The Little Seagull Handbook

436 Glossary / Index

hashtag, 99  A number sign (#) in I
front of a word or unspaced phrase
(#BlackLivesMatter), used in social idiom, 355–60,  A phrase or group of
media to mark posts by keyword or words that means something differ-
theme and make them searchable ent from the literal meaning of each
by these tags. Also used to add com- word separately. For example, a piece
mentary on a web text outside from of cake means anything very easy to
elsewhere on the web. accomplish; when used as an idiom,
it has nothing to do with actual cake.
hasty generalization  A fallacy that
reaches a conclusion based on insuf- common academic and profes-
ficient or inappropriately qualified sional idioms, 357–60
evidence.
formal and informal English and, 379
have, as a helping verb, 310, 327 recognizing, 355–56
he, him, his, etc., 341, 378 sports idioms, 359–60
he, she, they, 378 understanding, 356
headings
i.e., 415
as design element, 33 if, in conditional sentences, 318
formatting guidelines illusion, allusion, 361
illustrations, formatting
APA style, 201
CSE style, 261 APA style, 202–3
parallelism in, 347 Chicago style, 239–40
CSE style, 261–62
helping verb, 327–29  A verb that MLA style, 160
works with a main verb to express image collections, 100
a tense and mood. Helping verbs in- images, documenting CSE style,
clude do, have, be, and modals: Elvis
has left the building. Pigs can fly. 258–59
images in presentations, 38–41
modals, 328–29 immigrate (to), emigrate (from), 362
sentence fragments and, 318–19 imperative mood, 330
shifts in tense and, 297 implied pronoun reference, 341
imply, infer, 363
homophones, 309–13 in
hopefully, 363
Humanities International Index, 99 with idioms, 357–59
hyphens, 407–8 vs. at, on, 366–67

with compound words, 407 indefinite pronoun, 292, 293  A
at end of a line, 408 p­ ronoun—such as all, anyone, any-
with numbers, 408 thing, everyone, everything, few, many,
with prefixes and suffixes, 407–8 nobody, nothing, one, some, and some-

Glossary / Index 437

thing—that does not refer to a spe- vs. gerunds, 326
cific person or thing. infinitive phrases, 316–17
pronoun case before or after,
possessive forms, 401
pronoun-antecedent agreement 343–44
split, 373
and, 340
subject-verb agreement and, 337 infographics, documenting CSE
style, 258–59
indents
APA style, 200–201, 206 informal language. See formal and
Chicago style, 240 informal language
CSE style, 261
general guidelines, 32 informal writing  Writing not in-
MLA style, 158–59 tended to be evaluated, sometimes
not even to be read by others. Infor-
independent clause, 316  A clause mal writing is produced primarily
containing a subject and a verb that to explore ideas or to communicate
can stand alone as a sentence: She casually with friends and acquain-
sang. The world-famous soprano sang tances. See also formal writing
several popular arias.
informative abstracts, 81
editing InfoTrac, 98
comma splices, 320 -ing form of verbs, 326
emphasizing ideas, 349
inquiry, writing as  A process for in-
punctuation vestigating a topic by posing ques-
commas, 386 tions, searching for multiple an-
semicolons, 392–93 swers, and keeping an open mind.
sentence structure and, 316
integrating sources, 107–15
indexes, periodical, 98–99 paraphrasing, 110–12
indicative mood, 330 quoting, 108–10
indirect quotations, 399 summarizing, 112–13
indirect questions, 394 using signal phrases,113–14
infer, imply, 363 verb tenses, 114–15

infinitive, 343  To plus the base form interjection, 390  A word express-
of the verb: to come, to go. An infini- ing surprise, resignation, agreement,
tive can function as a noun (He likes and other emotions. It can be at-
to run first thing in the morning); an ad- tached to a sentence or stand on its
jective (She needs a campaign to run); own: Well, if you insist. Ouch!
or an adverb (He registered to run in the
marathon).

438 Glossary / Index

internet addresses, dividing, 408. See titles of long works, 411–12
also URLs APA style, 179, 211
Chicago style, 185
internet research, 96–97, 99–100 MLA style, 131

interpretation  The act of making words as words, 412
sense of something or explaining it is, there is, 14, 368–69
what one thinks it means. Inter- it’s, its, 15, 312–13, 363
pretation is one goal of writing a
­literary analysis or rhetorical J
analysis.
jargon, 352, 385  A specialized vo-
literary analysis and, 63 cabulary of a profession, trade, or
rhetorical analysis and, 49–50 field that should be used only when
you know your audience will under-
interrupted quotations, 410 stand what you are saying.
interviews
journal articles, documenting
conducting, 101 APA style
documenting electronic, 190, 191–93
print, 185–87
APA style, 185 Chicago style
Chicago style, 235–36 electronic, 227–29
MLA style, 155 print, 221–25
in-text documentation CSE style
APA style, 173–78 electronic, 255–58
Chicago style, 210 print, 252–54
CSE style, 246–47 MLA style
MLA style, 122–28 accessed via database, 140
with other punctuation, 399 electronic, 138, 140, 141
introduction. See opening print, 136, 137, 138

paragraphs journals, keeping, 10
introductory words Jr., 414
JSTOR, 98
commas and, 387 just as . . . s​ o, 349

irregular verb, 325  A verb that does K
not form its past tense and past par-
ticiple by adding -ed or -d to the base
form (as in eat, ate, eaten).

is. See be keyword  A term that a researcher
it, indefinite use, 342 inputs when searching for informa-
italics, 32, 411–13 tion electronically.

for emphasis, 413 guidelines for, 96–97
non-English words, 413 in library catalogs, 98

Glossary / Index 439

in periodical databases, 99 lead, led, 363
on the web, 99 less, fewer, 363
letters, documenting
L
APA style, 187, 195
lab report   A writing genre that cov- Chicago style, 219
ers the process of conducting an ex- MLA style, 142, 148
periment in a controlled setting. Key LexisNexis Academic Universe, 98
Features: explicit title • abstract • library catalogs, searching, 98
purpose • methods • results and dis- Library of Congress, 100
cussion • references • appendix • ap- lie, lay, 363
propriate format like
no comma after, 391
language vs. as and as if, 361
abstract, 354 line graphs, 35
appropriate, 351–53 line spacing, 32
be and do, 353 APA style, 200
building common ground, 376–78, Chicago style, 238
385 CSE style, 261
clichés, 352–53 MLA style, 158–59
colloquial, 351 linking equal ideas, 348–49
concrete, 354
Englishes, 379–85 linking verb, 343  A verb that ex-
figurative, 354 presses a state of being: appear, be,
formal and informal, 5, 351, 379–81 feel, seem.
idioms, 355–60
jargon, 352 listing, 72   A process for generating
precise, 353–54 ideas and text by making lists while
pretentious, 352 thinking about a topic, finding rela-
sexist, 377–78 tionships among the notes, and ar-
standard edited English, 79 ranging the notes as an outline.
stereotypes, 376
unnecessary words, 368–69 lists
varieties of (see Englishes) layout and, 32
parallelism in, 14

lay, lie, 363 literacy portfolio  An organized col-
lection of materials showing ex-
layout, 32  The way text is arranged amples of one writer’s progress as a
on a page or screen—for example, in reader and/or writer.
paragraphs, in lists, on charts, with
headings. literally, 363

