Academic English 2

PSU PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY

SEC 01

ACADMIC
ENGLISH

FIRST TERM 2021

PREAREN BY:
CHONLADA DUANGMEUANG

NUMBER 6340310768
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

MARVIN C. ROTULA,MMEM

UNIT 1: A PERFECT MATCH

A. READING TEXT

Have you seen the TV show, “The Bachelor?”
Do you have any idea what is this show all
about?

For those who don’t know, The Bachelor
provides one man — the eponymous bachelor —
a group of twenty-five to thirty gorgeous women
from whom he must choose a wife—for all
intents and purposes his life partner. Not a
girlfriend, a wife. The goal of the show is to turn
the bachelor into a married man.

The Bachelor is absolutely brilliant...just not at making marriages. According to
Wikipedia, as of March 2015 only five lasting ideal partnerships have come out of
the twenty-nine seasons of The Bachelor and its gender-reverse counterpart, The
Bachelorette, combined. But the show is genius at a particular aspect of
relationships: making people think they’re falling in love. How does the show do
this? It’s easy to chalk it up to everyone being ridiculously good-looking, plus the
impossibly romantic, expense-free dates. Rappelling down the highest cliff in Bali
and then attending a private concert by the biggest local pop star, anyone?
Swimming in a cove of endangered dolphins and then dining in a thousand-year-old
castle? A little adrenaline, a little romance, and everyone’s in love!

How about you? Are you willing to marry someone that you’ve just met? Or
Are you going to wait for someone even though it will take time?
Do you think there is such thing as perfect match?

Here are some of the famous couples in history that were considered as a perfect
match

ANTHONY & CLEOPATRA

(41 BCE – 30 BCE)

They are arguably the most famous lovers in
history. Marcus Antonius of Rome stood at the
pinnacle of power, fighting to be the most powerful
man in the known world; and Cleopatra VII
Philopator was the queen of one ancient
civilization, Egypt, and heir to the unmatched
cultural achievements of another, Greece. The pair,
in fact, did marry in 36 B.C.E. In 31 B.C.E., while
fighting a battle in Actium, Anthony heard a false

news about Cleopatra’s death. Not wanting to l without her, he stabbed himself with his
own sword. When Cleopatra learned about Anthony’s death,she let herself be bitten by
a poisonous snake and was later found dead.Their love affair, their war together, their
defeat and, finally, their suicides have been told and retold for centuries.

SHAH JAHAN & MUMTAZ

MAHAL (1607 - 1631)

In 1612, a teenage girl, Arjumand Banu, married
15-year-old Shah Jahan, ruler of the Mughal
Empire. Renamed Mumtaz Mahal, she bore Shah
Jahan 14 children and became his favorite wife.
After Mumtaz died in 1629, the grieving emperor
resolved to create a fitting monument. It took
20,000 workers and 1,000 elephants nearly 20 years
to complete this monument-the Taj Mahal. Built
owfhite marble, the Taj sits on a sandstone platform. A 137-foot high dome tops the
mausoleum. The interior is lavishly decorated in lapis lazuli, turquoise, agate, jasper, and
colored marble. The exterior is paved with semiprecious stones that sparkle in the sun.
The surrounding garden contains four water channels representing the four rivers of
Islamic paradise.

MARIE & PIERRE CURIE

(1894 - 1906)
Because women were not able to attend university in
Poland in the 19th Century, Mary Sklodowska left
Poland to study at a French University in 1891. Now
known by her French name Marie, she worked hard in
a laboratory, catching the attention of Pierre Curie, the
laboratory director. Mary and Pierre got married in
1895. Although they are poor, they were both discovered
the elements polonium and radium.
They eventually won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 for the discovery of
radioactivity. When Pierre died in 1906, Marie honored his memory by continuing
their work. In 1911, Marie Curie won another Nobel Prize, this time for Chemistry.
She was the first person to win the Nobel prize twice.

DAVID & VICTORIA BECKHAM (1999)

David and Victoria met in 1997 after the Spice Girl
attended a Manchester United match at David's request.
It was clear for all to see that they were a
great couple from the start, and the media began referring
to them as Posh and Becks. The wedding
ceremony on July 4th 1999 saw them sitting on golden
thrones and set Posh and Becks back an alleged £500,000.
Soon after,they bought the famous Beckingham

Palace in Hertfordshire, worth an estimated £7.5 million. Both have excelled in their
careers. David is one of the most capped England players of all time, having
represented his country 115 times, as well as captaining the nation. Over an
illustrious career, he has played for some of the best football clubs in the world,
including Manchester United, Real Madrid and AC Milan. Victoria on the other
hand was in one of the most successful groups of all time with the Spice Girls, and
in 2011 was named Designer of the Year at the annual British Fashion Awards. 'I
think people saw the real me...,' she told Harper's Bazaar, 'and the truth is, I would
have felt much more comfortable in my pajamas with the kids and David in a hotel
watching it on TV.'

C. GRAMMAR

SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The simple past tense is used to talk about finished actions that happened at a
specific time in the past. You state when it happened using a time adverb.
You form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular verb
but, irregular verb forms have to be learnt.

SIMPLE PAST TIMELINE

REGULAR VERB

The verbs " lived, started, died" are regular past forms. The rule is the

following:

Examples Verb + ed

The spelling of the simple past form (-ed forms)
You will learn the spelling of the simple past form (-ed form.) But before you

continue the lesson study the following examples and try to see how the verbs
are spelled.

