interactive report of architectural site practice

ARCHITECTURALINTERACTIVE
REPORT
SITE
PRACTICE

PREPARED BY CREDIT BY
MUHAMMAD HAZIQ PUAN NOOR IZZAN

TABLE OF
CONTENTS

TOPIC 1 : SITE ORGANIZATION , ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES

INTRODUCTION 01
02-05
1.1 THE DIFFERENTS PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE SITE
ORGANIZATION

RESIDENT ARCHITECT (RA)
CLERK OF WORK (C.O.W)
INSPECTOR OF WORK (I.O.W)
SITE SUPERVISOR
SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER (SHO)
SITE CLERK
TECHNICAL ASSISTANT
DRAUGHTSMAN

1.2.1 INDENTIFY THE ORGANIZATION CHART OF CONVENTIONAL 06-07

METHOD AND DESIGN & BUILTMETHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

CONVENTIONAL METHODS
GANTT OR BAR CHART
MILES STONE CHART
FLOW CHART

1.2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION 08-12

ARCHITECT
SUPERINTENDING OFFICER (S.O)
ENGINEERS
QUANTITY SURVEYOR (Q.S)
LAND SURVEYOR
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
TOWN PLANNER
MAIN CONTRACTOR
SUBCONTRACTOR
CONSULTANTS 'S TEAM
CONTRACTOR'S TEAM

TABLE OF
CONTENTS

TOPIC 2 : SITE POSSESION 13-16

2.1.1 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR 17-18
PRIOR TO SITE POSSESSION 19-21

DEFINITION
POSSESION OF SITE
WHAT IS PERFORMANCE BOND
WHAT IS INSURANCES OF WORK
WHAT IS INSURANCE
KEY TAKEAWAYS
WHAT IS LIABILITY INSURANCE
HOW LIABILITY INSURANCE WORK
WHAT IS WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION INSURANCE
WHAT IS FUNCTION OF SOCSO (SOCIAL SECURITY
ORGANIZATION)
WHO IS ELIGIBLE UNDER SOCSO
WHAT ARE THE DETAILS OF THE BENEFITS SOCSO
HW DO YOU FILE THE CLAIM
WHAT IF YOU HAVE AN ACCIDENTS IN WORKPLACES

2.1.2 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR
PRIOR TO SITE POSSESSION

CONTRACT DOCUMENTS,
PERFORMANCE BONDS AND
INSURANCE POLICIES
AUDITS PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT
DOCUMENTS

2.1.3 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR
PRIOR TO SITE POSSESSION

CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND
SPECIFICATIONS
PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES
CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME

TABLE OF
CONTENTS

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1 JUSTIFY THE STAGES OF SITE PREPARATION 22-33

3.1.1 THE SITE BOUNDARIES AND SITE PAGING, (OGL) ORIGINAL
GROUND LEVEL, SITE CLEARING, EARTHWORK, LEVELLING, CUT
AND FILL.

3.1.2 THE SITE BOUNDARIES AND SITE PAGING, (OGL) ORIGINAL
GROUND LEVEL, SITE CLEARING, EARTHWORK, LEVELLING, CUT
AND FILL.

3.1.3 THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE LOCATION OF THE
FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURES ON SITE LAYOUT

3.1.4 THE ACCESS ROAD AND MAIN ENTRANCE GATE, GUARD
HOUSE, SITE OFFICE, STORAGE OF MATERIALS, WORKERS
QUARTERS, TOILETS AND EATERY, HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD,
BASIC FACILITIES.

TABLE OF
CONTENTS

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1 THE SCOPE OF WORK OF AN ARCHITECTURAL SITE 34-48

SUPERVISOR
4.1.1 DEFINITION THE SCOPES OF WORK OF ARCHITECTURAL
SITE SUPERVISOR
4.1.2 EXPLAINATION THE SCOPES OF WORK OF
ARCHITECTURAL SITE SUPERVISOR
4.1.3 THE SCOPES OF WORK OF ARCHITECTURAL SITE
SUPERVISOR, SITE MEMO, (NCR) NON-COMPLIANCE REPORT,
MATERIAL APPROVAL, METHOD OF STATEMENT,
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING, (RFI) REQUEST FOR INFORMATION,
WORKS PROGRAM CHART (CRITICAL PATH METHOD, DAILY
RECORD OR SITE DIARY), GANT CHART, SITE MEETING, DEFECTS
LIST, AND SITE REPORT.

4.2 THE PQP (PROJECT QUALITY PLAN) DOCUMENTATIONS 49-63

INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
4.2.1 DEFINITION THE SCOPES OF WORK OF ARCHITECTURAL
SITE SUPERVISOR

4.2.4 JUSTIFY THE DOCUMENTATIONS INVOLVED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION, INTERIM CERTIFICATE AND PROGRESS
PAYMENT, CERTIFICATE OF NON COMPLETION (CNC),
EXTENSION OF TIME AND LIQUIDATED ASCERTAINED DAMAGES
(LAD), DEFECT LIABILITY PERIOD (DLP) AND CERTIFICATE OF
MAKING GOOD DEFECTS (CMGD) AND CERTIFICATE OF
COMPLIANCE AND COMPLETION (CCC)

CONCLUSION 64

REFERENCE 65

INTRODUCTION

Site OrganiZation and Management is An organized construction site
an essential part in construction, establishing a well co-ordination
system among different
which cannot be over- parts,and performing a good site
emphasize,Many
construction project failed today not layout planning.

that they were not planned but the Increases safety,
planning and organizing is not enough. Enhances productivity
Site organisation is construction boosts profits.

requires detailed planning before and In general, involves many tasks,
during the construction process.This such as
presentation focuses on Site
Organisation and how to improve site investigation before
construction site by using construction process starts,
construction technology to material delivery and
monitor,control and an supervised procurement management,
construction site for effective keeping better site records,
performance. Site organisation is a keeping good site
detailed and well thought out process communication and high
level of information flow,
monitoring performance
regularly

which ensures a healthy and safe
construction site throughout its build.

PAGE NUMBER 1

1.1 APPLY THE DIFFERENT PARTIES INVOLVED IN SITE ORGANIZATION

RESIDENT ARCHITECT (RA)

DEFINITION

RA is an Architect that able to interpreted dwg, design criteria,
resolve discrepancies between various consultants drawings.

ROLES

The Resident Architects will begin a project by meeting with a
client to determine that client's individual design tastes, vision,
and budget. They then draft up plans of the proposed design.

RESPONSIBILITIES

The Resident Architects will begin a project by meeting with a
client to determine that client's individual design tastes, vision,
and budget. They then draft up plans of the proposed design.

PROJECT MANAGER (PM)

DEFINITION

Project management is the application of processes, methods,
skills, knowledge and experience to achieve specific project
objectives

ROLES

Project management is the way a person organizes and
manages resources that are necessary to complete a project.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Planning the activities.
Organizing a project team to perform work.
Delegating the teams.
Controlling time management.
Managing reports and necessary documentation.
Establish Regular Meetings.

CLERK OF WORK (C.O.W) DEFINITION

PAGE NUMBER 2 A clerk of works or clerk of the works (C.O.W) is employed by an
architect or a client on a construction site.

ROLES

The role is primarily to represent the interests of the client in
regard to ensuring that the quality of both materials and
workmanship are in accordance with the design information
such as specification and engineering drawings, in addition to
recognized quality standards.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Inspecting construction work and comparing it with
drawings and specifications.
Measuring and quality checking building materials.
Identifying defects and suggesting ways to correct them.
Monitoring progress and reporting to construction
managers, architects and clients.
Referring to plans and taking photographs of work, along
with measurements and samples.
Checking that building regulations, health and safety, legal
and ecological requirements are met.