440 Glossary / Index

literary analysis, 62–65  A writing eral minutes and then reads the
genre that examines a literary text results and writes a one-sentence
(most often fiction, poetry, or drama) summary of the most important or
and argues for a particular inter- interesting idea, which becomes the
pretation of the text. Key Features: beginning of another round of writ-
arguable thesis • careful attention to ing and summarizing, and so on, un-
the language of the text • attention til the writer finds a tentative focus
to patterns or themes • clear inter- for writing.
pretation • mla style
loose, lose, 363
key elements, 62–63 a lot, 361
MLA style, 63
organization, 65 M
tips for writing, 63–65
verb tenses, 64–65 magazine articles, documenting
APA style
literary present, 350 electronic, 191
literary works, documenting MLA print, 186
Chicago style
style electronic, 227
print, 222, 225
literature  Literary works—­including CSE style
fiction, poetry, drama, and some print, 254
nonfiction; also, the body of written MLA style
work produced in given field. electronic, 138, 139
print, 139
logical appeal  In argument, an ap-
peal to readers based on the use of main ideas, 11
logical reasoning and of evidence main points
such as facts, statistics, authorities
on the subject, and so on. identifying, as a reading strategy, 86
in presentations, 38
long quotations, 108–9, 396 strategies for developing, 19–25
formatting guidelines
APA style, 201 cause and effect, 19–20
Chicago style, 239 classification and division, 20
CSE style, 261 comparison and contrast, 21–22
MLA style, 159 definition, 22–23
description, 23
looping, 9  A process for generat- examples, 25
ing ideas and text in which a writer narration, 24–25
writes about a topic quickly for sev- process explanation, 24
topic sentences, 18–19

Glossary / Index 441

main verb  The verb form that pres- metasearches, 99
ents the action or state. It can stand might, as modal verb, 328
alone or be combined with one or might of, might have, 364
more helping verb. My dog might misplaced modifiers, 372–73
have buried your keys. Leslie Jones is a
comedian. Alexa was wearing a gown mixed construction, 278  A sentence
by Milly. The agent didn’t appear old that starts out with one structure
enough to drive. and ends up with another one: Al-
though bears can be deadly is not a good
man, mankind, 363 reason to avoid camping altogether.
many, 337, 363
maps, documenting ways of editing, 278

APA style, 199 MLA style, 119–53   A system of doc-
MLA style, 155–56 umentation used in the humanities.
margins MLA stands for the Modern Lan-
as design element, 32 guage Association.
formatting guidelines
annotated bibliographies and, 74, 76
APA style, 200–201, 206, 242 design and, 30
Chicago style, 238 directory (table of contents), 119–22
CSE style, 261, 264 formatting, 158–60
MLA style, 158–59, 161 in-text documentation, 122–28
may, as modal, 327 notes, 129
may of, may have, 364 quotations in, 108–9
MD, 414 sample research paper, 160–69
media, medium, 364 works-cited list, 129–58, 160, 169

medium, 5  A way that a text is articles, 137–43
­delivered—for example, in print, audio, visual, and other sources,
with speech, or online.
153–58
memoir  A genre that focuses on books, 130–37, 144–49
something significant from the writ- core elements, 129–34
er’s past. Key Features: good story • personal communication and
vivid details • clear significance
social media, 151–52
metaphor, 354  A figure of speech short works, 137, 139, 141–43
that makes a comparison without writing style
using the word like or as: “All the spelling out of numbers, 415
world’s a stage / And all the men verb tenses for signal phrases
and women merely players” (Shake-
speare, As You Like It). and, 114–15

modal, 327–29  A helping verb—
such as can, could, may, might, must,

442 Glossary / Index

modal (cont.) speech, or electronic. Often used in-
ought to, should, will, or would—used terchangeably with multimodal.
with the base form of a verb to ex-
press whether an action is likely, multimodal  Using more than one
possible, permitted, or various other mode of expression, such as words,
conditions. images, sound, links, and so on.
O­ften used interchangeably with
Modern Language Association (MLA) multimedia.
style. See MLA style
multiple authors, documenting
modifier, 316  A word, phrase, or APA style, 175, 181–82
clause that describes or specifies Chicago style, 214
something about another word, CSE style, 249
phrase, or clause (a long, informative MLA style, 123–24, 134–35
speech; the actors spoke in unison; the
man who would be king). See also adjec- musical scores, documenting MLA
tive; adverb; participial phrase style, 156

careful placement of, 372 music recordings, documenting APA
dangling, 373 style, 196

mood, 330–31  A characteristic of must, as modal verb, 328
verbs that indicates a writer’s at- must of, must have, 364
titude about whether a statement
is possible or unlikely. The indicative N
mood is used to state fact or opinion:
I’m waiting to buy tickets. The impera- narration, 24–25  A strategy for
tive mood is used to give commands presenting information as a story,
or directions: Sit down, and take off for telling “what happened.” It is a
your shoes. The subjunctive mood is pattern most often associated with
used to express wishes or requests fiction, but it shows up in all kinds
or to indicate unlikely conditions: I of writing. When used in an essay, a
wish the ticket line were shorter. report, or another academic genre,
narration is used to support a point—
helping verbs and, 327 not merely to tell an interesting story
for its own sake. It must also present
more, most, 337 events in some kind of sequence and
much, many, 363 include only pertinent detail. Narra-
tion can serve as the organizing prin-
multimedia  Using more than one ciple for a paragraph or a whole text.
medium of delivery, such as print,
narratives. See personal narratives

Glossary / Index 443

narrowing guage, online. Nonessential elements
a thesis, 10 should be set off with commas.
a topic, 56, 90–91
nonrestrictive element. See
National Archives, 100 nonessential element
Naxos Music Library, 100
neither (singular), 337, 340 no one (singular), 337
neither . . . n​ or, 349 nor, 348, 386
news, physics, etc., 338–39 NOT (Boolean operator), 96–97
newspaper articles, documenting notes

APA style abbreviations in, 415
electronic, 191 APA style, 178–79
print, 185, 186 Chicago style, 210–38, 240, 243
first citation, 210
Chicago style MLA style, 129
electronic, 228 not only . . . b​ ut also, 349
print 221, 222–23
noun, 314–15  A word that names a
CSE style person, place, thing, or idea (teacher,
print, 254 Zadie Smith, forest, surgeon general, Am-
electronic, 256 azon River, notebook, democracy). See also
proper noun; subject-verb agreement
MLA style
electronic, 141 collective, 340–41
print, 139, 141, 142 common, 409–10
compound, 401
news sites, web, 99 count, 374
no, yes, commas with, 390 generic, 340
nobody (singular), 337 noncount, 293
possessive forms of, 400–401
noncount noun, 375  A word that proper, 409–10
names an abstract item (happiness,
curiosity) and liquids and masses noun phrase, 361  A noun or pro-
(milk, sand, salt) that cannot be mea- noun plus any modifiers: My little sis-
sured with numbers. ter would wear that tattered old hooded
sweatshirt every day if we let her.
none (singular or plural), 337
number, amount, 361
nonessential element, 388–89  A number and person
word, phrase, or clause that gives
additional information but that is shifts in, 350
not necessary for understanding subject-verb agreement, 335
the basic meaning of a sentence: I
learned French, which is a Romance lan-