The rules of the simple past tense forms: Here are the rules:
1. Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and past
participle: Example:

close=closed
2. Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past and past
participle: Example:

play=played
3. Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y take /-ied/ in the simple past and past
participle (the ' y' becomes an ' i' followed by /-ed/)
Example:

marry=married
4. All the other regular verbs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle.
Example:

visit=visited

Special cases of the -ed forms:

Follow these rules when there is a consonant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)

1. If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the end of the word, double the consonant
stop – stopped
ban - banned
swap – swapped

2. If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it:
open - opened (Here the stress is on 'o', not the 'e'.)
offer - offered ( Here the stress is on 'o', not the 'e'.)

In British English we double the last 'l' of words like travel, cancel and level
even though the last vowel is not stressed. Here are some examples:

travel - travelled level - levelled
cancel – cancelled marvel - marvelled

A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called an irregular
verb. There is no rule for these verbs. You should learn them by heart.

Exercise 1: Complete these sentences. Use the verbs below. (regular Verbs)

1. The concert last night ____________at 7.30 and _______________at 10 o'clock.
2. The accident ______________last Sunday afternoon.
3. Mozart _________________from 1756 to 1791.
4. It was hot in the room, so I _________________the window.
5. William Shakespeare __________________in 1616.
6. You _______ in England last week.
7. My mum _________ Russian at university.
8. I__________ you yesterday, but you weren't at home.
9. Last night, Marga and Alice ________ their holiday.
10. Tom __________us to his birthday party.
11. The children ___________ the books to the classroom.
12. We_________the exam at half past three.
13. I___________to Jane about films and fashion.

Exercise 2: Put the sentences from the present into the past tense.
1. We usually go to the cinema on Sunday. We _________to the cinema last
Sunday, too.
2. Tom always has a shower in the morning. Tom __________ a shower this
morning, too.
3. They come to my house every Friday. Last Friday they __________, too.
4. They buy a new car every year. Last year they __________ a new car, too
5. They always get up early. This morning they _________ up late.
6. Bill often loses his key. He _________ one last Saturday.
7. I write a letter to Jane every week. Last week I ______ two letters.
8. She meets her friends every evening. She ________ them yesterday evening, too.
9. He always goes to work by car. Yesterday he ________ to work by bus.
10. I usually read two newspapers every day. I only __________ a newspaper
yesterday.

D. SPEAKING ACTIVITY
In English, the past tense ending –ed has three different pronunciations.

For verbs that end in the sounds p,k,f,s,ch, or sh, pronounce the ending in /t/ as in
worked.

For verbs that end in vowel sounds or b,g,v,z,zh,th,j,m,n,ng,l,r pronounce the ending
/d/ as in opened

For verbs that end in the sounds d or t, pronounce the ending /id/ as in wanted.

1. They traded something of value that they possessed for something they needed.
2. What if no one wanted or needed it?
3. The first coins were produced in China, and the first paper money appeared in
China.
4. Money called digital cash is already being exchanged over the Internet.
E. WRITING ACTIVITY (HOMEWORK)
1. Choose a couple that you feel is a perfect match.
2. They could include actors, musician, politicians, athletes, and others.
3. Write a short essay about this couple, explaining why they are perfect match.
4. DO NOT COPY Wikipedia, or any online sources. Write your own
5. Font should be Times New Romans, font size is 12, double space. Write at
least 800 words.

UNIT 2: RAGS TO RICHES

A. READING TEXT

According to Wikipedia, Rags to riches refers to any situation in which a person
rises from poverty to wealth, and in some cases from absolute obscurity to heights
of fame, fortune and celebrity—sometimes instantly.

Most of the rags to riches story are those who became instant millionaire by
winning the lottery, or an heir who received his wealth from the demise of his
parents.

However, there are also those, who worked really hard to achieved what they
have right now. They started from nothing and after countless disappointments,
heartaches, rejections,
sacrifices and hard work they were able to succeed.

Here are some of the rags to riches stories that we can get inspiration.

AMANCIO ORTEGA
(66.5 BILLION USD)
RETAIL CLOTHING, SPAIN

Armancio Ortega is the founder and chairman of a
company that owns many stores including the
enormously popular international clothing store,
Zara. He is Spain’s riches man, Ortega is the son of
the railroad worker and a maid, and had no formal
higher education. When Ortega was 13, he worked as
a delivery by for a shirt maker and later became the
manager of the clothing shop. He began making
clothing in his living room and selling it to local
stores. Ortega had an ability to predict what styles were going to be popular and
create these styles with inexpensive materials. In 1975, Ortega opened his first Zara
store. Zara gained a reputation for selling designer fashions at reasonable prices.
Today Ortega’s company has more then 4,0000 stores in 71 countries.

J.K. ROWLING
(1.0 BILLION USD)
PUBLISHING, UNITED KINGDOM

J.K. Rowling is the British author of the wildly
successful Harry Potter series. Rowling, once a single
mother living on welfare, is now a billionaire whose
books have been translated into 60 languages and have
sold over 400 million copies worldwide. The books also
inspired a series of billion-dollar movies. Her journey
from welfare mom to billionaire author happened in
less than five years.

Rowling conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a long train ride
in 1990. She was poor that she used to do her writing on stained napkins at local
cafés while her infant daughter napped. Rowling reflects that that was the dark
period of her life and that she had no idea that there was going to be a fairy tale
resolution.

LI KA-SHING
(29.4 BILLION USD)
BUSINESS, HONG KON

Li was born into an impoverished family in China in
1928. When he was 15, his father died, forcing Li to
leave high school so that he could work to support his
family. He took a job in a plastic company, where he
would work 16 hours a day. At this company, li used to
assemble plastic flowers. By 1950, Li had started his
own plastics manufacturing company. His company
prospered which led to Li to expand his business into
many different fields.
However, his successes are not all monetary. Li Ka-Shing has a reputation for
being honest and generous. In fact, he is one of Asia’s most prominent
philanthropists, and has announced plans to donate one-third of his wealth to
charity.

