1.0 biodiversity -hr 2

1.4

Domain Eukarya:
Kingdom Protista

Learning outcomes

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
(a) State the unique characteristics of Protista

(b) State the classification of Protista based on the
unique feature:
i) Two major phyla of algae (photosynthetic
pigment)

 Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas sp.)
 Phaeophyta (Fucus sp.)

ii) Four major phyla of Protozoa (locomotion)

 Euglenophyta (Euglena sp.)
 Rhizopoda (Amoeba sp.)
 Ciliophora (Paramecium sp.)
 Apicomplexa (Plasmodium sp.)

Unique characteristics

 Eukaryote
 Have true nucleus and

membrane-enclosed
organelles

 Mostly unicellular and some
simple multicellular

 Some photoautotroph and
some heterotroph

 Most of which are motile
(flagella or cilia)

Unique characteristics

 Mostly are free-living

 Reproduction : sexual and
asexual

 Habitat - in water or very
damp surfaces

Classification of Protista

i) Two major phyla of algae (photosynthetic pigment)
 Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas sp.)
 Phaeophyta (Fucus sp.)

ii) Four major phyla of Protozoa (locomotion)
 Euglenophyta (Euglena sp.)
 Rhizopoda (Amoeba sp.)
 Ciliophora (Paramecium sp.)
 Apicomplexa (Plasmodium sp.)

Two major phyla of Algae

Chlorophyta Phaeophyta
(green algae) (brown algae)

Chlamydomonas sp. Fucus sp.

Four major phyla of Protozoa

Phylum Euglenophyta
(Euglena sp.)

Phylum Rhizopoda
(Amoeba sp.)

Phylum Ciliophora
(Paramecium sp.)

Phylum Apicomplexa
(Plasmodium sp.)

Phylum Euglenophyta ( Euglena sp.)

Phylum Rhizopoda (Amoeba sp.)

Phylum Ciliophora (Paramecium sp.)

Oral Groove Cilia
Food Vacuole
forming Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Food Vacuole

Contractile Vacuole

Phylum Apicomplexa (Plasmodium sp.)

1.5
Domain Eukarya:
Kingdom Fungi

Learning outcomes

a) State the unique characteristics of Fungi

b) State the classification of Fungi phyla based on
the spore bearing structure:
i) Zygomycota (Rhizopus sp.)
ii) Ascomycota (Penicillium sp.)
iii) Basidiomycota (Agaricus sp.)

Learning outcomes

c) State the importance for Fungi

i. Decomposer
ii. Symbionts
iii. Pathogens
iv. Commercial importance in food production

(fermented food)
v. Pharmaceutical (penicillin)

Unique characteristics

• Eukaryote

• Heterotrophs
• Non-photosynthetic

organism that lack of
chlorophyll
• Multicellular,
(yeast is unicellular)
• Cell wall is made of chitin

Unique characteristics

• Stores carbohydrate as
glycogen

• Reproduce sexually
and asexually

• Reproduction mostly
via spores that
germinate into mycelia

• Reproduction for yeast
is budding

Unique characteristics

Body are thallus ( root, stem
& leaf cannot be differentiates)

The bodies of all fungi are
filamentous (except
unicellular fungi)

Bodies are constructed from
basic building units called
hyphae

Hyphae branch profusely
forming network called
mycelium

Unique characteristics

Hyphae are either septate
or aseptate

i) Hyphae with septa :
septate hyphae

ii) Hyphae lack septa :
aseptate/ coenocytic
hyphae

• Some mutualistic and parasitic fungi grow specialized hyphae

called haustoria.
• Use to extract nutrients from or exchange nutrient with their plant

host.
• Example: relationships between such fungi and plant roots called

mycorrhizae

Unique characteristics

Mode of nutrition:

✓ Saprophytic fungi :secrete hydrolytic
enzymes into their surroundings & absorb nutrients
from nonliving organism.

✓ Parasitic fungi: absorb nutrients from the cells of
living hosts.

✓ Mutualistic fungi: absorb nutrients from a host
organism, but they reciprocate with action that
benefit the host.



Classification of Fungi phyla based on
the spore bearing structure

Phylum Phylum Phylum
Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota
(Sac fungi)
(Club fungi)

e.g: e.g: e.g:
Rhizopus sp. Penicillium sp. Agaricus sp.

Fungi

Phylum Zygomycota (e.g. Rhizopus sp.)