1.1 APPLY THE DIFFERENT PARTIES INVOLVED IN SITE ORGANIZATION

INSPECTOR OF WORK (I.O.W)

DEFINITION

Inspector of work means a person responsible for inspecting the
work performed by the employee whether regular or temporary,
and no matter what level.

ROLES

Inspectors of Works carry out inspection of building and civil
engineering construction works (including all maintenance
works) to ensure conformity with contracts, drawings,
specifications, workmanship standards and relevant legislation.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Read blueprints and instructions to comprehend the quality
expectations for the product and supplies.
Approving or rejecting raw materials with respect to quality
standards and record supplier performance.
Selecting output samples and checking them using
appropriate methods.
Use automated systems to perform complex testing
procedures.
Maintain records of testing, information and various metrics
such as number of defective products per day etc.
Inspect procedures of the entire production cycle to ensure
they are efficient and comply with safety standards.
Prepare and submit reports to the quality manager.

SITE SUPERVISOR DEFINITION

Site Supervisor means a Site employee, member, or volunteer,
who is responsible for monitoring and supervising the Student
throughout the Program.

ROLES

Site supervisors monitor the progress of construction projects
and ensure compliance with construction safety regulations.
They supervise construction workers and subcontractors,
educate construction workers on site safety practices, and
evaluate employee performance.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Supervising workers, subcontractors and work activities.
Preparing and presenting site inductions, safety briefings
and toolbox talks.
Assessing and managing safety hazards.
Ensuring appropriate site rules and welfare facilities are in
place.
Carrying out regular inspections.
Helping project managers to plan the work programme.
Helping co-ordinate deliveries of materials, plant and
equipment.
Completing records for site reports.
Attending site management meetings.
Carrying out regular inspections to ensure compliance with
relevant legal requirements, processes and procedures.

PAGE NUMBER 3

1.1 APPLY THE DIFFERENT PARTIES INVOLVED IN SITE ORGANIZATION

SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER

DEFINITION

IA health and safety officer (HSO) is a qualified officer
responsible for the monitoring and controlling of health and
safety compliance and related rules and regulations in his or
her organization.

ROLES

Promotes safety awareness among employees in a workplace,
advises the management on associated laws and regulations,
prepares safety policies and trains the employees on safety and
health related issues. He or she also maintains the health and
safety records of the organization and analyze data for
decision making process by the management.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Advising the management on safety issues as well as
developing health and safety policies and procedures.
Monitoring and controlling safety and compliance in the
organization as per the law and organization's policy.
Ensure preventive measures, administrative control and
personal protective equipment are implemented and used.
Carrying out safety inspections and internal audits and
reporting to management with suggestions.
Investigate and report accidents and near misses.
Record keeping of all safety events, training and drills.

SITE CLERK DEFINITION

The Site Clerk is a key member of the construction team. The
Site Clerk serves as management's on site representative on a
day to day basis.

ROLES

A site clerk performs a wide range of office duties for a
company. Site clerks are typically referred to as office clerks or
administrative assistants. They work in nearly every industry, and
while their duties may be considered mundane, they are often
crucial to a company’s success.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Assist the Site Superintendents with the Day to Day
Activities of an Active Construction Site.
Obtain, Organize & Maintain Construction Documents on a
Lot by Lot Basis.
Timely Placement of Orders to Maintain Inventory of
Required Site Materials.
Maintain the Confidentiality of Corporate Information,
Policies and Procedures.
Uphold and Adhere to Corporate Policies to Ensure a Clean
and Safe Workplace.
Order and Maintain Office Supplies.

PAGE NUMBER 4

1.1 APPLY THE DIFFERENT PARTIES INVOLVED IN SITE ORGANIZATION

TECHNICAL ASSISTANT

DEFINITION

Technical assistants are junior-level administrative employees
who report directly to the company manager or team leader.

ROLES

Technical assistants work in a variety of fields including
healthcare, computer science, manufacturing, and banking.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Printing and filing documents.
Composing emails.
Typing up reports for the company manager.
Scheduling meetings.
Organizing company travel arrangements.
Providing technical assistance with equipment operation.
Cleaning of technical equipment.
Setting equipment parameters.

DRAUGHTSMAN DEFINITION

Technical assistants are junior-level administrative employees
who report directly to the company manager or team leader.

ROLES

A draftsman is a skilled professional who draws plans for buildings
and machines. Draftsmen can be employed in different fields, and
work closely with other professionals like architects, engineers,
and scientists.

RESPONSIBILITIES

An architectural drafter, who produced architectural drawings
until the late 20th century
An artist who produces drawings that rival or surpass their
other types of artwork
A drafter who prepares technical drawings

PAGE NUMBER 5

1.2.1 INDENTIFY THE ORGANIZATION CHART OF CONVENTIONAL METHOD AND DESIGN
& BUILT METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

CONVENTIONAL METHODS

DIFFERENT CONVENTIONAL METHODS THAT CAN BE USED FOR PLANNING AND SCHEDULING THE PROJECT ARE GANTT OR BAR CHART,
MILESTONE CHART AND FLOW CHART.

1. Gantt or Bar chart
Gantt chart was introduced by a consultant named as Henry L. Gantt prior to World War-1. This method is also
commonly known as bar chart method. It is a simple method which can display time schedule of different activities in
the project as well as make a comparison between actual performance and the schedule. In this case a project is
divided into different jobs or activities which are represented by horizontal bars on a time scale.
The beginning and end of the bars represent the time of start and completion of the activity whereas its length
represents the total time required to complete the activity. On the date of reviewing progress, the bars are shaded to
indicate the portion of the work completed. Hence with the help of this chart, it is possible to know the scheduled
target as well as the actual progress for different activities at the time of review. This in turn enables one to identify
whether a particular activity is behind schedule, ahead of schedule or on time.

The Limitations of Gantt or Bar chart
1.It does not indic
ate the inter relationship
between various activities
2.It does not indicate the effect of the activity
behind schedule or ahead of schedule on the
overall completion of the project.
3.It does not indicate which activity is critical and
which has spare time.
4.It does not give any idea of what exactly is
completed on the date of review, and one has to
only guess very broadly as to how much of the
work (in terms of percentage i.e 50% or 75% etc)
is completed.
5.In case of bar chart, it is difficult to optimize the
use of resources.
6.Bar charts do not prove useful in research and
development projects where number of
uncertainties are involved and it is difficult to
allocate definite time for different activities.In
case of bar charts only major activities in the
project are exhibited. If all activities of the
project are to be shown, it becomes very lengthy
and cannot be used with ease.

PAGE NUMBER 6

1.2.1 INDENTIFY THE ORGANIZATION CHART OF CONVENTIONAL METHOD AND DESIGN
& BUILT METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

2. Mile stone chart
This chart
was developed around 1940. This chart is basically similar to Gantt chart except that it shows important

events of milestones (in the form of vertical arrows) on the horizontal bars representing the activity. The system of
reporting progress becomes definite in this chart.

LIMITATIONS OF MILESTONE CHART:

1.It does not show inter-relationship of milestones and does not depend on different jobs.
2.It does not allow the effect of one milestone being behind schedule on the overall completion of the project.