444 Glossary / Index

numbers, 415–16 opening  The way a text begins,
with abbreviations, 414–15 which plays an important role in
with hyphens, 408 drawing an audience in. Some ways
MLA style, numbers in, 131 of opening a college essay: with a
dramatic statement, a vivid image, a
O provocative question, an anecdote,
or a startling claim.
object,  A word or phrase that fol-
lows a preposition or that receives editing, 14
the action of a verb. In the sentence I opening paragraphs, 28–29
handed him the mail that was on the ta-
ble, him is an indirect object and mail or, 348
is a direct object of the verb handed; OR (Boolean operator), 96–97
table is an object of the preposition organization. See also patterns of
on.
development
in participial phrases, of paragraphs, 19–27
316–17 revising to improve, 13
thematic, 53
with phrasal verbs, 332–34 types of works
with prepositions, 366
pronoun case and, 342–43 abstracts, 81–82
annotated bibliographies, 78
object case, 342–43 arguments, 47–48
observation, field research, literary analysis, 65
personal narratives, 81–82
101–2 proposals, 68–69
of, have, 310 reflections, 72–73
on, vs. at, in, 366–67 reports, 56–57
one (singular), 337 rhetorical analysis, 53
online forums, documenting organizing a draft, 11
others (plural), 337
APA style, 195 ought to, as modal verb, 328, 329
Chicago style, 235
MLA style, 152 outlining, 11  A process for generat-
online reviews, documenting MLA ing ideas and text or for organizing
or examining a text. An informal outline
style, 143 simply lists ideas and then numbers
online sources, documenting them in the order that they will ap-
pear; a working outline distinguishes
APA style, 187–95, 197, 200 supporting from main ideas by in-
Chicago style, 226–35 denting the former; a formal outline is
CSE style, 254–60
MLA style, 143, 149–51,

153–58

Glossary / Index 445

arranged as a series of headings and parallelism, 345–50  A writing tech-
indented subheadings, each on a sepa- nique that puts similar items into the
rate line, with letters and numerals in- same grammatical structure. For ex-
dicating relative levels of importance. ample, every item on a to-do list might
begin with a command: clean, wash,
P buy; or a discussion of favorite hobbies
might name each as a gerund: run-
page numbers ning, playing basketball, writing poetry.
APA style, 173–77, 200, 206
Chicago style, 226, 238, 242 with all necessary words, 347
CSE style, 260, 264 editing for, 14, 245–50
MLA style, 130, 158, 161 in headings, 347
making paragraphs flow and, 26
paired ideas, parallelism with, 346 with paired ideas, 346
in paragraphs, 26
paragraph, 17–29.  A group of sen- in presentations, 38
tences that focuses on one main idea, on presentation slides, 346
which is often stated in a topic sentence. on résumés, 346–47

paragraphs, developing, 17–29 paraphrase, 108, 110–12  To reword
focusing on the main point, 17–18 someone else’s text using about the
sticking to the main point, 19 same number of words but not the
topic sentences and, 18–19 phrasing or sentence structure of
making paragraphs flow, 25–28 the original. Paraphrasing is gener-
parallel structures, 26 ally called for when a writer wants to
repetition, 25–26 include the details of a passage but
transitions, 26–27 does not need to quote it word for
opening and closing paragraphs, word. Like a quotation or summary, a
28–29 paraphrase requires documentation.
strategies for developing, 19–25
cause and effect, 19–20 general guidelines, 110–12
classification and division, 20 integrating sources
comparison and contrast, 21–22
definition, 22–23 APA style, 173, 174
description, 23 Chicago style, 210
examples, 25 MLA style, 122
narration, 24–25 in responses, 7
process explanation, 24
transitions, 26–27 parentheses, 405
when to start a new, 28 parenthetical documentation. See

in-text documentation
participial phrases, 316

446 Glossary / Index

passive voice, 329–30  When a verb description, 23
is in the passive voice, the subject is examples, 25
acted upon: A gift was given to José. narration, 24–25
process explanation, 24
helping verbs and, 327 percent, percentage, 364
percentages, with numbers, 416
past participle, 324–25  A verb form perfect tenses, 323–24
used with a helping verb to create periodical articles, documenting
perfect tenses (have walked) or used APA style, 185–87, 190–93
alone as an adjective (processed food). Chicago style, 221–25, 227–29
The past participle of most verbs is CSE style, 252–54, 255–58
formed by adding -ed or -d to the base MLA style, 136–43
form; some past participles, though, periodical articles, researching, 98–99
are irregular (the written word). periods, 394, 398
uses of, 394
past perfect, 297, 323  The verb tense quotations marks and, 398
used to indicate that an action was
completed before another action in permalink, 99, 130  A URL that per-
the past ­began. manently links to a specific web page
or blog post.
past perfect progressive, 324
past progressive, 324 permission, to use visuals, 36
past tenses, 115, 297, 322–23, 324 person and number

patchwriting, 112  paraphrases that and subject-verb agreement, 335
lean too heavily on the words or sen- shifts in, 350
tence structure of the source, adding personal interviews. See interviews
or deleting some words, replacing personal names, abbreviations with,
words with synonyms, altering the
syntax slightly—in other words, not 414
restating the passage in fresh lan-
guage and structure. personal narrative, 58–61  A writ-
ing genre that tells a story about a
patterns, identifying writer’s personal experience. Mem-
in literary analyses, 62–63, 105–6 oir and autobiography are two com-
as reading strategy, 85 mon types of personal narratives.
synthesizing ideas and, 105–6 Key Features: well-told story • vivid
detail • indication of the narrative’s
patterns of development, 19–25 significance
cause and effect, 19–20
classification and division, 20 key elements, 58–61
comparison and contrast, 21–22 organization, 61–62
definition, 22–23 tips for writing, 59–60