OPRAH WINFREY

(2.6 BILLION USD)

ENTERTAINMENT, U.S.A.

Oprah Winfrey was born in Mississippi into
extremely poor family. Her mother was a maid, and
her father was a barber. Winfrey lived in such
poverty that she wore dresses made of potato sacks.
Winfrey was a talkative girl who would often
pretend to interview her dolls. She excelled in
school and won a college scholarship.When she
graduated, Winfrey got a job reporting the news
which was popular that it was broadcast nationally.
The Oprah Winfrey show now air in 135 countries, and is viewed by about 46 million
people. Winfrey also has a magazine, a production company and co-founded a cable
television network.

B. VOCALBULARY

1. Heir (ผู้สืบสายโลหิต) -a person who inherits or has a right of inheritance in the
property of another following the latter's death.

2. Demise (อนิจกรรม) -death
3. Predict (ทํานาย) -foretell the future
4. Reputation (ชื่อเสียง) -good name
5. Welfare (สวสัดิการ) -a government agency that provide funds to those people in
need.

6. Journey (เที่ยว) -progress from one stage to another

7. Impoverished (ข้นแค้น) - poor

8. Philanthropist (คนใจบุญ) -a person who gives something for those in need.

9. Excel (เป็นหนึ่ง) -to be better, to be the best

10. Scholarship (ทุนการศึกษา) -a sum of money or other aid granted to a student for

education.

ACTIVITY 1. TRUE OR FALSE

1. A person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by the generous

donation of money to good causes.

c. True d. False

2. Armancio Ortega’s father is so rich that they don’t need to work to have money.

c. True d. False

3. J.K. Rowling is the writer of “The Lord of the Rings”.

c. True d. False

4. Oprah Winfrey was born in an extremely wealthy family.

c. True d. False

5. Li Ka-Shing’s family was from China before they moved to Singapore.

b. True b. False

C. GRAMMAR

Present Simple VS Present Continuous

What's the difference between the Present Simple / Present Continuous and
how to use them?

We use the present simple tense when we want to talk about fixed habits
or routines – things that don't change. Structure: Subject + Verb (vI) +
es/es
We use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening
at the present moment,butwillsoonfinish.
Structure:Subject+is/am/are+Verb(+ing)

HERE ARE THE DIFFERENCES

EXERCISE

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) ________ her kids to football practice.
2. Usually, I (work) _______ as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)
_____________ French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.
3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) ______________.
4. Don'tforgettotakeyourumbrella.It(rain)___________________.
5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) ___________________.
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) __________________ because everybody

(talk)______________________ so loudly.

7. Justin (write, currently) ___________________________ a book about his adventures in
Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished.

8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) _____________________ to a movie tonight with some

friends.
9. The business cards (be, normally) ______________________ printed by a company in

New York. Their prices (be) ________ inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite
good.
10. This delicious chocolate (be) _______ made by a small chocolatier in Zurich,

Switzerland.

D. SPEAKING ACTIVITY

Listen and practice the English /r/ sound in these sentences
1. After breaking up the fight, the prince of Verona gives a warning.
2. Romeo reveals himself and proclaims his love.
3. Romeo and Juliet are married in secret by Friar Lawrence.
4. A furious and grieving Romeo then kills Tybalt.
5. Friar Lawrence’s letter never reached Romeo.

E. WRITING ACTIVITY (HOMEWORK)
1. Choose a famous and/or wealthy person.
2. Research information about this person’s life, including the events that took
the person from obscurity to fame or poverty to wealth.
3. Write a biographical essay about this person.
4. DO NOT COPY Wikipedia, or any online sources. Write your own
5. Font should be Times New Romans, font size is 12, single space. Write at
least 800 words.

UNIT 3: THE STORY OF GEORGE
WASHINGTON CARVER

A. READING TEXT

Considered to be one of America’s greatest
scientist in the field of Agriculture. Carver's reputation
is based on his research into and promotion of
alternative crops to cotton, such as peanuts,
soybeans, and sweet potatoes, which also aided
nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers
to grow alternative crops both as a source of their
own food and as a source of other products to
improve their quality of life. He was recognized for
his many achievements and talents. In 1941, Time
magazine dubbed Carver a "Black Leonardo."
Carver was born into slavery in Diamond Grove,Newton County, near
Crystal Place, now known as Diamond, Missouri, possibly in 1864 or 1865, though
the exact date is not known. His master, Moses Carver, was a German American
immigrant who had purchased George's parents, Mary and Giles, from William P.
McGinnis on October 9, 1855, for $700. Carver had 10 sisters and a brother, all of
whom died prematurely.
When George was only a week old, he, a sister, and his mother were kidnapped
by night raiders from Arkansas. George's brother, James, was rushed to safety from
the kidnappers. The kidnappers sold the slaves in Kentucky. Moses Carver hired
John Bentley to find them, but he located only the infant George. Moses negotiated
with the raiders to gain the boy's return, and rewarded Bentley. In 1865, there were
no longer slaves in the United States, but George and his brother continued to live
with the Carvers.The Carvers gave him as much education as they could. At the age
of 12, George left the Carvers to start life on his own.
For the next 12 years, he worked whenever he could and went to school whenever
he could. He managed to finish high school and won a scholarship to go to
Highland University.

However, when he appeared in the University, they refused to admit him because
he was black. This did not stop Carver, he continued to work and save money. In
early 1888, Carver obtained a $300 loan at the Bank of Ness City for education. By
June he left the area.

