PP AUTISME DOWN SYNDROME DYSLEXIA

ENGLISH YEAR 6

AUTISM, DOWN SYNDROME & DYSLEXIA

BY : MUHAMMAD RAIYAN ZAFRAN BIN ABD HALIM
6 IBNU BATTUTA

WHAT IS ?

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is
a neurological and developmental
disorder that affects
communication and behaviour.

• It is known to cause a triad of
impairment in imagination,
language and social interaction.

SIGN OF

HOW IS AUTISM DIAGNOSED?

Diagnosing ASD can be difficult, as there
is no direct test. It takes the

comprehensive holistic evaluation of an
individual to place them in the spectrum.

This involves developmental screening
and comprehensive diagnostic
evaluation.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF EARLY
DIAGNOSIS AND GENETIC TESTING?

The intervention provided before three years
of age has a much greater impact than
intervention provided after age five. It will help
in:

1.The child’s overall language development
2.Improvement in cognitive functions
3.Gains in the initiation of spontaneous

communication
4.Understanding the genetic diagnosis

5.Helps identify other underlying health
conditions

6.Helps provide an understanding of recurrence
risk and planning for a future pregnancy

HOW IS AUTISM SPECTRUM
DISORDER TREATED?

Autism is not a medical condition with
treatment or a "cure". However, it can be
managed and support can be given to the
people who need it.

WHAT IS DOWN SYNDROME ?

Down syndrome (sometimes
called Down’s syndrome) is a
condition in which a child is born
with an extra copy of their 21st
chromosome — hence its other
name, trisomy 21. This causes
physical and mental
developmental delays and
disabilities.

WHAT CAUSES DOWN SYNDROME?

• In all cases of reproduction, both parents pass their genes
on to their children. These genes are carried in
chromosomes. When the baby’s cells develop, each cell is
supposed to receive 23 pairs of chromosomes, for 46
chromosomes total. Half of the chromosomes are from
the mother, and half are from the father.

• In children with Down syndrome, one of the
chromosomes doesn’t separate properly. The baby ends
up with three copies, or an extra partial copy, of
chromosome 21, instead of two. This extra chromosome
causes problems as the brain and physical features
develop.

TYPES OF DOWN SYNDROME

There are three types of Down syndrome:
1. Trisomy 21
Trisomy 21 means there’s an extra copy of
chromosome 21 in every cell. This is the most
common form of Down syndrome.

2. Mosaicism
Mosaicism occurs when a child is born with an
extra chromosome in some but not all of their
cells. People with mosaic Down syndrome tend to
have fewer symptoms than those with trisomy 21.

3. Translocation

In this type of Down syndrome, children have only
an extra part of chromosome 21. There are 46
total chromosomes. However, one of them has an
extra piece of chromosome 21 attached.

HOW IS DOWN SYNDROME USUALLY
DIAGNOSED?

Amniocentesis is most often used to detect Down
syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities.
This test is usually done in the second trimester,
after 15 weeks of gestation.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

HOW DOWN SYNDROME IS TREATED?

WHAT IS ?

Dyslexia is a learning

disability in reading. People

with dyslexia have trouble

reading at a good pace and

without mistakes. They may

also have a hard time with

reading comprehension,

spelling, and writing. But

these challenges aren’t a

problem with intelligence.

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

Pre-school children:

1.Delayed speech development
compared with other children of the
same age (although this can have
many different causes)

2.Speech problems, such as not being
able to pronounce long words
properly and "jumbling" up phrases
(for example, saying "hecilopter"
instead of "helicopter", or "beddy
tear" instead of "teddy bear")

3.Problems expressing themselves using spoken
language, such as being unable to remember the
right word to use, or putting sentences together
incorrectly.

4.Little understanding or appreciation of rhyming
words, such as "the cat sat on the mat", or nursery
rhymes.

5.Difficulty with, or little interest in, learning letters
of the alphabet.

SYMPTOMS OF DYSLEXIA
(CHILDREN AGED 5 TO 12)

1.Problems learning the names and sounds of
letters.

2.Spelling that's unpredictable and inconsistent.

3.Putting letters and figures the wrong way
round (such as writing "6" instead of "9", or "b"
instead of "d")

4.Confusing the order of letters in words
reading slowly or making errors when reading
aloud.

5.Visual disturbances when reading (for example, a
child may describe letters and words as seeming to
move around or appear blurred).

6.Answering questions well orally, but having
difficulty writing the answer down.

7.Difficulty carrying out a sequence of directions.

8.Struggling to learn sequences, such as days of
the week or the alphabet.

9.Slow writing speed.

10.Poor handwriting.

11.Problems copying written language and
taking longer than normal to complete written
work

12.Poor phonological awareness and word
attack skills

SYMPTOMS OF DYSLEXIA
(TEENAGERS AND ADULTS)

1.Difficulty planning and writing essays, letters or
reports.

2.Difficulties revising for examinations.

3.Trying to avoid reading and writing whenever
possible.

4.Difficulty taking notes or copying
poor spelling.

5.Struggling to remember things such as a PIN or
telephone number.

6.Struggling to meet deadlines.

DYSLEXIA TREATMENT



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