Glossary / Index 447

PhD, 414 popular vs. scholarly sources,
photographs, 34 93–96

phrasal verb, 332–34  A verb com- position, 43   A statement that asserts
posed of more than one word—­ a belief or claim. In an argument, a
usually a verb and a preposition: call position is usually stated in a thesis
off, carry out, back down. or clearly implied, and it requires sup-
port with reasons and evidence.
phrase, 316–17  A group of words
that lacks a subject, a verb, or both. possessive forms
apostrophes with, 400–401
essential (restrictive), 388–89 of pronouns, 342
nonessential (nonrestrictive),
precise words, 353–54
388–89

pie charts, 34 predicate, 314–15  In a sentence or
place names, commas with, 390 clause, the verb and the words that
tell more about the verb—modifi-
plagiarism, 117–18  The use of an- ers, complements, and objects. In
other person’s words, ideas, or even the sentence Mario forcefully stated
sentence structures without appro- his opinion, the predicate is forcefully
priate credit and documentation. stated his opinion.
Plagiarism is a serious breach of eth-
ics. See also sources prefaces, documenting
Chicago style, 217
plays, documenting MLA style, 125 MLA style, 148
plurals, 401–2
podcasts, documenting preferred terms, using, 377
prefixes, hyphens with, 407–8
APA style, 195
Chicago style, 234–35 preposition, 366–67   A word or group
CSE style, 259 of words that tells about the relation-
MLA style, 156 ship of a noun or pronoun to another
poems word in the sentence. Some common
documenting MLA style, 125–26 prepositions are after, at, before, be-
quoting MLA style, 125–26 hind, between, by, for, from, in, of, on, to,
under, until, with, and without.
point of view, 350  The choice a
writer makes of whether to use the at, in, on, 367
first person (I, we), the second person with gerunds, 326
(you), or the third person (he, she, it, in phrasal verbs, 332
they, a student, the students). in prepositional phrases, 316

448 Glossary / Index

presentations primary source, 93   A source such as
delivering, 41–42 a literary work, historical ­document,
handouts, 41 work of art, or performance that a
key elements, 37–38 researcher examines firsthand. Pri-
practicing, 41 mary sources also include experi-
repetition and, 38 ments and field research. In writ-
signpost language, 37 ing about the Revolutionary War,
tips for composing, 38–41 a researcher would likely consider
using gestures, 42 the Declaration of Independence a
visuals, 38, 39, 40–41, 346 primary source and a textbook’s de-
scription of how the document was
presentation software, 39–41 written a secondary source.

present participle, 324–25  A verb principal, principle, 364
form used with a helping verb to cre- Prof., 414
ate progressive tenses (is writing) or
used alone as an adjective (a living profile, 101  A genre that presents
organism). The present participle of a an engaging portrait of a person,
verb always ends in -ing. place, or event based on firsthand
field research. Key Features: in-
forming, 324–25 teresting subject • necessary back-
helping verbs and, 324 ground • interesting angle • first-
participial phrases and, 316 hand account • engaging details
pronoun case and, 344
sentence fragments and, 318 progressive tenses, 324

present perfect, 323  A tense used pronoun, 339–45  A word that takes
to indicate actions that took place the place of a noun, such as she, any-
at no specific time in the past or that one, whoever.
began in the past and continue into
the present: I have often wondered how editing, 281–91
I can make my love of language into a he, she, they, 288, 341, 378
career. He has cried every day since his indefinite, 292, 293, 337, 340, 401
companion of fifty years died. pronoun-antecedent agreement,

APA style, 115, 296, 323 282, 285–89, 339–41
forming, 322 pronoun case, 282, 289–91, 342–45
signal phrases and, 115 pronoun reference, 341–42
relative, 338
present perfect progressive, 324 why pronouns matter, 281–91
present progressive, 324
present tenses, 114–15, 322–23 pronoun reference, 282–85, 341–42 
pretentious language, 352 The way in which a pronoun indi-

Glossary / Index 449

cates its antecedent. Pronoun refer- brackets, 109, 405
ence must be clear and unambigu- colons, 398, 403–4
ous in order not to confuse readers. commas, 304–9, 386–92, 398
dashes, 404
editing, 282 ellipses, 108, 405–6
why it matters, 282–83 exclamation points, 392, 394–95, 398
hyphens, 407–8
proofread, 15  To check for correct MLA style, 133–34
spelling and punctuation as well as parentheses, 405
for page order, missing text, and con- periods, 394, 398
sistent use of fonts. punctuating quotations, 301–4
question marks, 392, 394, 398
proper noun, 409–10  A noun that quotation marks, 395–99
names a specific person, place, or semicolons, 392–93, 398
thing: Uncle Bob, France, World War II. slashes, 406

capitalization of, 409–10 purpose, 2  A writer’s goal: to ex-
use of the with, 375 plore ideas; to express oneself; to en-
tertain; to demonstrate learning; to
proposal, 66–69  A genre that ar- inform; to persuade; and so on. Pur-
gues for a solution to a problem or pose is one element of the rhetori-
suggests some action. Key Features: cal situation.
well-defined problem • recom-
mended solution • answers to an- Q
ticipated questions • call to action •
appropriate tone qualifiers, 365, 368
qualifying thesis statement, 10, 46
key elements, 66–67
organizing, 68–69 qualifying word, 6, 10, 46  A word
tips for writing, 67–68 such as frequently, often, generally,
ProQuest, 98 sometimes, or rarely that limits a
PsychINFO, 99 claim in some way.
Publication Manual of the American
questioning, 9  A process of gen-
Psychological Association, 170 erating ideas and text about a
topic—asking, for example, What?
pull quote, 31  A brief excerpt set Who? When? Where? How? and Why?
off within a text in order to highlight or other questions. See also questions
certain information. Pull quotes are
often set in a different font or color. question marks, 392, 394, 398

punctuating quotations, 301–4, 405–6
punctuation, 386–406

apostrophes, 309–13, 399–402

450 Glossary / Index

questions with other punctuation, 397–98
in closing paragraphs, 29 with parenthetical documentation,
direct, 394
for generating ideas, 9, 59 399
indirect, 394 single, 397
in opening paragraphs, 29 with titles of short works, 397
research questions, 91–92
tag questions, 390 R
with who or whom, 344
raise, rise, 364
quotation, 107–10   The use of some- ratios, 416
one else’s words exactly as they were The Reader’s Guide to Periodical
spoken or written. Quoting is most
effective when wording is worth Literature, 98
repeating or makes a point so well reading
that no rewording will do it justice.
Quotations need to be acknowledged analyzing an argument, 52, 86
with documentation. annotating, 84
believing and doubting game,
block style, 108–9
brackets in, 109, 405 84
capitalization of interrupted, 410 close reading of literature, 64
changes to, 109 evaluating sources, 102–5
commas with, 390 previewing the text, 83
direct, 395–96 reading critically, 83–86,
editing, 298–304
ellipses in, 108, 405–6 104–5
formatting long quotations reading for patterns and connec-

APA style, 201–2 tions, 85, 105–6
Chicago style, 239 reading visual texts, 86–88
CSE style, 261 really, 368
MLA style, 159
incorporating, 108–10 reason, 43–44, 46  Support for a
indirect, 399 claim or position. A reason, in turn,
short, 108 requires its own support in the form
vs. paraphrase and summary, of evidence.