3. Flow chart:
It is a brie
f and simple graphic representation of flow chart showing relationship between activities and at thee same

time contains events and milestones

LIMITATIONS OF FLOW CHART:

1.It does not provide information regarding time of completion of activities
2.It does not show the effect of slippage in one activity over the total period of completion of the project.
.

PAGE NUMBER 7

1.2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION

ARCHITECT

DEFINITION

A person who designs buildings and in many cases also
supervises their construction.

ROLES

Architects create designs for new construction projects,
alterations and redevelopments. They use their specialist
construction knowledge and high-level drawing skills to design
buildings that are functional, safe, sustainable and aesthetically
pleasing.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Controlling projects from start to finish to ensure high
quality, innovative and functional design.
Using the construction “brief” to identify clients’ needs and
put together feasibility reports and design proposals.
Developing architecture in line with client’s needs, building’s
usage and environmental impact.
Produce detailed blueprints and make any necessary
corrections.
Compile project specifications.
Keep within budgets and timelines.
Ensure that all works are carried out to specific standards,
building codes, guidelines and regulations.
Make on site visits to check on project status and report on
project.
Cooperate and liaise with construction professionals.
Follow architectural trends and advancements.

SUPERINTENDING OFFICER(S.O)

DEFINITION

A person who directs and manages an organization, office, etc.

ROLES

Applying project management techniques, such as planning,
scheduling, monitoring and coordination.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Studying, understanding and managing each assigned
contract package.
Holding and minuting a start up meeting covering
contractor obligations for performance bonds, safe work
practices, work method statement, schedules.
Holding minuting weekly meeting with contractor to review
status, work schedules and publishing the minutes within 24
hours.
Reviewing work method statements with HSE staff and
ensuring that these methods meet all safety regulations.
Monitoring daily the work activities of the contractor making
sure that daily tool box meetings are held, published work
methods and schedules are followed, safe work practices
are rigorously enforced and contractors provide proper
supervision.
Reviewing and recommending staff levels for accreditation
purposes to support the standby requirements of the
contractor.
Issuing work instructions as required.
Preparing and reviewing variation orders as required based
on change requirements identified.

PAGE NUMBER 8

1.2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEERS

DEFINITION

A person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines,
or structures.

ROLES

Engineers develop new technological solutions. During the
engineering design process, the responsibilities of the engineer
may include defining problems, conducting and narrowing
research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing solutions, and
making decisions.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Making plans using detailed drawings.
Preparing estimates and budgets.
Creating accurate project specifications.
Designing engineering experiments.
Creating technical reports for customers.
Completing regulatory documents concerning safety issues.
Finishing projects on time and within budget.
Communicating with clients and coworkers about analysis
results.

QUANTITY SURVEYOR(QS)

DEFINITION

A person who calculates the amount of materials needed for
building work, and how much they will cost.

ROLES

Also known as cost consultants, quantity surveyors ensure
building projects remain within budget. They provide cost and
material estimates, draw up projected budgets, and work
alongside a team, noting any design changes and their effect
on cost.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Reviewing construction plans and preparing quantity
requirements.
Scrutinizing maintenance and material costs, as well as
contracts to ensure the best deals.
Liaising with site managers, clients, contractors, and
subcontractors.
Preparing reports, analyses, contracts, budgets, risk
assessment, and other documents.
Advising managers and clients on improvements and new
strategies.
Keeping track of materials and ordering more when
required.
Documenting any changes in design and updating budgets.
Establishing and maintaining professional relationships with
external and internal stakeholders.
Traveling from the office to various sites as required.

PAGE NUMBER 9

1.2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION

LAND SURVEYOR

DEFINITION

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and
science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional
positions of points and the distances and angles between them.
A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor.

ROLES

Will be responsible for carrying out the review of land using
technical equipment to ensure it is suitable for a construction
project to take place.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Preparing and maintaining sketches, maps, and reports of
legal descriptions of surveys.
Verifying data and calculations.
Recording results of surveys.
Calculating the measurements of sites.
Writing descriptions of property boundaries.
Researching legal documents, survey records, and land
titles to clarify information about property boundaries.

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

DEFINITION

A person who designs outdoor environments, especially
harmonizing parks or gardens with buildings and roads.

ROLES

Landscape architects design attractive and functional public
parks, gardens, playgrounds, residential areas, college
campuses, and public spaces. They also plan the locations of
buildings, roads, walkways, flowers, shrubs, and trees within
these environments.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Creating plans, designs and drawings using computer-
aided design programs.
Surveying sites.
Advising on matters to do with environmental conservation.
Discussing requirements with clients.
Producing contracts and estimated costs.
Presenting proposals to clients for approval and agreeing
time-scales.
Overseeing projects as they progress.
Seeking the opinions of locals, business and others who use
the site.
Liaising with other professionals such as architects,
surveyors, town planners and civil engineers.

PAGE NUMBER 10

1.2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION

TOWN PLANNER

MAIN CONTRACTOR DEFINITION

The planning and control of the construction, growth, and
development of a town or other urban area.

ROLES

A town planner helps communities, companies and politicians to
decide on the best way to use land and buildings. A planner's
main aim is achieving sustainability. This means balancing
different social, environmental and economic issues when
official decisions are made on whether a piece of land is built
on or not.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Creating new towns and/or villages.
Balancing community, business and environmental needs.
Safeguarding green and other public spaces.
Assessing planning applications.
Attracting investment and industry to an area.
Protecting buildings of historical and architectural
merit/importance.
Ensuring that land suitable for development is readily
available.
Developing programmes of land reclamation.
Providing advice on how and when to seek planning
permission.
Inspection, monitoring and enforcement action.

DEFINITION

Main Contractor means a prime contractor or general
contractor that is responsible for the day-today oversight of a
construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the
communication of information to all involved parties throughout
the course of a building project.

ROLES

The Main Contractor oversees and manages the construction of
a building project. The work is delivered under a contractual
agreement. There are a number of forms of contract and it is
important to understand, the role of the Main Contractor will
vary depending on the type of construction contract.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Determination and estimation of various issues in the
project such as needed materials, equipment.
Main contractor is responsible to find and hire right
subcontractors and individuals to complete the job.
Ensure that the project is in compliance with required legal
and regulatory issues.
Monitor project in terms of time schedule, safety, work
quality, and other project-related details as specified in the
project contract.
Make sure that all individual at construction site utilize
safety equipment.

PAGE NUMBER 11

1.2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION

SUB-CONTRACTOR

DEFINITION

A subcontractor (or sub-contractor) is person whom a general
contractor, prime contractor or main contractor hires to perform
a specific task as part of an overall project and normally pays
for services provided to the project.

ROLES

Subcontractors are hired by a general contractor or project
manager who typically needs help in specialized areas of a
construction project. They will offer a set of skills that may be
necessary to carry out a job on a large worksite.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Have a safe site, plant, structures and ways of working.
Make sure plant, structures and substances are used,
handled and stored safely.
Provide facilities for the welfare of workers, such as running
water and toilets.
Provide the necessary information, training and supervision
to protect people from risk.
Monitor health and workplace conditions.