In 1890, Carver started studying art and piano at Simpson College in Indianola,
Iowa. His art teacher, Etta Budd, recognized Carver's talent for painting flowers
and plants; she
encouraged him to study botany at Iowa State Agricultural College in Ames. When
he began there in 1891, he was the first black student. Carver's Bachelor's thesis was
" Plants as Modified by Man" , dated 1894. Iowa State professors Joseph Budd and
Louis Pammel convinced Carver to continue there for his master's degree. Carver
taught as the first black faculty member at Iowa State.

In 1896, Booker T. Washington, the first principal and president of the Tuskegee
Institute, invited Carver to head its Agriculture Department. Carver taught there
for 47 years,
developing the department into a strong research center and working with two
additional college presidents during his tenure. He taught methods of crop
rotation, introduced several
alternative cash crops for farmers that would also improve the soil of areas heavily
cultivated in cotton, initiated research into crop products (chemurgy), and taught
generations of black students farming techniques for self-sufficiency.

From 1915 to 1923, Carver concentrated on researching and experimenting with
new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops, as well as
having his assistants research and compile existing uses. This work, and especially
his speaking to a national conference of the Peanut Growers Association in 1920
and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported
peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown. In these years, he
became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time. The most
popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using
peanuts. He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts
that were useful for the house and farm, including cosmetics, dyes, paints, plastics,
gasoline, and nitroglycerin. He received numerous honors for his work, including
the Spingarn Medal of the NAAC.

Upon returning home one day, Carver took a bad fall down a flight of stairs; he was
found unconscious by a maid who took him to a hospital. Carver died January 5, 1943, at
the age of 78 from complications (anemia) resulting from this fall. He was buried next to
Booker T.Washington at Tuskegee University. Due to his frugality, Carver's life savings
totaled $60,000,all of which he donated in his last years and at his death to the Carver
Museum and to the George Washington Carver Foundation

B. VOCABULARY

1. Field (ด้าน) -earn enough money to live.

2. Agriculture (การเกษตร) -area of interest of study. - growing

food.

3. Admit (ยอมรับ) -allow to enter.

4. Support yourself (สนับสนุนตัวเอง) -better than most. - Trying to survive.
5. Outstanding (เฉียบ) -Trying to survive.

6. Struggle (ฝ่าฟัน) -dirt in which plants grow. - used up.

7. Soil (ดิน) -used up.

8. Wore out (เสื่อมสภาพ) -proposed something.

9. Made an offer (ทำข้อเสนอ) -give a chance.

10. Provide opportunities

ACTIVITY 1. CIRCLE THE LETTER OF THE BEST ANSWER

1. Carver was _____________.
a. Born a slave
b. A slave until he was 12
c. A slave until he went to university
d. A slave all his life.

2. Carver developed many uses for _______________.
a. Cotton
b. Peanuts
c. Glue
d. Soil

3. In the 1930’s, Carver was ______________.
a. A poor man
b. Rich and popular
c. Famous in other countries
d. Recognized all over the world.

ACTIVITY 2. CIRCLE T IF THE SENTENCES IS TRUE,

CIRCLE F IF THE SENTENCES IS FALSE.
CORRECT THE FALSE SENTENCES.

1. George’s parents were Moses and Susan Carver TF

__________________________________________________.

2. Carver was the only black student at Iowa Agricultural College. T F

___________________________________________________.

3. Carver discovered more than 300 products for sweet potato. T F

___________________________________________________.

4. Carver was called the “Banana Man.” TF

___________________________________________________.

5. Carver gave all his life savings to George Washington Carver

Foundation after he died. TF

___________________________________________________.

C. GRAMMAR

JOB SUFFIXES

This suffix is commonly used to indicate a person who does a job related to
the base form of the word to which –er is added. There are no rules, on what
suffix to attached on certain
jobs, although a number of patterns emerge. Unskilled or semi-skilled job-
holders are often
denoted with ...er, whilst those in scientific or medical professions are often
designated with ...ist.

But there are many exceptions.

The ...er suffix is very common, but so is ...or. The ...ist ending is also quite common,
but so is ...an. We also have ...ant (accountant, shop assistant, civil servant, flight
attendant), ...man (postman, fireman, dustman, barman, draughtsman, fisherman), ...ess
(waitress, hostess, Headmistress) ...ee (trainee, employee) and ...ive (representative,
machine operative), etc.

It is really a matter of learning them and knowing them. Learn them in word families,
for example, teach + er = teacher and bake + er = baker.

EXERCISE 3: WRITE THE CORRECT OCCUPATION
1. Someone who drives a car is a ___________________.
2. Someone who translates is a _____________________.
3. Someone who acts in movies is an ________________.
4. Someone who studies the mind is a _______________.
5. Someone who studies the economy is an ___________.
6. Someone who studies rocks and their formation is a ______________.
7. Someone who plays professional football is a _________________.

D. SPEAKING ACTIVITY

(CONSONANT CLUSTER)
A consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of
consonants which have no intervening vowel. It is also called consonant blend which are
groups of two or three consonants in words that makes a distinct consonant sound.
DIGRAPHS: these are some words that begin with common digraphs or blends.

1. bl - blab, black, blue 13. sh - shower, shade, shut
2. br - brace, bracelet, broom 14. sk - skate, skinny, skydive
3. ch - chain, chair, chin 15. sl - slab, slot, slow
4. cl - clad, claim, clear 16. sm - smack, smash, smog
5. cr - crab, crack, cracker. 17. sn - snack, snow, sneeze
6. dr - drab, draft, drag 18. sp - spa, sponsor, spy
7. fl - flab, flush, flag 19. st - street, students, storm
8. fr - fraction, fry, frugal 20. sw - swab, swim, sweater
9. gl - glad, gleam glue 21. th - thank, this, thorn
10. gr - grace groan, greet 22. tr - trace, trolley, traffic
11. pl - pray, pronoun, pry. 23. tw - tweak, twitter, twin
12. sc - scale, screw, scorpion 24. wh - whale, white, why

E. WRITING ACTIVITY (HOMEWORK)

The story of George Washington Carver is a narrative. A Narrative relates a
story of events or actions. Narrative puts events in time and tells us what
happened according to a natural time sequence (อนุกรม).