107–13 in academic writing, 7
punctuating, 390, 398 in arguments, 43–44, 46
evidence, 46
quotation marks, 395–99 in rhetorical analysis, 52
common mistakes, 399 in sources, 104
with direct quotations, 395–96
the reason . . . i​s because, 364
reason why, 364
recommendations, 331
redundancies, 369

Glossary / Index 451

references, 179–200, 248–62  The list key elements, 54–55
of sources at the end of a text pre- organizing, 56–57
pared in apa style or cse style. tips for writing, 54–57

APA style, 179–200, 202, 207 research
CSE style, 248–62, 265 acknowledging sources, 116
avoiding plagiarism, 117–18
reference works, 97 choosing a topic, 90–91
documenting evaluating sources, 102–5
APA style, 192 field research, 101–2
Chicago style, 219 finding sources, 92–96
MLA style, 141–42 incorporating words and ideas of
others, 107–18
reflection, 70–73  A genre of writing internet, 99–100
that presents a writer’s thoughtful, posing research questions, 91–92
personal exploration of a subject. reading sources critically, 104–5
Key Features: topic intriguing to the searching electronically, 96–97
writer • some kind of structure • spe- synthesizing ideas, 105–7
cific details • speculative tone types of sources
internet, 96–97, 99–100
generating ideas and text for, library catalogs, 98
71–72 databases and indexes, 98–99
reference works, 97
key elements, 70–71
organizing, 72–73 research questions, 91–92
tips for writing, 71–72 respectfully, respectively, 364
response to and from others, 6–7, 15
relative pronoun, 338  A pronoun restrictive element. See essential
such as that, which, who, whoever,
whom, or whomever that introduces element
a subordinate clause: The professor
who gave the lecture is my adviser. résumé, 346–47  A genre that sum-
marizes someone’s academic and
repetition employment history, generally writ-
making paragraphs flow, 25–26 ten to submit to potential employers.
in presentations, 38 design and word choice depend on
whether a résumé is submitted as a
report, 54–57 A writing genre that print document or in an electronic or
presents information to readers on a scannable form. Key Features: orga-
subject. Key Features: tightly focused nization that suits goals and expe-
topic • accurate, well-researched in- rience • succinctness • design that
formation • various writing strate- highlights key information (for print)
gies • clear definitions • appropriate or that uses only one typeface (for
design scannable)

452 Glossary / Index

revision, 13  The process of making War, a researcher would likely con-
substantive changes, including ad- sider the Declaration of Independence
ditions and cuts, to a draft so that a primary source and a textbook’s de-
it contains all the necessary content scription of how the document was
and presents it in an appropriate written a secondary source.
organization. During revision, writ-
ers generally move from whole-text second person. See person and number
issues to details with the goals of seem, 343
sharpening their focus and strength- semicolons, 392–93
ening their position.
comma splices and, 321
rhetorical analysis, 49–53  A writ- with correlative conjunctions, 349
ing genre in which a writer looks at with independent clauses, 392–93
what a text says and how it says it. mistakes with, 393
Key Features: summary of the text quotation marks with, 398
• attention to context • clear inter- in series, 393
pretation or judgment • reasonable sensual, sensuous, 364
support for conclusions sentence elements
clauses, 315
key elements, 49–50 phrases, 316–17
tips for writing, 50–53 predicates, 314–15
subjects, 314–15
rhetorical situation. See writing context
rise, raise, 364 sentence fragment, 317–20  A group
run-on sentence. See fused sentence of words that is capitalized and
punctuated as a sentence but is not
S one, either because it lacks a subject,
a verb, or both, or because it begins
sacred texts, documenting with a word that makes it a subordi-
Chicago style, 220 nate clause.
MLA style, 127, 147
editing, 270–72, 318–19
sample paper/pages identifying, 317–18
APA style, 203–7 intentional, 319–20
Chicago style, 240–44
CSE style, 262–65 sentences
MLA style, 160–69 comma splices, 272–75
declarative, 8
scholarly vs. popular sources, 93–96 editing, 14–15, 269–81
elements of, 314–17
secondary source, 93  An analysis or fragments, 270–72
interpretation of a primary source. fused sentences, 275–78, 299
In writing about the Revolutionary mixed constructions, 278–81

Glossary / Index 453

series simile, 354  A figure of speech that
comma, 387 uses like or as to compare two items:
parallelism in, 14, 345 “Still we live meanly, like ants” (Tho-
reau, Walden), “The Wind begun to
set, sit, 364 knead the Grass— / As Women do a
several, 337 Dough—” (Dickinson).

sexist language, 377–78  Language simple subject, 293–94  The word
that stereotypes or ignores women that determines the form of the
or men or needlessly calls attention verb:  The young farmer from Ten Barn
to gender. Farm has the best tomatoes at the mar-
ket. The simple subject is farmer, a
editing out, 15, 377–78 singular noun; for that reason, the
singular they, 288, 341, 378 verb has is singular. See also complete
subject
shall, as modal verb, 328, 329
shifts, 349–50 simple tense, 322–23
simplicity, 30
in number, 350 since, as subordinating word,
in point of view, 350
in tense, 295–98, 350 318

editing, 295–98 singular they, 288, 341, 378  The use
short works, documenting MLA of they, them, and their to refer to a
person whose gender is unknown
style, 137–43 or not relevant to the context. Tra-
should, as modal verb, 328, 329 ditionally, they has referred only
should of, should have, 365 to plural items, but the use of sin-
sight, site, cite, 362 gular they is now becoming more
­accepted.
signal phrase, 113–15   A phrase used
to attribute quoted, paraphrased, or singular vs. plural. See agreement
summarized material to a source, as sit, set, 364
in she said or he claimed. site, sight, cite, 362
slashes, 406
acknowledging sources, 116 slides, 38, 39, 40–41
credibility and, 114
general guidelines, 113–15 slippery slope  A fallacy that as-
integrating sources serts, without evidence, that one
event will lead to a series of other
APA style, 173 events that will end in disaster.
MLA style, 122–23
signal verbs, 113–14
stance and, 113
verb tenses and, 114–15

significance, indicating, 58–59,
60

454 Glossary / Index

so, 348, 386 stance, 4–5  A writer’s attitude to-
social media ward his or her subject—for ex-
ample, reasonable, neutral, angry,
documenting curious. Stance is conveyed through
APA style, 187–95, 196 tone and word choice.
CSE style, 20
MLA style, 151–52 authoritative, as an element of
academic writing, 7–8
searches on, 99
software, documenting APA style, 195 entering the conversation and, 107
some (singular or plural), 337 evaluating sources and, 105, 107
somebody, someone, always singular, research and, 90, 105, 107
rhetorical context and, 8
337, 340 signal phrases and, 113
something (singular), 337, 340 writing purpose and, 2
so that, as subordinating word, 318
sources statement of scope, 76
stationary, stationery, 365
acknowledging, 90–91, 116–17 statistics, 46, 115, 416
avoiding plagiarism, 117–18 stereotyping language, 15, 376
deciding when to quote,
strategy, 19–25  A pattern for orga-
paraphrase, or summarize, nizing text to analyze cause and ef-
107–8 fect, classify and divide, compare
documenting, 7, 36, 112, 116 and contrast, define, describe, ex-
evaluating, 76, 78, 102–5 plain a process, give examples, and
integrating, 107–18 narrate.
paraphrasing, 110–12, 122
popular, 93, 95 style   In writing, the arrangement of
primary and secondary, 76, 93 sentences, clauses, phrases, words,
quoting, 107–10, 112 and punctuation to achieve a desired
researching, 77, 96–97 effect; also, the rules of capitaliza-
scholarly, 93, 94, 96 tion, punctuation, and so on for doc-
summarizing, 77, 112–13, 122 umentation of a source.
synthesizing, 106–7
spacing literary analyses and, 64–65
APA style, 200–201, 206
Chicago style, 238, 242 subject, 314–15  The noun or pro-
CSE style, 261, 264 noun plus any modifiers that tell
MLA style, 158–59, 161 who or what a sentence or clause
specialized language, 352 is about. A simple subject is a single
spelling checkers, computer, 15 noun or pronoun. A complete subject
split infinitives, 373 is the simple subject plus any modi-
spoken texts. See presentations fiers. In the sentence Ten commuters
sports idioms, 359–60
stable URLs, 99