SUB-CONTRACTOR CONTRACTOR’S TEAM

CONSULTANTS ARE PROFESSIONALS, TYPICALLY, THE TERM ‘CONSTRUCTION TEAM’ CAN HAVE
APPOINTED BY THE CLIENT TO PERFORM EXPERT NUMEROUS INTERPRETATIONS IN THE INDUSTRY. IF IT
TASKS ON A PROJECT. THIS MIGHT INCLUDE:- INVOLVES THOSE ROLES THAT ARE NEEDED TO
PHYSICALLY CONSTRUCT THE PROJECT, IT WILL BE
PROVIDING ADVICE ON SETTING UP AND DEFINING DIFFERENT THAN IF IT INVOLVES THOSE WHO ARE
THE PROJECT. RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONCEPTION, PLANNING AND
DEVELOPING AND CO-ORDINATING THE DESIGN. DESIGN OF THE PROJECT, SUCH AS THE ARCHITECT
PREPARING PRODUCTION INFORMATION AND AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEER.
TENDER DOCUMENTATION. TYPICALLY, THE CONSTRUCTION TEAM WILL
CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION. COMPRISE THE FOLLOWING ROLES THAT WILL BE
INSPECTING THE WORK OF CONTRACTORS. MOSTLY SITE BASED:
THE MEMBERS OF THE CONSULTANT TEAM THAT ARE
LIKELY TO BE REQUIRED ON MOST PROJECTS ARE: PROJECT MANAGER (RESPONSIBLE FOR
ARCHITECT. DELIVERING THE PROJECT)
COST CONSULTANT. MAIN CONTRACTOR
SERVICES ENGINEER. SITE MANAGER (CLERK OF WORKS)
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER. SITE ENGINEER
SUB-CONTRACTORS

PAGE NUMBER 12

TOPIC 2 : SITE
POSSESION

TOPIC 2 : SITE POSSESION

2.1.1 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR
TO SITE POSSESSION

DEFINITON

According to the new oxford dictionary second edition.
“site” is defined as a piece of land where a building was is or will be
“Possession “ is defined as the state of having or owning something

POSSESION OF SITE

where the contractor have the right to enter the site , occupy and
use the site and carry out the specified works

WHAT IS A PERFORMANCE BOND?
A performance bond is issued to one party of a contract as a guarantee
against the failure of the other party to meet obligations specified in the
contract. It is also referred to as a contract bond. A performance bond is
usually provided by a bank or an insurance company to make sure a
contractor completes designated projects.
A performance bond is issued to one party of a contract as a guarantee
against the failure of the other party to meet the obligations of the
contract.
A performance bond is usually issued by a bank or an insurance
company.Most often, a seller is asked to provide a performance bond to
reassure the buyer if the commodity being sold is not delivered.

WHAT IS A INSURANCE OF WORK?
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk
management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or
uncertain loss. An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, an
insurance company, an insurance carrier or an underwriter.
WHAT IS INSURANCE?

Insurance is a contract, represented by a policy, in which an individual or
entity receives financial protection or reimbursement against losses from
an insurance company. The company pools clients' risks to make
payments more affordable for the insured.
Insurance policies are used to hedge against the risk of financial losses,
both big and small, that may result from damage to the insured or her
property, or from liability for damage or injury caused to a third party.
WHAT IS INSURANCE?
There is a multitude of different types of insurance policies available, and
virtually any individual or business can find an insurance company willing
to insure them—for a price. The most common types of personal insurance
policies are auto, health, homeowners, and life. Most individuals in the
United States have at least one of these types of insurance, and car
insurance is required by law.
KEYS TAKEAWAYS?
Insurance is a contract (policy) in which an insurer indemnifies another
against losses from specific contingencies or perils. 1There are many types
of insurance policies. Life, health, homeowners, and auto are the most
common forms of insurance. The core components that make up most
insurance policies are the deductible, policy limit, and premium.

PAGE NUMBER 13

TOPIC 2 : SITE POSSESION

2.1.1 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR
TO SITE POSSESSION

WHAT IS LIABILITY INSURANCE?
The term liability insurance refers to an insurance product that provides an
insured party with protection against claims resulting from injuries and
damage to other people or property. Liability insurance policies cover any
legal costs and payouts an insured party is responsible for if they are
found legally liable. Intentional damage and contractual liabilities are
generally not covered in liability insurance policies. Unlike other types of
insurance, liability insurance policies pay third parties not policyholders.

HOW LIABILITY INSURANCE WORKS?
Liability insurance is critical for those who are liable and at fault for injuries
sustained by other people or in the event that the insured party damages
someone else's property. As such, liability insurance is also called third-
party insurance. Liability insurance does not cover intentional or criminal
acts even if the insured party is found legally responsible. Policies are
taken out by anyone who owns a business, drives a car, practices medicine
or law basically anyone who can be sued for damages and/or injuries.
Policies protect both the insured and third parties who may be injured as a
result of the policyholder's unintentional negligence.

KEYS TAKEAWAYS?
Insurance is a contract (policy) in which an insurer indemnifies another
against losses from specific contingencies or perils. 1There are many types
of insurance policies. Life, health, homeowners, and auto are the most
common forms of insurance. The core components that make up most
insurance policies are the deductible, policy limit, and premium.

WHAT IS WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION INSURANCE?
It is a policy which covers your statutory liability as an employer, to insure all
your employees.
It protects you from any cost and compensation to an employee for personal
injuries sustained by:
1.Accidents
2.Occupational diseases
It covers both medical and legal costs which arise in the course of
employment under:
1.The Workmen’s Compensation Act 1952
2.Subsequent amendments to the Act
3.Common Law
WHAT IS WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION INSURANCE?

Workers' Compensation Insurance, also known as Workers' Comp, can help
give your employees the benefits they need if they suffer a work-related
injury or illness. Each state has its own respective workers' compensation
insurance laws.

PAGE NUMBER 14

TOPIC 2 : SITE POSSESION

2.1.1 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR
TO SITE POSSESSION

SOCSO 1.75%
A company is required to contribute SOCSO for its staff/workers according
to the SOCSO Contribution Table & Rates as determined by the Act. The
company will pay 1.75% while the staff/workers' will contribute 0.5% of
their wages for the Employment Injury Insurance Scheme and the Invalidity
Pension Scheme.

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF SOCSO?
Basically, the purpose of SOCSO is to give social security protection in
terms of cash and benefits to employees in the private sector in case of
workplace injuries, emergencies, occupational sickness, and death.
Both employers and employees should contribute to SOCSO payments.
Employees pay the smaller portion, depending on their income. The
contribution rate ranges from 0.5% to 3%. But for employees with a
monthly salary of more than RM3,000, the SOCSO contribution is optional.

WHO IS ELIGIBLE UNDER SOCSO?
Employees below 60 years old who work for a private company in Malaysia are
covered by SOCSO. This said, the following are not qualified for SOCSO
coverage:

Permanent employees of the Federal and State Government
People who are self-employed
Sole proprietors and owners of a partnership and their partners
Domestic workers/servants
WHAT ARE THE DETAILS OF THE SOCSO BENEFITS?
There are two groups for members. They are the following:
Employee Injury Scheme: SOCSO says this “provides protection to an
employee against accident or an occupational disease arising out of and in the
course of his employment.” This includes industrial and commuting accidents,
occupational illnesses, and accidents during emergencies. Invalidity Pension
Scheme: This is 24-hour coverage against invalidity. Invalidity is defined as a
morbid condition that is deemed difficult to cure. This includes people with
terminal illnesses that would stop them from working.
Are there other benefits aside from support for accidents?
Yes! SOCSO has released health check vouchers for free health check-ups
HOW DO YOU FILE A CLAIM?
If you or your family need to file a claim, your employer’s human resources
department will help you. Speak to them first to know more.
While human resources will help you, it is important to know how to file a
claim with SOCSO.

