PBL CHEMISTRY ( CHEMICALS AROUND US)

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
Sungai Pasir

Project title :
Chemicals Around Us

NAME : NUR FARHANA BINTI ZULKOPLI
DALIA ZULAIKHA BINTI MOHD NAWAWI

CLASS : 5 STEM A
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY KSSM
TEACHER'S NAME : PUAN ARINA BINTI ABDUL RASHID

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum. In the name of Allah the most
gracious and the most merciful, first and foremost.
We, Farhana and Dalia would like to extend our
deepest praise to Allah S.W.T who has given us the
patient, strength, determination and courage to
implement this task.

This project is a collaborative effort of many
people. To begin with, utmost thanks and gratitude
goes to our chemistry's teacher, Puan Arina Binti
Abdul Rashid for imparting us with her wealth of
knowledge, valuable guidance and experience.

Our appreciation and thanks is also dedicated to all
of our friends and the parents for their helpful
insights, cooperation and stimulating comments.
We would also like to express our apology for any
mistake and shortcoming in carrying out this task.
To end with, we are truly delighted, for this
research would bring benefits to others.

INTRODUCTION

To begin with, food additives are natural or synthetic
ingredients added to food to prevent damage or
improve the appearance, taste or texture. As a result,
some additives have been used for centuries as part
of an effort to preserve food, for example vinegar,
salt, smoke and sugar. This allows for longer-lasting
foods such as sweets and pickle.

Secondly, medicines are chemicals used to help with
the treatment or prevention of diseases. It will be
safe if taken properly. Medicines are classified into
traditional medicines and modern medicines.

Last but not least, Cosmetics are materials or
products that are used externally to cleanse, protect
or enhance one's appearances. Various types of
ingredients are used in the production of cosmetics
so that the desired effects are obtained. The basic
cosmetic ingredients are dyes, water, emulsifiers,
thickness, fragrances, moisturisers and
preservatives.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are to study
the types of food additives and their
functions. Secondly, to explain with
examples the types of medicine, their
functions and side effects. Last but not
least, to explain cosmetics with examples
and justify the usage of cosmetics.

TASK PERIOD

20 JUNE 2021 - 12 JULY 2021

PROJECT ASSIGNMENT

Part A : Food Additives

i) Identify 7 types of food additives and their functions.
ii) Choose 1 type of food with its label of food content.
iii) Snap photo of the food content. List all the food additives in the food
and state the type
of the food additives.
iv) Justify the use of food additives in daily life. (Pros and Cons)

Answer : ANTIOXIDANTS FLAVOURINGS

PRESERVATIVES

Prevent or delay the Slow down the Replace the loss of
growth of bacteria or oxidation of fats in original flavours
during food
fungi to kake the food processing
food last longer
EMULSIFIERS THICKENERS
STABILISERS

Give uniformed and Emulsify two Thicken liquids
smooth texture immiscible liquids

DYES

Add or restore colour to make the
food look attractive and delicious

DALIA : GARDENIA'S BREAD

LIST OF THE FOOD ADDITIVES AND IT'S TYPE :

FARHANA : CURRY INSTANT NOODLES

LIST OF THE FOOD ADDITIVES AND IT'S TYPE:

- the use of food additives in daily life

Part B : Medicines

i) Choose 2 examples of traditional medicines. (Tongkat Ali, Kacip
Fatimah, aloe vera, herbs etc)
ii) State the functions / benefits of the traditional medicines.
iii) Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the traditional
medicines with modern medicines. (Advantages and Disadvantages)

Answer :

DALIA :

Ginger Ginseng

- The functions / benefits of ginger
Remove gas from the body

Prevent cold

Help to warm the body

- The functions / benefits of ginseng
Build immunity against infections and lower blood
pressure and cholesterol level.

FARHANA :

Aloe vera Hempedu bumi

- The functions / benefits of Aloe Vera

Treating Skin Conditions, Such as Psoriasis and
Acne
The aloe plant is very water-dense, so it's an ideal
way to prevent or treat dehydration
It accelerates wound healing

- The functions / benefits of Hempedu Bumi

Treating pain from snake bites
Helps to relieve fever, cough, flu and sore throat
Used as a medicine to lower high blood pressure
as well as treat diabetes

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- Comparison the effectiveness of the traditional
medicines and modern medicines

Traditional medicines

Modern medicines

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Part C : Cosmetics

i) Choose 1 example of modern cosmetic.
ii) Snap photo of its content.
iii) Identify the hazardous chemicals in the modern cosmetic and state
its side-effects.
iv) State 1 example of traditional cosmetic as an alternative cosmetic.
(Example: cold powder, tomato, cucumber, egg white (albumen), etc)
v) Compare and contrast the effectiveness of modern cosmetics with
traditional cosmetics.

Answer :

FARHANA :

Modern cosmetic

Simple refreshing facial wash

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- The hazardous chemicals in simple refreshing
facial wash cosmetic and its side-effects.

The hazardous chemical is phenoxyethanol. It's side
effects are the intentional intake of pure substances
can lead to depression of the central nervous
system, contributing to the occurrence of diarrhea
and vomiting. In addition, the presence of
phenoxyethanol in the product can cause
respiratory depression.

Due to potentially harmful side effects, the content
of components such as phenoxyethanol
(phenoxyethanol) should not exceed 1% of the total
mass, in which case the danger will be minimal. In
addition, mothers of newborns should avoid using
cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol while
breastfeeding to prevent inadvertent chemical entry
into the baby.

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DALIA :

Enchanteur Paris Perfume

- The hazardous chemicals in Enchanteur Paris
Perfume cosmetic and its side-effects

The hazardous chemical is BHT. It's side-effect is causes
multiple organ problems and blood coagulation.

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- 1 example of traditional cosmetic as an
alternative cosmetic.

FARHANA

Cold Powder

DALIA

Cucumber

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- Comparison the effectiveness of modern
cosmetics with traditional cosmetics

Modern cosmetic

Traditional cosmetic

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, in this project based learning we can study
about food additives, medicines and cosmetics in our
daily life. We can analyze the hazardous chemical
substances in medicines and cosmetics to avoid the
dangerous side effects. In addition, there is many
dangerous food additives that we should avoid because
it can cause hormone disruption, kidney problem and
other problems.As a consumer, we should be alert to the
ingredients of cosmetic products and verify that the
cosmetic products to be used are registered.

REFERENCE SOURCES

i) TEXT BOOK

Raja Jamilah Binti Raya Saigon, Aishah Peong Binti Abdullah,
Marwan Bin Yaacob @ Salleh, 2020, Chemistry text book
From 5 KSSM, KUBU Publications

ii) INTERNET

https://ms.onlinedoctors24.com/4126989-phenoxyethanol-
in-cosmetics-description-benefit-and-harm

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_additive

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