1.0 biodiversity-hr 3

1.6
DOMAIN EUKARYA:
KINGDOM PLANTAE

Learning outcomes

b) State the classification of Plantae into four
groups:

i. Bryophytes
ii. Pteridophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms

Unique Characteristics

– All eukaryotes
– Multicellular organism
– Cell wall contain cellulose
– Photoautotroph
– Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast
– Store carbohydrate as starch
– All plants develop from multicellular

embryos that are enclosed with
maternal tissues.

Unique Characteristics

– All plants have a life cycle
involve alternation of
generations

– They spend part of their life
in a multicellular haploid (n)
gametophyte stage and
multicellular diploid (2n)
sporophyte stage.

Alternation of generations

– Sporophyte produces haploid
spores by the process of meiosis.

(These spores represent the first stage in the
gametophyte generation)

– Gametophyte will give rise to
haploid gametes by mitosis

– Two haploid gametes fuse to form
a diploid zygote

(The diploid zygote is the first stage in the
sporophyte generation)

– The zygote divides by mitosis and
develop to become the sporophyte.

Classification of Kingdom Plantae

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Primitive Advance

Classification of Kingdom Plantae

1.6.1 BRYOPHYTES

Learning outcomes

1.6.1 Bryophytes

a) Describe the unique characteristics of
bryophytes

b) State the classification of bryophytes into
three divisions:

Hepatophyta (Marchantia sp.)

Bryophyta (Polytrichum sp.)

Anthocerophyta (Anthoceros sp.)
c) State the terrestrial adaptation for

Bryophytes

BRYOPHYTES

Unique Characteristics of bryophytes

❖ No vascular tissue for transporting water,
sugar and essential mineral.

❖ Small and seedless
❖ Water movement is via diffusion from cell

to cell
❖ Absorption of water and mineral is via

rhizoid
❖ Fertilization is fully depends on water

Unique Characteristics of bryophytes

⚫ The body form is often a
flattened shape called
thallus, do not have true
roots, stem and leaves

⚫ No cuticle –little protection
against dessication

⚫ Homosporous- produced
only one type of spore

Unique Characteristics of bryophytes

✓ Haploid gametophyte
generation is the dominant
phase usually larger and longer-
living than the sporophyte
generation

✓ Diploid sporophyte is smaller
and shorter lived

✓ Sporophyte depends on the
gametophytes

✓ They remain attached to their
parental gametophytes, from
which they absorb sugar, amino
acid, mineral and water.

Classification of Bryophytes
BRYOPHYTES

Phylum Phylum Phylum
Hepatophyta Bryophyta Anthocerophyta
(liverworts) (mosses)
(hornworts)
Eg: Marchantia sp. Eg: Polytrichum sp.
Eg: Anthoceros sp.

Phylum Hepatophyta
Liverworts – Marchantia sp.

Phylum Bryophyta
Mosses – Polytrichum sp.

Phylum Anthocerophyta
Anthoceros sp.

Terrestrial Adaptation for Bryophytes

⚫ A sterile jacket prevent antheridia Antheridium
and archegonia from drying out. Sterile jacket

⚫ Bryophytes depend on water to live.
⚫ They only live at moist place

because the sperms require a film
of water to reach the eggs.
⚫ After fertilization, zygote and
embryo still live in archegonia to
prevent from drying
⚫ The presence of stoma (in mosses
and hornworts) facilitate the
movement of gasses.

1.6.2 PTERIDOPHYTES

Learning outcomes

1.6.2 Pteridophytes

a) Describe the unique characteristics of the
pteridophytes.

b) State the classification of pteridophytes into two
divisions:

i) Lycopodiophyta (Lycopodium sp. & Selaginella sp.)
ii) Pteridophyta (Dryopteris sp.)

Classification of Kingdom Plantae

Unique Characteristics of
Pteridophytes

▪ Seedless plant
▪ Presence of simple vascular

tissues
✓ Xylem – lignified vascular

tissues permitted vascular
plant to grow higher than
bryophyte
✓ Phloem – transport the nutrient
and photosynthesis product
from soil to all parts of the
plant.

Unique Characteristics of Pteridophytes

✓ Sporophyte generation is dominant than gametophyte
generation

✓ Sporophyte is independent from gametophyte
✓ Sporophyte has been differentiated into true root,

stem and leaves
✓ True roots anchor vascular plants and allow the

shoot system to grow taller
✓ True stem become strong enough to withstand

dropping
✓ True leaves increase surface area of plant body

and serve as primary photosynthetic organ of
vascular plant
✓ Presence of cuticle and stomata
✓ Fertilization is not fully depends on water

Unique Characteristics of Pteridophytes

✓ Mostly seedless vascular plant are homosporous
(one type of sporangium that produces one type of
spore)

✓ Two types of spore production
❖ Homospore: one type of spore
(Dryopteris sp. and Lycopodium sp.)
❖ Heterospore: two types of spores (Sellaginella
sp.)
✓ Microsporangium – microspore
male gametophyte (microgametophytes)
✓ Megasporangium – megaspore
female gametophyte (megagametophytes)

Unique Characteristics of Pteridophytes

* Cross section of strobili

microspore Sporophy
megaspore lls

spores

Selaginella sp. Lycopodium sp.
(heterospore) Dryopteris sp.

(homospore)

Classification of Pteridophytes

PTERIDOPHYTES

Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Pteridophyta

Eg: Lycopodium sp. Eg: Selaginella sp. Eg: Dryopteris sp.