1.0 biodiversity-hr 4

1.6.4 GYMNOSPERMS

Learning outcomes

1.6.4 Gymnosperms

a) Describe the unique characteristics of gymnosperms
b) State the classification of Gymnosperms into four

division:
– Cycadophyta (Cycas sp.)
– Pinophyta/Coniferophyta (Pinus sp.)
– Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo sp.)
– Gnetophyta (Gnetum sp.)

Classification of Kingdom Plantae

Seed plant

Seed plants/spermatophyta

Naked seed Covered seed

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Phylum Cycadophyta (Phylum Anthophyta)
(Cycas sp.)
Class Dicotyledonae
Phylum Coniferophyta (Mangifera indica)
(Pinus sp.) Class Monocotyledonae

Phylum Ginkgophyta (Zea mays)
(Ginkgo biloba)

Phylum Gnetophyta
(Gnetum sp.)

Introduction

• Gymnosperm means ‘naked seed’ that are
not enclosed in ovaries

• This group includes seed plants in which the
seed are exposed on the surface of spore-
producing structures, sporophylls

• Reproductive organs are usually borne in strobilus
cones (strobili) on which the sporophylls are
spirally arranged.

Introduction

1. Female cones (strobili)
2. Seed with wings

Unique Characteristics of Gymnosperms

• Has naked seed
• Has complex vascular tissues

❖ Xylem only have tracheids
except Gnetophytes

❖ Phloem only have sieve tube

• Sporophyte generation is
dominant than the gametophyte
generation

• The gametophyte is depends on
the sporophyte



Unique Characteristics of Gymnosperms

• Consist of two types of spores called heterospores:
❖ microspore
❖ megaspore

Unique Characteristics of
Gymnosperms

• Fertilization is not depend on
water.

• Pollination agent – wind only

• No double fertilization and no
endosperm formation



Classification of Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms Phylum Cycadophyta
(Cycas sp.)

Phylum Pinophyta/Coniferophyta
(Pinus sp.)

Phylum Ginkgophyta
(Ginkgo sp.)

Phylum Gnetophyta
(Gnetum sp.)

Unique Characteristics of
Phylum Cycadophyta

❖ Dioecious (separate male and female trees)
❖ Their reproductive structure occur in

strobili/cones
❖ Xylem consists of tracheids only

Cycas sp.

Unique Characteristics of
Phylum Coniferophyta

❖ All are woody trees

❖ Leaves are needle-like

❖ Their reproductive
structure occur in
strobili/cones

❖ Xylem consists of
tracheids only

(Pinus sp.)

Unique Characteristics of Ginkgo biloba
Phylum Ginkgophyta

▪ Leaves are fan-shaped

▪ Naked seeds// outer seed coat is
fleshy//ovules with three layers of
integuments

▪ Seeds in cluster

▪ Dioecious tree (separate male and female
trees)

▪ Lateral branch stem consists of
secondary xylem

Unique characteristics of
Phylum Gnetophyta

• Some are vine, tree and shrubs

• Broad leaves

• Their reproductive structure
occur in strobili that resemble
flowers

• Xylem consists of tracheids
and vessel elements

Gnetum sp.

1.6.5 ANGIOSPERMS

Learning outcomes

1.6.5 ANGIOSPERMS

a) Describe the unique characteristics of
angiosperms (Division Anthophyta)

Seed plants /Spermatophyta

Naked seed Covered seed

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Phylum Cycadophyta (Phylum Anthophyta)
(Cycas sp.)
Class Dicotyledonae
Phylum Coniferophyta (Mangifera indica)
(Pinus sp.) Class Monocotyledonae

Phylum Ginkgophyta (Zea mays)
(Ginkgo biloba)

Phylum Gnetophyta
(Gnetum sp.)

Unique Characteristics of Angiosperms

• The largest phylum of plants.

• All angiosperms are placed in a single
phylum, phylum Anthophyta

• Sporophyte generation is dominant
than gametophyte generation

• Gametophyte depends on
sporophyte



Unique Characteristics of Angiosperms

• Has complete vascular system
❖ Xylem have tracheids and vessel element.
❖ Phloem have sieve tube members and companion cell

• Has enclosed seeds (seeds are
enclosed by pericarp/ fruit wall)

• Ovules are surrounded by an ovary wall
• Fertilization is NOT depend on water. Need

various pollination agent such as insects
and wind.

Unique Characteristics of Angiosperms

– Double fertilization occur

Unique Characteristics of Angiosperms

– Has flower which has floral organ:

• sepals
• petals
• stamens
• carpels

1.7 DOMAIN EUKARYA:

KINGDOM
ANIMALIA

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.7 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia

a) Describe unique charateristics of Kingdom Animalia
b) State the classification of Animalia into 9 phyla:

1) Porifera
2) Cnidaria
3) Platyhelminthes
4) Nematoda
5) Annelida
6) Arthropoda
7) Mollusca
8) Echinodermata
9) Chordata

Unique characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

▪ Eukaryotes
▪ Multicellular organisms
▪ Type of nutrition is heterotrophic (holozoic)

▪ - as consumer, depend on producers for their
raw materials and energy

▪ Cells are specialized to perform specific
function

▪ Cells are organized to form tissue and organ

Unique characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

▪ Mobile that help them to reproduce, obtain food and
protect themselves

▪ In general, the reproduction is sexual but certain
reproduce by asexual

▪ An adult animal are fixed in size and shape - do not
continue to grow

▪ Most animal have a nervous system and muscle system
▪ Have diverse body plan

Classification of Kingdom Animalia

• We classify organism according to similarity between them.

• The system of classifying is called phylogenetic based on
evolutionary history.

• One way in which zoologist categorized the diversity of
animals is according to general features of morphology
and development.

Phylogenetic tree

Phylogenetic tree

Porifera

Classification of Animalia into 9 phyla

1) Porifera e.g. Leucosolenia sp.
2) Cnidaria e.g. Obelia sp.
3) Platyhelminthes e.g. Taenia sp.
4) Nematoda e.g. Ascaris sp.
5) Annelida e.g. Pheretima sp.
6) Arthropoda e.g. Valanga sp.
7) Mollusca e.g. Achatina sp.
8) Echinodermata e.g. Asterias sp.
9) Chordata e.g. Amphioxus sp.

Porifera e.g. Leucosolenia

https://www.easterncapescub
adiving.co.za/index.php?page
_name=specie&specie_id=51

Cnidaria e.g. Obelia sp.

https://www.pugetsound.edu/aca
demics/academic-
resources/slater-
museum/exhibits/marine-
panel/sea-thread-hydroid/

Platyhelminthes e.g. Taenia sp.

https://fineartamerica.com/featu
red/1-coloured-sem-of-a-
tapeworm-taenia-sp-power-and-
syred.html?product=canvas-print

Nematoda e.g. Ascaris sp.

https://medlab.id/ascaris-
lumbricoides/

Annelida e.g. Pheretima sp.

http://putrirahmiati.blogspot.co
m/2015/03/zoologi-invertebrata-
praktikum-iv.html

Arthropoda e.g. Valanga sp.

http://www.lilykumpe.com/grass
hoppers/

Mollusca e.g. Achatina sp.

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/3
74713631488055349/?lp=true

Echinodermata e.g. Asterias sp.

https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species
/detail/1194

Chordata e.g. Amphioxus sp.

https://www.shapeoflife.
org/news/amphioxus