In a narrative, time order words and phrases are used to show the order in
which events happen.

Example: eventually then
first (second, etc.) next a few days later.
when

finally after afterward
meanwhile one day after a while
in 1940 soon for the next 5 years

1. Write a narrative essay about yourself (life story)
2. Font should be Times New Romans, font size is 12, double space. Write at least 800
words.

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UNIT 4: TEA, ANYONE?

A. READING TEXT

There is a saying that the British like a nice cup of
tea in the morning and a nice cup of tea at night.
They like a nice cup of tea with their dinner and a
nice cup of tea with their tea, and before they go to
bed, there’s a lot to be said for a nice cup of tea!
Sometimes it seems that no one likes tea quite as
much as the British do.But, in fact it is popular
around the world especially in Asia. Tea is an
aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring
hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia
sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia. After
water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the World.
Tea originated in the Southwest of China, the popular legend says tea was
discovered by Emperor Shennong. It was used as a medical drink. It became a
popular drink throughout China during the Tang Dynasty, and tea drinking spread
to other East Asian countries. Portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to the
West during the 16th century. During the 17th Century, drinking tea became
fashionable among British people. There are many different types of tea; some teas,
like Darjeeling and Chinese greens, have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent
flavor, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or
grassy notes.
In China and Japan, tea was first used as a medicine, it wasn’t until many years
later that people there drank tea as a beverage. Because tea had been considered a
scared remedy, it was always served with much ceremony. When Chinese first
started drinking tea, they didn’t use teapots. Instead, they put leaves and hot water
into a small bowl with a cover. Drinkers
would bring the bowl to their lips and lift the cover very slightly with their
forefingers just enough to drink the liquid but not the leaves

In Japan, Tea drinking follows a very strict ritual that was set down in the 15th
Century by the first great master, Shuko. This tea ceremony is still performed
today. Guest must wash their hands and faces and remove their shows before
entering the tearoom through a low doorway that forces them to stoop and appear
humble. As the guest kneel or sit crossed legged on mats, the host places a spoonful
of powdered green tea into a special bowl, adds boiling water and then stirs it with
a bamboo whisk. In early ceremonies guest drink in the same bowl but later the host
served it in individual bowls. The guest sips the tea slowly, they are expected to
throw back their heads and take a final sip with a loud sound to show how good the
tea is.

In the UK, the British like to be formal and dignified when they serve tea. They
servedblack tea in China cups with handles and matching saucers. In Britain, tea is
made in a pot,using one teaspoonful of tea leaves for each cup plus one extra
teaspoonful for the pot. Boiling water is poured into a pot, and the tea is left for
about 5 minutes before the host pours for the guest.

Many interesting tea customs have developed over the centuries. In India, for
example, you might drink tea with a lot of milk, sugar, cinnamon and cardamom.
The Burmese soak tea leaves in oil and garlic and eat this mixture with dried fish. In
Thailand, people chew tea leaves seasoned with salt and other spices. In Iran,
perfumed tea is a favorite. It is made by leaving flowers or herbs in the tea container
for several days. In Morocco, tea is prepared in bras or silver teapot to which sugar
and mint are added. Then the tea is served in small glasses with mint leaves. If
guests accept an offer of tea, they are expected to drink at least three glasses.

Regardless of where and how tea is prepared and served, many people consider it to
be an important part of their social life. Having a cup of tea provides reason of
getting together and sharing a moment of conversation. Tea may no longer be
considered a sacred cure for all illness, but it is a remedy for both the body and the
spirit in our sometimes frantic lives.

B. VOCABULARY

1. Popular (ฮิต) - liked, admired, or enjoyed by many people or by a

particular person or group.

2. Aromatic (หอมหวน) - having a pleasant and distinctive smell.

3. Medical (ทางการแพทย์) - relating to the science of medicine.
4. Merchant (พ่อค้า) - a retail trader; a store owner.

5. Beverage (เครื่องดื่ม) - a drink, especially one other than water.

6. Humble (อ่อนน้อมถ่อมตน) - low estimate of one's own importance.
7. Whisk (ปัด) - beat or stir with a light rapid movement.

8. Mixture (สารผสม) - a substance made by mixing other substances together.

9. Container (ผอก) - an object that can be used to hold or transport something.

10. Frantic (บ้า) - wild or distraught with fear, anxiety, or other emotion.

ACTIVITY 1. CIRCLE THE LETTER OF THE

CORRECT ANSWER

1. Tea ________________________________.
a. is taken in much the same way everywhere.
b. has led to the development of many different customs.
c. was popular as a social drink before used as a remedy.
d. is popular in every country.

2. The tea ceremony in Japan ______________________.
a. is formal and complicated.
b. is similar to the British was of serving tea.
c. was borrowed from the Chinese.
d. is practiced whenever the Japanese drink tea.

3. Regardless of the country, tea is __________________.
a. an important part of social life.
b. served very formally.
c. always offered to guests.
d. used as a medicine

ACTIVITY 2. CIRCLE T IF THE SENTENCES IS TRUE,
CIRCLE F IF THE SENTENCES IS FALSE.
CORRECT THE FALSE SENTENCES.

1. Tea was first used as a medicine in China and Japan TF
__________________________________________________. TF
2. Drinking tea never became an important part of Chinese life. TF
___________________________________________________. TF
3. The British drink tea only in the morning and evening. TF
___________________________________________________.
4. In India, you might get cardamom in your tea.
___________________________________________________.
5. In Morocco, a guest is expected to drink only one glass of tea.
___________________________________________________.