• Known as zygomycetes

• The black bread mold,
Rhizopus stolonifer is
commonly used as an
example of this phylum

• The body compose of
aseptate hyphae/ coenocytic

Structure of Zygomycota (e.g. Rhizopus sp.)

• Stolon: stolon
horizontal vegetative hyphae

• Rhizoid:
hyphae structured like root

• Sporangiophore:
- upright hyphae
- stalk that bear sporangia



Phylum Ascomycota (e.g. Penicillium sp.)

• Known as ascomycetes (sac
fungi)

• Yeasts is unicellular
ascomycete

• Most are composed of septate
hyphae.

Penicillium sp.

Phylum Ascomycota (e.g. Penicillium sp.)

• Ascus (finger like sac)
develops during sexual
reproduction

• Asci usually surrounded and
protected by hyphae within an
ascocarp.

• Asexual reproduction involve
the production of spores called
conidia.



Phylum Basidiomycota (e.g. Agaricus sp.)

- Known as basidiomycetes
- Have septate hyphae
- The fruiting bodies are called basidiocarps
- Basidiocarps contain basidia (club shaped structure)
- that produce basidiospore by sexual reproduction

Phylum Basidiomycota (e.g. Agaricus sp.)

Phylum Basidiomycota (e.g. Agaricus sp.)

(a) Giant Puffball (b) Shelf Fungi



Classification of Fungi

Structure Phylum Phylum Phylum
Ascomycota Basidiomycota
Zygomycota

Hyphae Aseptate Septate hyphae Septate hyphae
hyphae/coenocytic

Sexual Via formation of Via formation of Via formation of

reproduction zygospores ascospores, basidiospores,

within ascus outside of basidia

Asexual Via sporangia that Via conidia Uncommon and
rarely occur
reproduction produce spore

Example Rhizopus sp. Penicillium sp. Agaricus sp.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

1. Act as decomposers
2. Symbionts
3. Pathogens
4. Commercial importance in food

production (fermented food)
5. Pharmaceutical

THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

1. Act as decomposer

➢ Most fungi are saprophytic

➢ Saprophytic fungi will
decompose by secrete
enzyme for extracellular
digestion and absorb
nutrient from organic
wastes and dead organisms.

➢ Able to degrade cellulose
and lignin of plant cell wall

THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

2. Symbionts

➢ Fungi form symbiotic
relationships with plants,
algae, cynobacteria and
animals.

➢ All these relationships have
profound ecological effects.

➢ Lichens are a symbiotic
association between green
algae or cyanobacteria &
fungi.

➢ Mycorrhizae are mutualistic
associations of plant roots &
fungi.

Lichen: Symbiotic Relationship

➢ A lichen is a symbiotic association
between unicellular green algae or
cyanobacteria and fungus

✓ Grow on the surface of rocks, rotting
logs, trees and roofs

✓ The algae or cyanobacteria provide
carbon compound

✓ The cyanobacteria also fix nitrogen
and provide organic nitrogen
compounds

✓ The fungus provide their
photosynthetic partners with a
suitable environment for growth

Mycorrhizae : Mutualistic associations

➢Mycorrhizae are mutualistic
associations of plant roots and fungi.

✓Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients
from a host organism, but the reciprocate
with actions that benefit the host.

✓ Fungus improve delivery of phosphate
ions and other minerals to plants from
the soil.

✓ Plant roots provides organic nutrients
such as carbohydrates to fungus

THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

3) Pathogens

• Parasitic fungi absorbs nutrients
from the cells of living hosts.

• Responsible for many serious plant
disease

• Certain animal disease, Candidiasis
– a yeast infection of mucous
membranes at the mouth, throat or
vagina

• Histoplasmosis in serious infection
of the lungs : inhaling spores of
fungus, common in soil
contaminated with bird feces.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

4) Commercial importance in food
production (fermented food)

❖Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) is used
in making bread and alcoholic beverages

❖Yeasts - produce ethanol and carbon
dioxide from sugars (e.g : glucose)
through fermentation

❖In baking, CO2 given off by yeast
is an agent that cause bread to rise

❖ Yeast are used to make wine, beer and
other fermented beverages

❖Involve in the production of “tempe”
and “tapai”

THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

5) Pharmaceutical (penicillin)

Penicillium notatum - penicillin : antibiotics (inhibit the

growth of bacteria).