Glossary / Index 455

waited for the late bus, the complete subjunctive mood, 330–32
subject is Ten commuters and the
simple subject is commuters. See also subordinate clause   A clause that be-
subject-verb agreement gins with a subordinating word and
therefore cannot stand alone as a
complete subjects, 294 sentence: She feels good when she exer-
editing sentences and, 14 cises. My roommate, who was a physics
expressing explicitly, 315–16 major, tutors students in science.
sentence fragments and, 318
simple subjects, 293, 294 editing comma splices, 321
emphasizing idea, 349
subject case, 342 who, whom, 344

subject complement, 343  A word subordinating word, 31   A word such
that follows a linking verb and mod- as a relative pronoun or a subordi-
ifies the subject of a sentence. A sub- nating conjunction that introduces a
ject complement tells more about subordinate clause: The ice sculpture
the subject: The tennis players are dis- melted because the ballroom was too
appointed about losing the tournament hot. Common subordinating words
last week. include although, as, because, if, since,
that, which, and why.
subject directories, 100
editing comma splices, 274–75, 321
subject-verb agreement, 334–39  The editing fused sentences, 277
agreement in number (singular or sentence fragments and, 318
plural) and person (first, second, or
third) of a subject and its verb: Danny subordination and coordination, 348–49
rides his bike to school; his brothers ride subtitles, capitalizing, 410
the bus. such as, comma with, 391
suffixes, hyphens with, 407–8
agreement in number and person,
335 summary, 107–8, 112–13  The use of
one’s own words and sentence struc-
collective nouns, 337 ture to condense someone else’s text
compound subjects, 336 into a briefer version that gives the
editing, 292–95 main ideas of the original. As with
indefinite pronouns and, 337 paraphrasing and quotation, sum-
relative pronouns and, 338 marizing requires documentation.
subjects and verbs separated, 336
subjects following verbs, 336–37 in conclusions, 29
titles and words used as words, 339 documenting, 113
who, that, which, 338 integrating sources
words such as news and physics,
APA style, 173, 174
338–39 Chicago style, 210

456 Glossary / Index

summary (cont.) regular and irregular forms,
general guidelines, 112–13 324–26

as reading strategy, 85 shifts in, 295–98
specific types of text signal phrases in APA, Chicago,

abstracts, 81 CSE, and MLA styles, 114–15
annotated bibliographies, 74, 78 why it matters, 295
rhetorical analysis, 49, 51
topic and, 109 testimony, 46
transitions to signal, 27 text messages, documenting
superlatives
forming and using, 371–72 APA style, 195
the with, 374 MLA style, 152
surveys, 102 textual analysis. See rhetorical

synthesis, 105–7   A process of bring- analyses
ing together ideas and information textual evidence, 46
from multiple sources in order to than and pronoun case, 343
discover patterns and gain new in- than, then, 365
sights and perspectives. that

T specific antecedent for, 342
subject-verb agreement and, 338
tables, 34, 202–3 as subordinating word, 318
tag questions, 390 vs. which, 365
television programs, documenting the, 373–75
when to capitalize in titles, 410
APA style, 197 then, than, 365
MLA style, 157–58 there, their, they’re, 310–12, 365
templates, 31 there is, it is, 310–12, 365, 368–69
therefore, as transition, 349
tense, 322–24  A characteristic of
verbs that indicates the time when thesis, 46  A statement that identi-
action occurs or expresses a state of fies the topic and main point of a
being. The three main tenses are the piece of writing, giving readers an
present (I play), the past (I played), and idea of what the text will cover.
the future (I will play). Each tense has
perfect (I have played), progressive (I in academic writing, 6
am playing), and perfect progressive (I evaluative, 64
have been playing) forms. See also verb for specific types of writing
and specific tenses
abstracts, 81
editing, 295–98 arguments, 52, 86
literary analysis and, 64–65 literary analysis, 62, 64
modals, 328–29 reflections, 72
reports, 56
rhetorical analyses, 52
tentative, 10–11

Glossary / Index 457

they narrowing, 56, 90–91
indefinite use, 342 of personal narratives, 59
singular, 288, 341, 378 of reports, 54, 55
research and, 90–91
they’re, their, there, 310–12, 365 of rhetorical analysis, 50
third person. See person and number
this, specific antecedent for, 342 topic proposal  A statement of in-
though, as subordinating word, 318 tent to examine a topic; also called
time, 414–15, 416 a proposal abstract. Some instruc-
title pages, formatting tors require a topic proposal in order
to assess the feasibility of the writing
APA style, 200, 204 project that a student has in mind.
Chicago style, 238, 241 Key Features: concise discussion of
CSE style, 260, 263 the subject • clear statement of the
MLA style, 158, 161 intended focus • rationale for choos-
titles, personal, 410, 414 ing the subject • mention of resources
titles of works
capitalizing, 411 topic sentence, 18–19  A sentence,
italics, 411–12 often at the beginning of a para-
quotation marks, 397 graph, that states the paragraph’s
in specific styles main point. The details in the rest
of the paragraph should support the
APA style, 179 topic sentence.
Chicago style, 211
CSE style, 248 transition, 26–28  A word or phrase
MLA style, 131 that helps to connect sentences and
to, too, two, 365 paragraphs and to guide readers
through a text. Transitions can help
tone, 4–5  The way a writer’s or to show comparisons (also, similarly);
speaker’s stance toward the readers contrasts (but, instead); examples (for
and subject is reflected in the text. instance, in fact); sequence (finally, next);
time (at first, meanwhile); and more.
academic writing and, 7–8
formal and informal, 37–38 with commas, 389
trustworthy, 44 common academic, 357–59
editing paragraphs, 14
topic, 4  The specific subject writ- list of, 26–28
ten about in a text. A topic should in presentations, 37
be narrow enough to cover, not too with semicolons, 321, 392
broad or general. A topic needs to be
developed appropriately for its audi- translations, documenting
ence and purpose. APA style, 183
Chicago style, 217–18
appropriate language and, 380 MLA style, 135
for arguments, 45
choosing, 45, 59, 90–91
indicating why it matters, 8