C. GRAMMAR

ADVERB OF FREQUENCY

These Adverbs are used to show the duration or timing of the action that is
happening/had happened/will happen. They also tell us how often and how
long these actions would be.

There are two types: An adverb that describes definite frequency is one such
as weekly/every week, daily/every day, or yearly/every year, etc. An adverb
describing indefinite frequency doesn’t specify an exact time frame; examples are
always, usually, sometimes, often, etc.

1. DEFINITE FREQUENCY - Adverbs of definite frequency occur at the
beginning or the end of a sentence.
• The library is open every day.
• Every day, some employees go out for lunch.
• He visits his grandpapa every two weeks.
• The moon waxes and wanes every month.
• This medicine is to be taken hourly.

2. INDEFINITE FREQUENCY - Adverbs of indefinite frequency occur in the
middle of the sentence. Where exactly it is placed depends on the type of verbs
in the sentence.
2.1. An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with to Be).

Subject + adverb + main verb
• I always remember to do my homework
• He normally gets good marks in exams

2.2. An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

Subject + to be + adverb

They are never pleased to see me.

She isn’t usually bad tempered.

2.3. When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can,
etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also
true for to be.

Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

He can sometimes beat me in a race

I would hardly ever be unkind to someone

They might never see each other again

They could occasionally be heard laughing.

2.4. We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence: Usually,
normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

2.5. BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:
Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.

2.6. We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:

She hardly ever comes to my parties.

They never say 'thank you’.

2.7. We use ever in questions and negative statements:
Have you ever been to New Zealand?

I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been
Switzerland').

EXERCISE 1

1. Our teacher, Mrs. Jones, (never / be) late for lessons.
2. I (often / clean) my bedroom at the weekend.
3. My brother (hardly ever / help) me with my homework.
4. I (sometimes / be) bored in the math lessons.
5. We (rarely / watch) football on TV.
6. You and Tony (never / play) computer games with me.
7. You (usually / be) at the sports center on Sunday.
8. The school bus (always / arrive) at half past eight.

D. SPEAKING ACTIVITY

(CONSONANT CLUSTER)
A consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of
consonants which have no intervening vowel. It is also called consonant blend which are
groups of two or three consonants in words that makes a distinct consonant sound.

TRIGRAPHS: is a group of three characters used to represent a single sound or a
combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters combined.

1. sch - schedule, scholar, school 6. spr – sprain, spring, sprite
2. scr – scram, scroll, screw 7. squ – squat, squirrel, squid
3. shr – shrank, shrub, shrimp 8. str – straight, strong, stripe
4. sph – sphere, sphinx, spherical 9. thr – thrash, threw, throne
5. spl – splashm split, splendor

E. WRITING ACTIVITY (HOMEWORK)

1. Write an essay about your culture and how it is different from other
countries.
2. Give examples of unique culture to us that can never be found anywhere else.
3. Use the adverb of frequency in your essay.
4. Font should be Times New Romans, font size is 12, double space. Write at

least 800 words.

B. VOCABULARY

1. Popular (ฮิต) - liked, admired, or enjoyed by many people or by a

particular person or group.

2. Aromatic (หอมหวน) - having a pleasant and distinctive smell.

3. Medical (ทางการแพทย์) - relating to the science of medicine.
4. Merchant (พ่อค้า) - a retail trader; a store owner.

5. Beverage (เครื่องดื่ม) - a drink, especially one other than water.

6. Humble (อ่อนน้อมถ่อมตน) - low estimate of one's own importance.
7. Whisk (ปัด) - beat or stir with a light rapid movement.

8. Mixture (สารผสม) - a substance made by mixing other substances together.

9. Container (ผอก) - an object that can be used to hold or transport something.

10. Frantic (บ้า) - wild or distraught with fear, anxiety, or other emotion.

ACTIVITY 1. CIRCLE THE LETTER OF THE

CORRECT ANSWER

1. Tea ________________________________.
a. is taken in much the same way everywhere.
b. has led to the development of many different customs.
c. was popular as a social drink before used as a remedy.
d. is popular in every country.

2. The tea ceremony in Japan ______________________.
a. is formal and complicated.
b. is similar to the British was of serving tea.
c. was borrowed from the Chinese.
d. is practiced whenever the Japanese drink tea.

3. Regardless of the country, tea is __________________.
a. an important part of social life.
b. served very formally.
c. always offered to guests.
d. used as a medicine

UNIT 5: FOOD CUSTOMS IN IRAN

A. READING TEXT

Food customs around the world are strongly
connected to culture, tradition, and geography. We
can see this in my country, Iran. It has a variable
climate, which gives us the advantage of having a large
variety of foods to eat. However, what we eat is still
influenced by our traditions and geography, as we can
see in the similarities and differences between the
north and south Iran.

Many of the food customs are similar everywhere
in the country. For example, in both northern and
southern Iran, food is eaten with one’s hand and a
piece of bread instead of using utensils. Rice is an important staple food in Iran, and
it is a part of almost every meal in both the north and the south. Another similarity
between the north and the south is eating fish, since both areas are near seas: The
Caspian Sea in the north and the Persian Gulf in the south.
Because the north of Iran is quite different from the south, there are several
differences in eating habits between the two areas, northern Iran faces Caspian Sea
where we find special fish from which the famous caviar is made, which
northerners love to eat.Because of the Mediterranean climate in the north, rice is
one of the major crops, and it plays an important role at the table on northern Iran.
It is served at all ceremonies. As a tradition, northerners conduct a rice ceremony
every year by putting rice twigs in the paddy and singing songs. In southern Iran,
which faces the Persian Gulf, a variety of seafood, especially the white fish, make up
the favorite dishes. Although rice is important ad a part of most meals, the south is
better known for its vegetables and fruits. Dates, in particular, are important and
are a major export to Western countries.
In conclusion, Iran is a large country with a diverse geography and people. As in
all large countries, a variety of customs can be found on all points of the compass.
Food customs in particular are influenced by climate and location, making Iran a
very interesting country in which to live and eat.

