1.0Biodiversity- hr 1

1.0 Biodiversity

1.1 Biodiversity and classification

Learning outcomes

1.1 Biodiversity and classification

(a) State types of biodiversity:
- genetic diversity
- species diversity
- ecosystem diversity

(b) State hierarchical classification

1.2 Domain Bacteria and Domain Archae

Learning outcomes

1.2 Domain Bacteria and Domain Archae

(a) State the two domain of prokaryotes, Bacteria

(E. coli) and Archaea (Sulfolobus sp.)

(d) State the importance of bacteria
i. Recycling of chemical elements in ecosystem (nitrogen

fixation, as decomposer)

ii. Symbiotic (enterobacteria e.g E. coli in human intestine)
iii. Pathogenic (e.g. Salmonella sp.)

iv. In research and technology (bacteria plasmid)

BIODIVERSITY

Refer to the total number of species, the variability of
their genes, and the communities in which they live.

(The number, variety, and genetic variation of different organisms
found within a specified geographic region)

Types of biodiversity

Genetic Diversity

The existence of a wide
variety of genetic variation
within a species

Species Diversity

The existence of a wide
variety of species

Ecosystem Diversity

The existence of a wide
variety of species in a
natural community or habitat

Hierarchical Classification

• Linnaeus grouped species into a
hierarchy of increasingly inclusive
categories.

• Species that appear to be closely
related are grouped into the same
genus

• Example: belongs to
❖ Leopard = Panthera pardus genus
❖ African lion = Panthera leo Panthera
❖ Tiger = Panthera tigris
❖ Jaguar = Panthera onca

• The Linnaean system places related
genera in the same family, families
into orders, orders into classes,
classes into phlya, phyla into
kingdoms and more recently
kingdoms into domains.

Hierarchical Classification

• Taxonomy is the science which deals with
the study of identifying, grouping, and
naming organisms according to their
established natural relationship.

• Taxon is a formal grouping of organisms at
any given level

(Example: Class Mammalia is a taxon that include
many different orders)

• Biological classification based on the taxon
is called taxonomic hierarchy

Hierarchical Classification

Domain Eukarya
Organisms that have nuclei and other membrane-
enclosed organelles

Kingdom Plantae
Terrestrial, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms

Phylum Anthophyta
Vascular plants with flowers, fruits and seeds

Class Monocotyledonae
Monocots: Flowering plants with one seed
leaf(cotyledon) and flower parts in threes

Order Commelinales
Monocots with reduced flower parts, elongated
leaves and dry 1-seeded fruits

Family Poaceae
Grasses with hollow stems; fruits is a grain; and
abundant endosperm in seed

Genus Zea
Tall annual grass with separate female and male
flower

Species Zea mays

Hierarchical Classification

 Domain : Eukarya Felis catus
 Kingdom : Animalia
 Phylum : Chordata
 Class : Mammalia
 Order : Carnivora
 Family : Felidae
 Genus : Felis
 Species : Felis catus

Hierarchical Classification

 Domain :

Eukarya

 Kingdom :
Animalia

 Phylum :
Chordata

 Class :
Mammalia

 Order :
Carnivora

 Family :
Ursidae

 Genus :
Ursus

 Species :

Ursus maritimus (polar

bear)

Classification system

Five-kingdom system Three-domain system
(Carl Woese,1977)
(Robert Hardin Whittaker Bacteria, Archaea
and Eukarya based on:
,1969) based on : • rRNA base
• level of cell
sequence (molecular
organization data)
• types of organism
• modes of nutrition

1.2

Domain Bacteria and
Archaea

Introduction

 Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) is
the first person seen bacteria.

 Bacteria is the eldest living things – about 3.5
bilion years ago.

Two domain of prokaryotes

1) Bacteria 2) Archaea

“true bacteria”. Major Live in extreme
group of bacteria environments that a
Eg. E. coli few other organisms
can survive
e.g. Sulfolobus sp.

E. coli

Classification of Prokaryotes

1) Bacteria:
- E.coli

E. coli https://www.click2houston.com/health/e-
coli-outbreak-expands-still-no-source-
identified

Classification of Prokaryotes

2) Archaea
eg:Sulfolobus sp.

Sulfolobus is a
superbug that grows at
80°C

http://factorialist.com/microbe-uses-protein-to-
bubble-wrap-its-dna/

Importance of bacteria

i. Recycling of chemical elements in ecosystem
(nitrogen fixation, as decomposer)

ii. Symbiotic (enterobacteria e.g. E.coli in human
intestine)

iii.Pathogenic (e.g. Salmonella spp.

iv.In research and technology (bacterial plasmid)

1. Recycling of chemical elements in ecosystem
(nitrogen fixation, as decomposers)

1. Prokaryotes can metabolize
nitrogen in a variety of ways

2. In nitrogen fixation, some
cyanobacteria and some
metahanogens convert
atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to
ammonia (NH3)

3. Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
can increase the nitrogen
available to plants which
cannot use atmospheric
nitrogen.

4. Live in nodules (spherical
swelling) on the root of
legumes-eg: beans, peas,
clover

2. Symbiotic

(enterobacteria e.g. E.coli in human intestine)

Mutualistic bacteria (both partners benefit)

➢ E. coli that live in the intestines of
humans benefit from undigested
material and release vitamins K and
B12,

➢ which we use to produce blood
components.

➢ Bacteria inhabit cows and other
ruminants digestive tract.
Ruminants lack enzymes for
digesting cellulose. They provide the
bacteria with a nutrient-rich home,
and the bacteria digest the
cellulose for them

3. Pathogenic (e.g. Salmonella spp.)

Salmonella infection.

 The infection itself is
called “salmonellosis.”
But most people know it
by the name salmonella,
which is actually the
name of the bacteria that
causes the infection.

https://www.onhealth.com/content/1/salmonella_outbreak

Pathogenic (e.g. Salmonella spp.)

Sources of Salmonella spp.

 Meat. Poultry (chicken, turkey, or duck), Beef and veal, Pork
 Fertilizer. Animal poop is often used in fertilizer for fruits and

vegetables, which is how produce such as lettuce, spinach, or
strawberries can also be a source of salmonella in people.
 Water. Animal poop, contaminated water
 Handwashing. In bathroom or change baby’s diaper
 Pets. Some that may carry the bacteria include: Dogs, Cats, Birds,
Reptiles (such as lizards, snakes, and turtles)

4. In Research and Technology

• Prokaryotes are the principal agents in
bioremediation, the use of organisms to remove
pollutants from the environment

• Bacteria are used in bioremediation, the process
of using microorganisms to detoxify or remove
oil, gasoline and other pollutant or toxic chemical
from environment

Fig. 27-22 (b)

(a) (c)

In research and technology

 Used to digest organic wastes,
chemical products, make
vitamins and antibiotics.

 Microbiologist have genetically
engineered bacteria to produce
certain vaccines, human
growth hormone and insulin.

In research and technology

 Microbial fermentation helps
produce many foods and
beverage.

 Lactic acid bacteria are used in
producing acidophilus milk,
yogurt, pickles, olive and
sauerkraut.

 Sauerkraut is finely cut cabbage
that has been fermented by
various lactic acid bacteria.

 Several bacteria used in the
production of cheese.

In research and technology

 As a biological control agent: Bacillus
thuringiensis that attacks insects.