PAGE NUMBER 15

TOPIC 2 : SITE POSSESION

2.1.1 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR
TO SITE POSSESSION

HOW DO YOU FILE A CLAIM?

If you are applying for medical benefits for the first time, these are the
documents you need to submit:

1.Accident report
2.Form 21 OR occupational disease report
3.Form PKS 68 or PKS69
4.Claims form
5.Form 10 Employer’s identification letter
6.Work attendance summary
7.Medical leave certificate
8.A photocopy of your employee identity card
A police report and a sketch map of your trip (for accidents that happened
while travelling to or from the workplace)
Remember that treatments or medical help are free of charge at SOCSO panel
clinics and government hospitals and clinics when a claim is approved.
HOW DO YOU FILE A CLAIM?
If you are treated at a non-SOCSO facility, you will need to submit the
additional documents to your nearby SOCSO branch:
1.Reimbursement Travel Claims Form
2.Form PKS (P) 24Reimbursement Payment Claim Report (general)
3.Form PKS (P) 26
4.Original copy of the receipt of treatment
5.Photocopy of the appointment card
6.Photocopy of the medical report
if applicableKeep in mind that SOCSO will determine how much will be
reimbursed if you are treated at a non-SOCSO facility.
WHAT IF YOU HAVE A WORKPLACE ACCIDENT?
If you get injured because of a workplace accident, you can apply for
permanent disablement benefits, regardless of your ability to work. To file for
this, apply at the SOCSCO office with a reference from the medical board. You
will also need to include these documents in your application:
1.Medical report from the hospital or clinic where you were treated
2.Completed application form
3.Photocopy of your identity card
4.Claims form
5.Form 10Form PKS (F) 1 with SOCSO contribution details and salary

statement
Employee’s account details for direct deposit of benefits :
If the medical board approves your application, you can choose to continue
working.
Finally, if you are not satisfied with the decision, you can file an appeal within
90 days from the date of the notice.

PAGE NUMBER 16

TOPIC 2 : SITE POSSESION

2.1.2 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO
SITE POSSESSION

CONTRACT DOCUMENTS, PERFORMANCE BONDS AND INSURANCE
POLICIES

Contract Documents are prepared by the Contractor and reviewed by the
officeissue a pre-bid document or the official who made the tender call or
price negotiations before being bound and signed.
Contract Documents (Original and Copy) and Performance Bond
shallsigned as soon as possible after the SST is issued by the assigned
officerauthority by the Minister of Works in accordance with the
Government Contracts Act 1949 (revised) 1973).
The Original Contract Document shall be stamped at the cost borne
bycontractor. The Original Contract Document will be kept by the
managing officetender call, while a copy is submitted to the Contractor.
Copycontract documents that are recognized as valid should be
distributed to the parties concernedfor reference.
THE CONTRACT DOCUMENT MUST CONTAIN, AMONG OTHERS:
Tender Form, SST, correspondence containing consent compliance with
conditions etc. before SST is issued, Conditions Contracts, addenda (if any),
Government’s WillRequirement), concept drawings and documents similar
toTender Table Documents.
‘Contract Sum Analysis’ that has been adjusted.
the Contractor's agreed backup documents including drawings,
specifications, catalog/ brochure, offer list for equipment/finishing, adjusted
Price Schedule, ‘loaded drawings’ and others.
The approved Contractor Construction Quality Plan includes the Program
Work, Payment Schedule (if applicable), ‘Method Statement’ and
ChartContractor site office/headquarters organization.
a copy of the minutes of the ‘technical & financial interaction’ meeting.
copy of joint -venture agreement - if applicable.
a copy of the Consultants' agreement.
a certified copy of the insurance policy and Performance Bond.

PAGE NUMBER 17

TOPIC 2 : SITE POSSESION

2.1.2 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO
SITE POSSESSION

AUDIT PROCCES
Step 1: Planning
The auditor will review prior audits in your area and professional literature. The
auditor will also research applicable policies and statutes and prepare a basic
audit program to follow.
Step 2: Notification
The Office of Internal Audit Services will notify the appropriate department or
department personnel regarding the upcoming audit and its purpose, at which
time an opening meeting will be scheduled.
Step 3: Opening Meeting
This meeting will include management and any administrative personnel
involved in the audit. The audit's purpose and objective will be discussed as
well as the audit program. The audit program may be adjusted based on
information obtained during this meeting.
Step 4: Fieldwork
This step includes the testing to be performed as well as interviews with
appropriate department personnel.
Step 5: Report Drafting
After the fieldwork is completed, a report is drafted. The report includes such
areas as the objective and scope of the audit, relevant background, and the
findings and recommendations for correction or improvement.
Step 6: Management Response
A draft audit report will be submitted to the management of the audited area
for their review and responses to the recommendations. Management
responses should include their action plan for correction.
Step 7: Closing Meeting
This meeting is held with department management. The audit report and
management responses will be reviewed and discussed. This is the time for
questions and clarifications. Results of other audit procedures not discussed
in the final report will be communicated at this meeting.
Step 8: Final Audit Report Distribution
After the closing meeting, the final audit report with management responses is
distributed to department personnel involved in the audit, the President,
Provost, and Chief Financial Officer, and CWRU’s external accounting firm.
Step 9: Follow-up
Approximately six months after the audit report is issued, the Office of
Internal Audit Services will perform a follow-up review. The purpose of this
review is to conclude whether or not the corrective actions were
implemented.

PAGE NUMBER 18

2.1.3 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO
SITE POSSESSION

CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO SITE POSSESION
Possession of site

Where the contractors have the right to enter the site, occupy and use the
site and carry out the specified works.
Duration of possession
Starts from the date for possession of site to completion date and
inclusive of extended time if the contractor is granted extension of time.
Contract period
Possession will usually provide the contractor with such exclusive
occupation and use the site as required constructing the works.
CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO SITE POSSESION
1.CONTRACT DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
The contract drawings include the architectural drawings, the
structural/geotechnical engineering drawings, and the building services
engineering drawings. These drawings provide information regarding the
arrangement of spaces, structural components, electrical, mechanical and
plumbing installations etc.
Specifications simply amplify the information given in the contract
drawings and bill of quantities. It describes in details the work to be
executed under the contract and the nature and quality of materials,
components, and workmanship.

PAGE NUMBER 19

2.1.3 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO
SITE POSSESSION

CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO SITE POSSESION
2.PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES

A priced Bill of quantities is a required document of contract that has its
rate and amount column filled by a contractor.
A bill of quantities consists of a schedule of items of work to be carried out
under the contract with quantities entered against each item, prepared in
accordance with the Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works
(Seeley and Winfield, 2005)

CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO SITE POSSESION
3.CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME

This is a document that is prepared in order to provide the project
participants a thorough appreciation of the work involved, to allow the site
production team to sort out its main constituent and decide how, in what
order and at what time to do them, and to ensure adequate coordination of
the labor, materials and machinery requirements (Bamisile, 2004).

PAGE NUMBER 20

2.1.3 DOCUMENT REQUIRED PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO
SITE POSSESSION

CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO SITE POSSESION
4.PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Project Quality Management Plan defines the various quality related
activities and procedures which will be implemented on the project. It sets
down requirements, gives guidelines, provides information and indicates to
appropriate personnel, the procedures to be followed with respect to the
Project Quality Management Plan.

CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO SITE POSSESION
5.PROJECT HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN

The Project Health and Safety Plan is a document developed to secure the
health, safety and welfare of persons who will work or visit the site.
It was also developed to control the emission of toxic substances into the
atmosphere and control the keeping and use of substances that might be
hazardous to health. An outline of the Project Health and Safety Plan is
delineated in the appendix.

