

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select-subjects?c=582

96

B. Per capita GDP at current prices ($)

3600 4.0% 7.1% 8.0%
3,279.52 3,511.94 6.0%
3500 4.0%
1.5% 3,330.36 2.0%
3400 3153.31 0.0%
-5.2% -2.0%
3300 2020 -4.0%
-6.0%
3200
3107.64 2017 2018 2019
Per Capita GDP Growth (%)
3100

3000

2900
2016

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select-subjects?c=582

C. Inflation (average CPI), percentage change

6.00% 1.25% 2.85% 5.25% 2.50% 2.60%
5.00%
4.00% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%

Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/select-subjects?c=582

Chapter 3
PHILIPPINES

III. GLOBAL TRADE
A. Total merchandise exports vis-à-vis total merchandise imports ($ billion)

115.12 112.91

67.49 70.33 63.88
90.76

2018 2019 2020
Total Merchandise Export
Source: ITC Trade Map Total Merchandise Import

B. Total engineering exports vis-à-vis total engineering imports ($ billion)

35.13 33.19

13.61 13.79 12.37
23.38

2018 2019 2020

Source: ITC Trade Map Total Engineering Export Total Engineering Import

98

C. Key rankings

Parameter Rank
Ease of Doing Business, 2020 95
Global Competitiveness Index, 2019 64
Global Innovation Index, 2020 50

Source: Ease of Doing Business Rankings taken from https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings?region=east-asia-and-pacific

Global Competitiveness Index Rankings taken from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf

Global Innovation Index taken from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020-intro4.pdf , jointly published by
Cornell University, WIPO and INSEAD

IV EXISTING FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS

At present, there are nine FTAs in force and 18 FTAs/PTAs proposed or under negotiation where Philippines is
participating either as an individual nation or as an ASEAN member nation. These are separately listed here :

A. FTAs in force
u ASEAN Free Trade Area: Signed and in effect from 1993
u ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement: Signed and in effect from 2010
u ASEAN-Hong Kong, China Free Trade Agreement: Signed and in effect from 2019