458 Glossary / Index

trustworthiness, 44. See also credibility verb, 322–34   A word that expresses
Turabian, Kate L., A Manual for Writers an action (dance, talk) or a state of
being (be, seem). A verb is an essen-
or Research Papers, Theses, and tial element of a sentence or clause.
Dissertations, 208, 240 Verbs have four forms: base form
tweets, documenting (smile), past tense (smiled), past parti-
APA style, 196 ciple (smiled), and present participle
MLA style, 152 (smiling). See also base form
Twitter searches, 99
active and passive, 329–30
U base form, 324
conditional, 330–31
uninterested, disinterested, 362 gerunds, 326
unique, 365 editing, 291–98
University of Chicago Press style. See helping, 327–29
infinitives, 326
Chicago style irregular, 325
unknown authors, documenting main (see main verb)
modals (can, should, etc.), 328–29
APA style, 176, 183, 186 phrasal, 332–34
Chicago style, 217 regular, 324–25
MLA style, 125, 135 signal verbs, 113–14
unless, as subordinating word, 318 subject-verb agreement, 292–25,
unnecessary words, 368–69
until, as subordinating word, 318 334–39
URLs tense, 322–24 (see also tense)
accessing through databases, 96
dividing, 408 verse plays, documenting MLA style,
documenting 125

APA style, 177, 187–88 versions, documenting MLA style,
Chicago style, 226, 231 131
CSE style, 255
MLA style, 130, 133 video collections, 100
relevance of sources and, 103–4 video games, documenting
stable, 99
us, we, 345 APA style, 198–99
MLA style, 158
V videos, documenting
APA style, 194, 195, 196
vagueness, avoiding, 15 Chicago style, 234, 237
values, appealing to readers, 44 CSE style, 259
MLA style, 156

vantage point   The physical position visual, 33–36  A photograph, chart,
from which a writer describes some- graph, table, video, or similar item
thing. used as part of a writer’s text.

Glossary / Index 459

captions, 36 while, as subordinating word, 318
obtaining permission for, 36 whiteboards, 39
in presentations, 39 white space, 32
reading, 86–88 who
tips for using, 36
types of, 34–35 subject-verb agreement and, 338
as subordinating word, 318
bar graphs, 35 vs. whom, 344
diagrams, 35 whom, who, 344
flowcharts, 35 who’s, whose, 365
line graphs, 35 why, as subordinating word, 318
pie charts, 34 wiki entries, documenting
photographs, 34 APA style, 194
tables, 34 MLA style, 151
will, 328, 329
visual sources, documenting words
APA style, 196–200 abstract, 354
MLA style, 153–58 appropriateness of, 351–53
clichés, 352–53
visual texts, reading, 86–88 concrete, 354
The Voice of the Shuttle, 100 empty, 368
Englishes, 379–85
W formal and informal, 351, 381
jargon, 352
was. See be non-English, 413
we, us, 345 precise, 353–54
weather, whether, 365 pretentious language, 352
web searching. See internet research qualifying, 6, 10
websites, documenting sexist language, 377–78
that build common ground,
APA style, 188–89, 193
Chicago style, 231–33 376–78, 385
CSE style, 256, 258 unnecessary, 368–69
MLA style, 149–51 words as words, italics for, 412
well, good, 363, 371 words often confused, 361–65
when, as subordinating word, 318 editing, 309–13
where, as subordinating word, 318 wordy phrases, 369
whether, as subordinating word, 318
whether, weather, 365 working bibliography, 91  A record
whether . . . o​ r, 349 of all sources consulted during re-
which search. Each entry provides all the
specific antecedent for, 342 bibliographic information necessary
subject-verb agreement and, 338 for correct documentation of each
as subordinating word, 318 source, including author, title, and
vs. that, 365

460 Glossary / Index

working bibliography (cont.) design, 8, 30
publication information. A working genre, 8
bibliography is a useful tool for re- media, 8
cording and keeping track of sources. purpose, 8

works-cited list, 129–58   A list at the writing portfolio  A collection of
end of a researched text prepared in writing selected by a writer to show
mla style or chicago style that con- his or her work, including a state-
tains full bibliographic information ment assessing the work and ex-
for all the sources cited in the text. plaining what it demonstrates.

core elements, 129–34 writing process, 9–16  In writing, a
authors and other contributors, series of actions that may include
130–31 generating ideas and text, draft-
dates, 132 ing, revising, editing, and proof-
location, 132–33 reading.
numbers, 131
publishers, 132 brainstorming, 9
punctuation, 133–34 clustering, 9
titles, 131 collaborating, 16
versions, 131 drafting, 11–12
editing, 13–15
MLA documentation style, 129–58 freewriting, 9
generating ideas, 9–10
works in an anthology, documenting looping, 9
APA style, 183 proofreading, 15
MLA style, 145–46 questioning, 9
revising, 13
work without page numbers,
documenting WWW Virtual Library, 100

APA style, 177 Y
MLA style, 128
would, as modal verb, 328, 329
would of, would have, 365

writing context, 2–5  The rhetorical yes, no, commas with, 390
situation in which writing or other yet, linking ideas with, 348, 386
communication takes place, includ- you, specific antecedent for, 342
ing purpose, audience, genre, topic, your, you’re, 365
stance, tone, medium, and design.

academic contexts, 6–8
audience, 8

Revision Symbols

abbr abbreviation  413 ^ insert
adj adjective  370
adv adverb  370 i/p interesting point  
agr agreement  334, 339 ital italics  411
jarg jargon  352
 ’ apostrophe  399 lc lowercase letter  409
no  ’ unnecessary mm misplaced modifier  372
nice well done!  
apostrophe  402 num number  415
art article  373 ¶ new paragraph
awk awkward*
/ / parallelism  345
cap capitalization  409 pass passive voice  329
case pronoun case  342 ref pronoun reference  341
cite citation needed  107–118 run-­on comma splice or
cliché cliché  352
fused sentence  320
close up space sexist sexist language  377
shift confusing shift  349
 , comma needed  386 sl slang  351
no  , unnecessary comma  391 # insert space

cs comma splice  320 sp spelling
def define  22
trans transition  25
delete  
dm dangling modifier  373 transpose  
doc documentation  119–265 vb verb  322
emph emphasis  349 wrdy wordy  368
frag sentence fragment  317 ww wrong word  361
fs fused sentence  320
hyph hyphen  407

*Awk usually indicates a problem with phrasing that cannot be easily described in a brief
marginal comment. If you can’t figure out the problem, ask your instructor for clarification.