PAGE NUMBER 21

TOPIC 3 : SITE pn
PREPARATION

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1 JUSTIFY THE STAGES OF SITE PREPARATION

3.1.1 THE SITE BOUNDARIES AND SITE PAGING, (OGL) ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL, SITE CLEARING, EARTHWORK,
LEVELLING, CUT AND FILL.

SITE BOUNDARIES

DEFINITION

A boundary is a line that divides one area from another. It may also
be called a border and defines the extent of one or more areas
that are adjacent or in close proximity. Boundaries can be defined
physically by coastlines, rivers, roads, walls, fences and lines
painted on the ground, or they can have no manifestation other
than on maps, plans, charts and legal documentation. Boundaries
between counties, administrative regions and nation states often
appear only as lines on maps.

FUNCTION

Construction sites often have strictly-defined boundaries
comprising fences, hoardings and gates. These not only deter
thieves and intruders, but also to protect the public from
inadvertently straying into a potentially dangerous area.

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (the CDM
Regulations) require the prevention of access by unauthorised
persons to construction sites and that where necessary in the
interests of health and safety, a construction site must, so far as is
reasonably practicable, and in accordance with the level of risk
posed, comply with either or both of the following have its
perimeter identified by suitable signs and be arranged so that its
extent is readily identifiable or be fenced off.

Buildings may be designed to extend right up to boundary lines or
be limited by building regulations to be sited a minimum distance
away. Where buildings adjoin one another, works to the party
structure are controlled by the Party Wall Act.

(OGL) ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL

DEFINITION

For engineering perspective, OGL survey is essential as a
validation activity which confirms the initial LIDAR or survey
conducted during the design stage. From my experience, LIDAR
survey is not conclusive or accurate when it comes to area
covered by forest canopy. The conventional or topography or
terrestrial survey too comes with a lot of issues which leads to
accrued inaccuracy with more than 12mm per station.

FUNCTION

OGL survey have a prominent impact when it comes to Bill of
Quantity where it established the payment for items under soil
stripping, cut/fill or earthworks and embankment works.

OGL survey cannot be done after soil stripping and grubbing. It
doesn't reflect the actual quantity and will lead to pointless
argument between the SO and the contractor when the thickness
is clearly stated (as 150mm or otherwise stipulated) and the actual
quantity of earth work is the total quantity generated by design
software minus the fixed top soil stratum.

PAGE NUMBER 22

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.1 THE SITE BOUNDARIES AND SITE PAGING, (OGL) ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL, SITE CLEARING, EARTHWORK,
LEVELLING, CUT AND FILL.

SITE CLEARING

DEFINITION

The process of site clearance is generally undertaken as part of
enabling works, carried out to prepare a site for construction. It
involves the clearing the site to allow other remedial, treatment or
demolition works to take place before the actual construction
works can begin.

It involves clearing a site of any machinery or equipment,
unwanted surplus materials, rubbish, and so on. Site clearance
may also involve clearing away vegetation and surface soil, and
levelling and preparing the ground for the planned construction
works. Care should be taken to ensure that there are the correct
approvals in place, particularly for trees which may be protected.

A site waste management plan (SWMP) may be prepared before
site clearance begins. This describes how materials will be
managed efficiently and disposed of legally, explaining how the re-
use and recycling of materials will be maximised. All types of
waste present on the site must be removed safely and efficiently.
If there is any contaminated waste or potentially hazardous
substances (such as asbestos), professional disposal experts
must be consulted to safely handle them.

EARTHWORK

DEFINITION

Earthwork: the processes whereby the surface of the earth is
excavated and transported to and compacted at another location
the introduction of the internal combustion engine, electric power
and hydraulic power have led to the development of a wide range
of earthwork plant (size, capacity and efficiency).
scale: ranges from small works (the excavation of ditches and
trenches for drainage and pits and trenches for foundations) to
the large earthworks (highways and dams).

Site or route selection
selection factors:

the availability and cost of the land
planning, design, construction, environmental and economic
considerations (choice of dam sites and the routes for
highways and railways)
the geological conditions and other geotechnical
considerations

Site or route selection
Environmental and economic considerations:

the design & construction and the cost of earthworks are
generally dependant on:
the environment in and around the site
the ground conditions within the site
the availability of materials for earthworks in the area.

PAGE NUMBER 23

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.1 THE SITE BOUNDARIES AND SITE PAGING, (OGL) ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL, SITE CLEARING, EARTHWORK,
LEVELLING, CUT AND FILL.

LEVELLING

DEFINITION

In surveying, levelling is a process of determining the height of one
point (or level) relative to another. It is used in surveying to
establish the elevation of a point relative to a datum, or to
establish a point at a given elevation relative to a datum. There are
several different surveying instruments that can be used, all of
which are loosely referred to as ‘levels’, for example, a spirit level.
The term is also used in relation to ground preparation and
excavation, i.e. ‘level an area’. This means that the ground is made
flat and of an even grade. This is important if works are to be
carried out on uneven or sloping ground. In this context, the terms
‘level’ and ‘flat’ can be interchangeable, however, in other contexts
they should be distinguished from one another. For example, when
laying floor tiles; a level surface needs to be parallel to its perfectly
horizontal plane, whereas a flat surface is one that does not have
significant high or low spots.

PAGE NUMBER 24

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.1 THE SITE BOUNDARIES AND SITE PAGING, (OGL) ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL, SITE CLEARING, EARTHWORK,
LEVELLING, CUT AND FILL.

CUT AND FILL

DEFINITION

It occurs when excavators move and place volumes of material to
create an optimal terrain for a building, railway, road or canal.
Here’s how each of the two terms is defined:
Cut: This is the earth that is removed from an area (excavated
earth)
Fill: This is the earth that is brought into an area (embankment
earth)
When canals, roads, or railways are dug out, the cut material is
pushed to fill nearby hills and embankments.
Earthmoving equipment, such as bulldozers and excavators, will
remove land from cut locations and transfer them to dump trucks.
These trucks then carry them to the fill locations.
After the fill is relocated, the earth is compacted with a roll-style
or plate compactor.
The compaction process is intended to remove air before any
construction takes place.

PAGE NUMBER 25

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.3 THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE LOCATION OF THE FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURES ON SITE LAYOUT

INTRODUCTION

LOCATION IS ONE OF THE FIRST DECISIONS IN THE DESIGN OF A NEW CHEMICAL PLANT. IT IMPACTS PROFITABILITY AND SCOPE FOR
FUTURE EXPANSION. IF THE PROJECT IS A NEW FACILITY, A SUITABLE SITE MUST BE FOUND AND AN OPTIMAL LAYOUT OF THE SITE AND
PROCESS UNITS MUST BE PLANNED. IF THE PROJECT ADDS TO AN EXISTING SITE, THE IMPACT OF THE NEW ADDITION ON THE EXISTING
PLANT MUST BE CONSIDERED. THE PLANT ALSO NEEDS TO ACCOMMODATE FOR THE NEARBY INFRASTRUCTURE, THE SERVICES THAT IT
REQUIRES, AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.