B. VOCABULARY

1. Climate (ภูมิประเทศ) - the prevailing trend of public opinion or of another

aspect of public life.

2. Advantage (ความได้เปรียบ) - the opportunity to gain something; benefit or profit.
3. Geography (ภูมิศาสตร์) - is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands,
features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and

planets.

4. Utensil (เครื่องมือ) - an implement, container, or other article, especially for

5. Staple (แกน) - a main or important element of something

6. Major (สําคัญ ) - important, serious, or significant

7. Tradition (ประเพณี) - the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to

generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way.

8. Variety (ความหลากหลาย) - a thing which differs in some way from others of the
same general class or sort; a type.

9. Diverse (หลากหลาย) - showing a great deal of variety; very different.

10.Influence (มีอิทธิพล) - the capacity to have an effect on the character,

development, or behavior of someone or something, or the

offect itself.

ACTIVITY 1. WRITE THE CORRECT ANSWER IN THE

BLANK. USE THE WORDS IN THE VOCABULARY

SECTION.
1. Frank was a good __________________ to her.
2. The use of drugs is a ______________ problem all over the world.
3. The ________________ of Thailand is very unique.
4. Nina went to the thrift store to buy some cooking _____________.
5. It is part of their _________________ to offer food for their dead relatives every
all souls day.
6. Rice is the ____________ food in Asia.
7. Philippines has a culturally ________________ population.
8. The current economic ____________ of the country is really good so far.
9. The companies with a computerized database are at an ______________. 10.
The center offers a _________________ of leisure activities.

C. GRAMMAR

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Present perfect tense is used to identify the connection between the present
and the past. The time that something happened was before or in the past, but
is not clearly stated. And pay more attention to the outcome than the action
itself.
Present perfect tense ใช้เพื่อระบุความเชื่อมโยงระหว่างปัจจุบันและอดีต เวลาที่สิ่งนั้นๆเกิดขึ้น คือ ก่อนกน้าหน้า
ที้หรือในอดีตแต่ไม่ได้ระบุไว้อย่างชัดเจน และให้ความสนใจกับผลลัพธ์มากกว่าตัวการกระทำเอง

PRESENT PERFECT is used to described:
1. What started in the past and continues to do today (สิ่งที่เริ่มต้นทำในอดีตและยังคงทำต่อเนื่องมาจนถึง
ปัจจุบัน)

They haven't lived here for years.
She has worked in the bank for five years.
We have had the same car for ten years.
Have you played the piano since you were a child?

2. When the period referred to has not yet been completed (เมื่อช่วงระยะเวลาที่อ้างถึงยังไม่เสร็จสิ้น)
I have worked hard this week.
It has rained a lot this year.
We haven't seen her today.

3. A repetitive occurrence in a specific time between the past and the present. (สิ่งที่เกิดขค้นช้ำๆ
ในช่วงเวลา ใดเวลาหนึ่งที่ไม่ได้ระบุไว้อย่างเจาะจงระหว่างอดีตและปัจจุบัน)

They have seen that film six times
It has happened several times already.
She has visited them frequently.
We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
4. Something that was just done a moment ago (+ just). (สิ่งที่พึ่งทำเสร็จไปเมื่อสักครู่ที่ผ่านมา (+just)
Have you just finished work?
I have just eaten.
We have just seen her.
Has he just left?
5. Certain actions for which time are not important or clearly identified indicators. (การกระทำ
บางอย่างที่เวลาไม่ใช่ตัวชี้ที่สำคัญหรือไม่ได้ระบุไว้อย่างชัดเจน)
Someone has eaten my soup!
Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?

She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

D. WRITING ACTIVITY ( HOMEWORK)
1. Compare and contrast the food in two areas or regions of your country.
2. Font should be Times New Romans, font size is 12, double space. Write at
least 800 words.

E. WRITING ACTIVITY
1. Report to the class the food in your country

UNIT 6: ENGLISH AROUND
THE WORLD

A. READING TEXT

Do you speak English? That question is frequently
asked in countries around the world. Although there
are almost 3,000 languages, English is the most
universal. It is the official language in over 40 countries
and the most used language in international business,
science and medicine.

Even in countries where English is not the first
language, a number of English words are used. No other
language is borrowed from more often than English. For
example, a French worker looks forward to le weekend.
A Romanian shopper
catches a ride on the trolleybus. A Chinese businessperson talks to on the te le
fung (telephone). Some Swedish school girls have started making plural forms of
words by adding –s, as in English, instead of the Swedish was of adding –ar, -or, or
–er.
Hundreds of words borrowed from English can now be found in other languages,
words such as soda, hotel, gold, tennis, jeans, O.K., baseball and airport. Although
many words are used as they are, others are changed to make them more like the
native language and therefore easier to say and remember. Thus, a Japanese worker
gets stuck in rushawa (rush-hour) traffic. A Spanish mother tells her child to put on
her suiter (sweater), and a Ukrainian man goes to the barber for a herkot (haircut).
English is everywhere. It is on signs, clothing, soft drinks and household products
around the world. In spite of the popularity of English words and phrases, however,
they are not always welcome. Some people think that the use of English words is
threatening the purity of their native language, in 1975, the French started a
commission to try to top and even give

fines for, the use of English words. Some countries have tried to eliminate English as their
official language in order to save their native tongue.