461

MLA Documentation Directory

IN-TEXT DOCUMENTATION ​122 25. Republished work  147
26. Foreword, introduction, preface,
NOTES  129
or afterword  148
LIST OF WORKS CITED ​129 27. Published letter  148
28. Paper at a conference  148
Core Elements  129 29. Dissertation  149

Authors and Other Contributors ​  134 Websites 149

 ​1. One author  134 Documentation Map  150
 ​2. Two authors  134
 ​3. Three or more authors  134 30. Entire website  149
 ​4. Two or more works 31. Work on a website  151
32. Blog entry  151
by the same author  135 33. Wiki  151
 ​5. Author and editor
Personal Communication
or translator  135 and Social Media  151
 ​6. No author or editor  135
 ​7. Organization or government 34. Personal letter  151
35. Email  151
as author  136 36. Text message  152
37. Post to an online forum  152
Articles and Other Short Works  136 38. Post to social media  152

Documentation Maps  137, 138, 140 Audio, Visual, and Other Sources  153

 ​8. Article in a journal  136 39. Advertisement  153
 ​9. Article in a magazine  139 40. Art  153
10. Article in a newspaper  139 41. Cartoon  154
11. Article from a database  141 42. Court case  154
12. Entry in a reference work  141 43. Film  154
13. Editorial  142 44. Interview  155
14. Letter to the editor  142 45. Map  155
15. Review  143 46. Musical score  156
16. Comment on online article  143 47. Online video  156
48. Oral presentation  156
Books and Parts of Books  144 49. Podcast  156
50. Radio program  157
Documentation Map  145 51. Sound recording  157
52. TV show  157
17. Basic entries for a book  144 53. Video game  158
18. Anthology  144
19. Work in an anthology  144
20. Multivolume work  146
21. Book in a series  146
22. Graphic narrative  147
23. Sacred text  147
24. Edition other than the first  147

APA Documentation Directory

IN-TEXT DOCUMENTATION  173 22. Article in an online periodical  191
23. Comment on an online
NOTES 178
article  191
REFERENCE LIST  179 24. Article from a database  192
25. Article or chapter from the web or
Print Books  179
an online reference work  192
Documentation Map  180 26. Electronic book  192
27. Wiki entry  193
1. One author  181 28. Blog entry  193
2. Two or more works 29. Online video  193
30. Podcast  195
by the same author  181 31. Episode from a TV show or other
3. Two or more authors  181
4. Organization or government series found online  195

as author  182 Personal Communication
5. Author and editor  182 and Social Media  195
6. Edited collection  182
7. Work in an edited collection  183 32. Personal letter, email, text
8. Unknown author  183 message, or conversation  195
9. Edition other than the first  183
10. Translation  183 33. Post to an online forum  195
11. Multivolume work  184 34. Post to social media  196
12. Article in a reference book  184
Audio, Visual, Multimedia,
Print Periodicals  184 and Other Sources  196

13. Article in a journal 35. Film, video, or DVD  196
paginated by volume  185 36. Music recording  196
37. Proceedings of a conference  196
14. Article in a journal 38. Television program  197
paginated by issue  185 39. Computer software  197
40. Government document  197
15. Article in a magazine  186 41. Dissertation  198
16. Article in a newspaper  186 42. Technical or research report  198
17. Interview in a periodical  186 43. Video game  198
18. Article by unknown author  186 44. Data set or graph  199
19. Book review  187 45. Map  199
20. Letter to the editor  187 46. Advertisement  199

Online Sources  187

Documentation Maps  189, 190, 194

21. Work from a nonperiodical
website  188

Chicago Documentation Directory

Print Books  211 Online Sources  226

Documentation Map  213 Documentation Maps  230, 233

1. One author  212 21. Article in an online journal  227
2. Multiple authors  214 22. Article in an online magazine  227
3. Organization or corporation 23. Online newspaper article  228
24. Article from a database  228
as author  214 25. Ebook  229
4. Author and editor  215 26. Website  231
5. Editor only  215 27. Blog entry  232
6. Part of a book  216 28. Video  234
7. Unknown author  217 29. Podcast  234
8. Translation  217 30. Email or online posting  235
9. Edition other than the first  218
10. Multivolume work  218 Other Kinds of Sources  235
11. Dictionary or encyclopedia
31. Broadcast interview  235
entry  219 32. Sound recording  236
12. Published letter  219 33. Video or DVD  237
13. Book in a series  220 34. Government publication  237
14. Sacred text  220
15. Source quoted in another

source  220

Print Periodicals  221

Documentation Maps  224, 225

16. Article in a journal  221
17. Article in a magazine  222
18. Article in a newspaper  222
19. Unsigned article  222
20. Book review  223

CSE Documentation Directory 465

Print Books  248
Documentation Map  250
1. One author  249
2. Multiple authors  249
3. Organization or corporation as author  249
4. Editor  251
5. Work in an edited collection  251
6. Chapter of a book  251
7. Paper or abstract from conference proceedings  251
8. Edition other than the first  252

Print Periodicals  252
Documentation Map  253
9. Article in a journal  252
10. Article in a magazine  254
11. Article in a newspaper  254

Online Sources  254
Documentation Map  257
12. Online book  255
13. Article accessed through a database  255
14. Article in an online journal  256
15. Article in an online newspaper  256
16. Website  256
17. Part of a website  258
18. Image or infographic  258
19. Podcast or webcast  259
20. Video  259
21. Blog entry  259
22. Social media post  260

Detailed Menu R-2 EVALUATING SOURCES 102

WRITE R-3 SYNTHESIZING IDEAS  105

W-1 WRITING CONTEXTS 2 R-4 INTEGRATING SOURCES,
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM  107
a Purpose d Topic
a Incorporating others’ words
b Audience e Stance and tone b Quoting
c Paraphrasing
c Genre f Media / design d Summarizing
e Using signal phrases
W-2 ACADEMIC CONTEXTS 6 f Acknowledging sources
g Avoiding plagiarism
W-3 WRITING PROCESSES 9 h Documentation styles

a Generating ideas MLA STYLE 119
b Developing a tentative thesis
c Organizing and drafting a In-text documentation
b Notes
d Getting response c List of works cited
d Formatting a paper
e Revising e Sample MLA paper

f Editing and proofreading

g Collaborating

W-4 DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS 17 APA STYLE 170

W-5 DESIGNING WHAT YOU WRITE 30 a In-text documentation
b Notes
W-6 GIVING PRESENTATIONS 37 c Reference list
d Formatting a paper
KINDS OF WRITING e Sample pages

W-7 ARGUMENTS 43 CHICAGO STYLE 208
W-8 RHETORICAL ANALYSES 49
W-9 REPORTS 54 a Citing with notes and bibliography
W-10 PERSONAL NARRATIVES 58 b Note and bibliography models
W-11 LITERARY ANALYSES 62 c Formatting a paper
W-12 PROPOSALS 66 d Sample pages
W-13 REFLECTIONS 70
W-14 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 74 CSE STYLE 245
W-15 ABSTRACTS 79
W-16 READING STRATEGIES 83 a In-text documentation
b List of references
RESEARCH c Formatting a paper
d Sample pages
R-1 DOING RESEARCH 90
a Considering the context EDIT
b Choosing and focusing a topic
c Research question, tentative thesis EDITING ERRORS THAT MATTER
d Finding appropriate sources
e Searching electronically SENTENCES
f Reference works
g Books S-1 ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE 314
h Periodicals S-2 SENTENCE FRAGMENTS 317
i The web S-3 COMMA SPLICES,
j Field research
FUSED ­SENTENCES 320