On the other hand, some people believe that English should be the international language.
They give a number of reasons for this, such as, the cost of translation and
misunderstandings that result from language differences. They believe that things would run
more smoothly if everyone spoke the same language.

“What would become of our many different culture?” others argue. “certainly the world
would be a much less interesting place,” they add. Indeed, there are serious concern on the
part of language experts that many languages are disappearing. In some parts of the world,
only a few people are left who can speak the native tongue, In Ireland, for example, there are
only a few small areas where people speak Gaelic, the native Irish language. One expert says
that half of the world’s languages are dying because children are no longer learning them.

Languages have changed and disappeared throughout history. With progress, change is
inevitable. Some things are worth preserving. Others are not. The difficulty is in deciding
what is worth keeping. Because people have a very strong feeling about the importance of
their native language, we probably will not have a universal language in the near future.
What is certain, however, is that English worlds will continue to pop-up everywhere, from
Taiwan to Timbuktu, whether some people like it or not.

B. VOCABULARY

1. Frequently (บ่อยๆ) - regularly or habitually; often.
2. Borrow (ยืม) - take and use (something that belongs to someone else)

with the

intention of returning it.

3. Threatened (คุกคาม) - in danger
4. Fines (ปรับโทษ) - punishment in the form of taking money.
5. Eliminate (กำจัด) - remove/ get rid of
6. Concern (กังวล) - worry

7. Dying (เฮือกสุดท้าย) - in decline and about to disappear.
8. Inevitable (แน่นอน) - impossible to stop
9. Preserve (อนุรักษ์) - take care of/ keep
10. Pop up (ปรากฏ) - appear

Activity 1. Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the word in capital letters. You may use your
dictionary.

1. UNDERSTAND
a. It is understandable that some people dislike foreign words in their language.
b. I ___________________ instructions because they used many words that I knew
from English.

2. SPEAK
b. English is ___________ in many countries around the world.
c. ____________ English can help you in business, science, and medicine.

3. THREAT
a. Some people feel that English is a __________ to their own native language.
b. Others feel that English does not ______________ other languages but can be
an international language.

C. SPEAKING ACTIVITY

TAG QUESTIONS

Tag questions are something like negative questions. They are used when
someone thinks he or she knows an answer and wants confirmation. There are
two very commonly used types of tag questions--one made from affirmative ( +
) sentences, the other made from negative ( - ) sentences:

He's from Italy, isn't he? /He isn't from Italy, is he?
She speaks Estonian, doesn't she? /She doesn't speak Estonian, does she?
They'd left when you arrived, hadn't they? /They hadn't left when you arrived,
had they?

TAG QUESTIONS (INTONATION)

1. Falling Intonation __
When someone asks a tag question and the question tag has falling

intonation, the person who asks the questions is fairly sure that the statement
before the tag ending is correct. Because the person asking the question is not
100% sure, however, he or she still
wants confirmation.

I have told you not to run, haven't I?__ (Mother telling her son after her
son falls.)
It is a beautiful view, isn't it?__ (...We are all enjoying it.)
You know I hate this movie, don't you?__ (...And yet we are watching it.)

2. Rising Intonation __
When someone asks a tag question and the tag has rising intonation, in a

rising intonation the speaker is not as confident of his/her statement and
he/she is asking the other person to find out about it.

He didn't go to school yesterday, did he?__ (Did he really go to school
yesterday?)
Jack paid for the dinner, didn't he?__ (I hope he paid for the dinner... did
he?)
You told her I wasn't going to the party, didn't you?__ (Did you forget to
tell her?)

Exercise 1. Circle the correct intonation

1. Cebu is the capital of Thailand, isn’t it? __ __
2. Terrible weather, isn’t it? __ __
3. She speaks Russian, doesn’t she? __ __

4. He is from Surat, isn’t he? __ __

5. English is difficult, isn’t it? __ __

D. WRITING ACTIVITY (homework)

1. Write an essay. Why have languages disappeared throughout history? Give some
example
2. Use the present continuous and present simple in the paragraph.
3. Font should be Times New Romans, font size is 12, double space. Write at least
800 words.

References
16 tenses in English grammar (Formula and examples). (2020, June 4).

ExamPlanning. https://examplanning.com/16-tenses-in-english-grammar-formula-
and-examples/

Adverbs of frequency. (2020, April 3). English Grammar Games and Notes - Woodward
English. https://www.grammar.cl/Basic/Adverbs_Frequency.htm

Blends, digraphs, trigraphs, and other letter combinations. (n.d.). Enchanted Learning.
https://www.enchantedlearning.com/consonantblends/

Broukal, M. (2015). Weaving it together 3. Heinle & Heinle Pub.

English Tutor. (2019, July 17). Adverbs of frequency | 2 types of adverbs of frequency
with
useful examples. ESL Grammar. https://eslgrammar.org/adverbs-of-frequency/

Linking vowel to vowel. (n.d.). EnglishClub - Learn or Teach English Today.
https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/linking-3.htm

Mega goal 6 student book
ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 6 : หนังสือเรียน รายวิชาพื้นฐาน ภาษาอังกฤษ กลุ่มสาระการเรียนรู้ภาษาต่างประเทศ ตามหลักสูตรแกน
กลางการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน พุทธศักราช 2551.(2012).

Shrives, C. (n.d.). Regular verbs | What are regular verbs? Free English Grammar Lessons
and

Tests. https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/regular_verbs.htm

There is there are - English grammar rules. (2020, February 8). English Grammar
Games and

Notes - Woodward English.
https://www.grammar.cl/Present/ThereIsThereAre.htm

Understanding and using tag questions (#3). (n.d.). Home Page - ESL.
https://www.eslcafe.com/resources/grammar-lessons/tag-questions/understanding-
and-using-tag-questions-3