LOCATION DECISION FACTORS

Initially, economists viewed the plant location decision as a cost-minimization problem. The optimal location was
one where the transportation costs of raw material to the plant and product to the market was minimized.
Between the early 1900s and post World War II period, most industries were sensitive to the cost of
transportation. As transportation costs became less of an obstacle, the approach to the problem developed with
considerations of trade-offs between transportation and factors such as wages, energy, local regulations, etc. If
lower wages could balance the higher transportation costs of building the plant in a low-wage area, the low-wage
location may be more desirable.
Although location is a long-term investment, a firm does not decide on a location with the sole objective of
maximizing its profits or minimizing its costs. Managers may choose a “safer” location that is more likely to
produce higher profits rather than a riskier location that yields the maximum investment return. Personal factors
of the people involved are also influences. For example, new businesses tend to locate where the founders live.

1. Raw material supply: The source and price of raw 2. Location with respect to market: If the plant
materials is one of the most important factors that produces high-volume and low-cost products, such as
determine the location of a plant. Facilities that cement and fertilizer, it may be better to situate the
produce chemicals in bulk are usually located close plant closer to the primary market since transportation
to the source of raw material if the costs of shipping cost is a large fraction of the sales price. If the product
the product is less than the costs of shipping the is low-volume and high-cost, like pharmaceuticals, then
feed. For example, ethylene production is growing in the benefits of being closer to the primary market may
the Middle East since cheap ethane from natural gas not be there.
is readily available. Oil refineries tend to be located 4. Availability of labor: Skilled workers are usually
near areas with high population and crude oil brought to the plant from outside the area. There should
supplies since it is expensive to transport the oil. be a local pool of unskilled labor that can be trained to
3. Transport facilities: Facilities should be close to at operate the plant, and of skilled craft workers to
least two major forms of transportation, whether that maintain the process units. Local labor laws, trade union
be road, rail, waterway, and/or seaport. For example, customs, restrictive practices for recruitment and
paper manufacturing plants in the US use various training should also be taken into consideration. A 10%
types of pulp that are delivered by truck or by train increase in unionization of a state's labor force is
from various places in North and South America, so projected to reduce the number of expanding facilities
paper facilities need to be close to rail and major by 30 to 45%.
roads. Transportation by road is common for local 5. Availability of utilities: Processes that require a
distribution from central warehouses, while substantial amount of cooling water is usually located
transportation by rail is more widespread for long near water sources, such as rivers or wells. Cooling
distance transport of bulk chemicals. Pipeline is used water may be directly taken from the water source, or
to ship industrial gases and bulk fuels. Air freight can may be stored in cooling towers. Those that need large
be efficient for shipment of personnel and essential quantities of power, such as electrochemical ones, are
units and supplies and for small volume products typically close to cheap power sources.
that have high value, such as pharmaceuticals. Of
course, products that are delivered by air must meet
aviation regulations.

PAGE NUMBER 26

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.3 THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE LOCATION OF THE FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURES ON SITE LAYOUT

6. Availability of suitable land: The ideal land is flat, 8. Local community considerations: State and local
well-drained, with suitable load-bearing planners are typically motivated by the desire to create
characteristics. Further considerations have to be jobs and improve the tax base. Introduction of facilities
made if the land is reclaimed land near the ocean in to an area is usually viewed as the most direct way to
earthquake zones. Property tax is also a factor when stimulate the area's economy. However, recent studies
choosing a site since property taxes vary area to have found that communities with high-growth are
area. Under a third of plants that relocate move to already characterized by the fast growth of businesses
regions with lower property taxes, which is the that are already there. It is rare for a plant to completely
proportion that would be expected if companies close in one area and relocate to another, and if plants
move to a new location regardless of property tax. do relocate, the majority is over short distances and
High property taxes is not as significant as other often within the same community. Therefore, local
factors such as labor supply and land costs. policymakers favor the expansion of existing plants. The
7. Environmental impact: Depending on the location, opening of a new plant at a location should impost no
it may be more difficult and costly to dispose of additional risk to the local residents. For example, they
wastes. During the project design phase, experts are should be downwind of the residential areas. Local
typically consulted to learn more about an area's communities also need to be able to accommodate the
local regulations. More details about environmental plant personnelles. For example, traffic, housing, and
regulations are found below. facilities must be able to accommodate the influx of
Analysis of the Importance of Factors workers. Additional factors are property taxes and water
In 1963, Morgan surveyed 17 companies and found consumption.
that on average the most important factors on 9. Climate: The climate of the area may affect
industrial location decisions are market, labor, and processes and costs. For example, plants in cold areas
raw material. Taxes and financial incentives were of need more insulation and special heating. Facilities in
little significance. More recently, Fortune magazine earthquake areas need to be seismically sound. Plants in
surveyed among the 1000 largest US companies and areas with high ambient humidity will usually use air
found that the most important factors were market cooling instead of water cooling. More detailed
and labor. The survey also found that personal information about the effects of weather can be found
preferences of a firm's executive, tax, and central in the Site condition and design page.
cities have great influence over the site of corporate 10. Political and strategic considerations: Government
headquarters. Surveys of interstate locational sometimes gives capital grants, tax concessions, and
decisions found that the factors that played key other incentives to encourage plants to be built in
roles for new firms were access to customers and specific areas. Physical assistance such as roads, water,
the growing market, labor force, transportation, and other public infrastructure are more popular than
personal reasons of management, and availability of financial assistance. Companies can also globalize and
capital. The cost of land had the least important take advantage of areas with preferential tariff
influence. For firms that expanded across states, the agreements. The tax policy of an area is inversely
influential factors were labor costs and labor supply. related to growth. High personal income sometimes
Companies seeking expansion usually have made hinder employment growth. Personal income does not
their production more routine, so quick access to affect the cash flow of the company, but it reduces the
suppliers is less of a concern. Cost minimization after-tax income of its managers, and thus high personal
becomes more relevant to existing corporations. income tax can be classified as a personal region. High
state corporate taxes has also and detrimental effects
on growth, but that is not always the case. Corporate
tax is more important to firms with high capital
expenditures.

PAGE NUMBER 27

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.4 THE ACCESS ROAD AND MAIN ENTRANCE GATE, GUARD HOUSE, SITE OFFICE, STORAGE OF MATERIALS,
WORKERS QUARTERS, TOILETS AND EATERY, HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD, BASIC FACILITIES.

ACCESS ROAD AND MAIN DEFINITION
ENTRANCE
A temporary stone-stabilized pad located at points of vehicular
ingress and egress on a construction site.

PURPOSE
To pro
vide a stable entrance and exit from a construction site and

keep mud and sediment off public roads.

ADVANTAGES
Mud on ve
hicle tires is significantly reduced which avoids

hazards caused by depositing mud on the public roadway.
Sediment, which is otherwise contained on the construction
site does not enter stormwater runoff elsewhere.

DISADVANTAGES
Effective
only if installed at every location where traffic leaves

and enters the site.

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
Avoid locating a
t curves in public roads or on steep slopes.

Construction entrances provide an area where mud can be
removed from vehicle tires before they enter a public road. If
the action of the vehicle traveling over the gravel pad is not
sufficient to remove the majority of the mud, then the tires
must be washed before the vehicle enters a public road.
If washing is used, provisions must be made to intercept the
wash water and trap the sediment before it is carried off-site.
Construction entrances should be used in conjunction with the
stabilization of construction roads to reduce the amount of
mud picked up by vehicles.
This practice will only be effective if sediment control is used
throughout the rest of the construction site.

DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
Remove all veg
etation and other objectionable material from

the foundation area. Grade and crown foundation for positive
drainage.
Stone for a stabilized construction entrance shall be 1 to 3-inch
stone, reclaimed stone, or recycled concrete equivalent
placed on a stable foundation as specified in the plan.
Pad dimensions: The minimum length of the gravel pad should
be 50 feet, except for a single residential lot where a 30 foot
minimum length may be used. Longer entrances will provide
better cleaning action. The pad should extend the full width of
the construction access road or 10 feet whichever is greater.
The aggregate should be placed at least six inches thick.
A geotextile filter fabric shall be placed between the stone fill
and the earth surface below the pad to reduce the migration of
soil particles from the underlying soil into the stone and vice
versa. Filter cloth is not required for a single family residence
lot.

PAGE NUMBER 28

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.4 THE ACCESS ROAD AND MAIN ENTRANCE GATE, GUARD HOUSE, SITE OFFICE, STORAGE OF MATERIALS,
WORKERS QUARTERS, TOILETS AND EATERY, HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD, BASIC FACILITIES.

GUARD HOUSE DEFINITION

In 21st century commercial, industrial, institutional, governmental,
or residential facilities, Guardhouses are generally placed at the
entrance as checkpoints for securing, monitoring and maintaining
access control into the secured facility. In the case of small to
mid-sized facilities, generally, the entire physical security
envelope is controlled from the Guardhouse.

One of the general orders of a sentry in the United States Navy and
Marine corps is to "Repeat all calls more distant from the
guardhouse than my own." Guardhouses thus serve as central
communications hubs for outlying sentry posts, being where the
Corporal of the Guard is stationed. When sentries are relieved by
their replacements, the sentry stationed at the Guardhouse,
designated "No. 1", is conventionally relieved first.

Modern guardhouses are manufactured with welded, galvanized
steel construction, insulated, include heat and light, have 360
degree visibility, and can also be bullet resistant. These
guardhouses keep security guards comfortable as well as
secure.The first modern guardhouse was manufactured by Par-Kut
International in 1954. In 21st century, guardhouses have provided
more options such as exterior floodlights, reflective bullet
resistant glass, gun ports, elevated platforms, and highly mobile
trailer mounting, anti fatigue floor mats, dimmable interior light
and a built in bathroom

PAGE NUMBER 29

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.4 THE ACCESS ROAD AND MAIN ENTRANCE GATE, GUARD HOUSE, SITE OFFICE, STORAGE OF MATERIALS,
WORKERS QUARTERS, TOILETS AND EATERY, HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD, BASIC FACILITIES.

SITE OFFICE DEFINITION

Construction sites will generally require office facilities to provide
accommodation for site managers, provide space for meetings
and to provide storage for site documentation. Site offices are
often described as ‘site huts’ even if they are large and well fitted
out. It is important that site offices are comfortable, attractive and
versatile, as well as being suitably robust and secure. Regulation 17
of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
(the CDM Regulations) states:

‘A construction site must, so far as is reasonably practicable, have
sufficient working space and be arranged so that it is suitable for
any person who is working or who is likely to work there, taking
account of any necessary work equipment likely to be used there.’
Each individual project will have different requirements for site
office provision. On large projects separate offices may be
provided for site foremen, engineers and the commercial and
project management team.

As site offices are generally temporary in nature, only there for the
duration of the construction works, they are often prefabricated,
or constructed from portable, or modular, buildings, frequently
referred to as ‘portacabins’ (although 'Portkabin®' with a 'k' is a
trade marked brand name of Portakabin Limited). These are
standard sizes and can be fitted together or stacked to form
almost any configuration of accommodation required. They can
include reception spaces, offices, meeting rooms, kitchens, toilets,
showers, changing facilities, lockers, storage, and so on.

Site offices are easily transported on flat-bed trucks and set up on
site using a crane. Typically they have four adjustable steel legs
with attachments for stacking. Site office panelling is usually made
of galvanised steel sheet and a rigid insulation core. A
plasterboard inner lining is used for walls and ceiling. Windows are
often designed to optimise light levels, with white walls and heavy-
duty flooring that is easy to clean. Several manufacturers provide
anti-vandal protection, such as pyro-shield windows with steel
shutters and high-security steel doors.

They are often stacked with external metal stairs leading to the
second floor. Large sites may have several inter-linked portable
offices capable of holding hundreds of people, stacked up to
three-storeys high with internal stairs and steel frame bracing.

PAGE NUMBER 30

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.4 THE ACCESS ROAD AND MAIN ENTRANCE GATE, GUARD HOUSE, SITE OFFICE, STORAGE OF MATERIALS,
WORKERS QUARTERS, TOILETS AND EATERY, HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD, BASIC FACILITIES.

STORAGE OF MATERIALS INTRODUCTION

Site storage involves the provision of adequate space, protection
and control for materials, components and equipment that are to
be kept on a construction site during the building process.

There are several factors to be considered when deciding on the
amount and nature of storage required.

Physical properties: The size, shape, weight and mode of
delivery.
Organisation: The planning process to ensure unloading is
available and storage space has been allocated.
Control: Processes for checking the quality and quantity of
materials on delivery, and monitoring stock holdings.
Protection: The necessary protection for durable and non-
durable materials and components from damage.
Security: Guarding against theft and vandalism.
Costs: Costs associated with handling, transporting and
stacking requirements, the workforce required, heating and/or
lighting that may be required, facilities to be provided for
subcontractors, and so on.
Processing: What needs to be done to materials before they
can be used. Is there packaging that needs to be removed or
returned?
Programme: When are items required, what is the risk to the
project of them not being available, how long in advance are
they ordered and how long they will be on site.
Ownership: Who is legally responsible for items, who will be
using them and who owns them? See Materials on site for more
information.

SITE ALLOCATION
The locatio
n and size of space to be allocated should be planned

carefully as part of an overall site layout plan and each site will
present its own problems. Failure to adequately plan for storage
space can result in congestion, or having more materials on site
than storage space allows for.

The most appropriate position on site in terms of handling, storage
and convenience should be determined. Unloading deliveries
should take place in a clearly marked designated area, away from
other site operations, supervised by a competent person.
The distance between storage areas and the area materials are to
be used should be reduced as much as possible to keep the time
and cost required to transport them from place to place at a
minimum. Alternatively, storage areas could be positioned within
the reach of a tower crane which can then be used to move
materials as required.

PAGE NUMBER 31

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.4 THE ACCESS ROAD AND MAIN ENTRANCE GATE, GUARD HOUSE, SITE OFFICE, STORAGE OF MATERIALS,
WORKERS QUARTERS, TOILETS AND EATERY, HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD, BASIC FACILITIES.

WORKERS QUARTERS INTRODUCTION

workers Temporary quarters for workers – temporary
accommodation place for person with common activities or
interests. Included in this category are houses for workers in the
construction, agriculture, public works, logging and other sectors.

TOILETS AND EATERY TOILETS

A seriously important part of any construction site. Workers
should always have convenient access to toilet facilities. These
are normally provided for in the form of a portable toilet (or
‘portaloo’).
In most cases, the rules state that there should be at least one
toilet for every 15 workers.

EATERY

One of the basic requirements for construction sites is to provide
a sheltered and weatherproofed area for workers to take breaks
and eat meals. This area should provide adequate seating and a
clean surface to eat from, and a bin with a lid or something similar
where food scraps can be disposed of.
When construction’s just beginning, workers’ vehicles can be used
for these purposes.

PAGE NUMBER 32

TOPIC 3: SITE PREPARATION

3.1.4 THE ACCESS ROAD AND MAIN ENTRANCE GATE, GUARD HOUSE, SITE OFFICE, STORAGE OF MATERIALS,
WORKERS QUARTERS, TOILETS AND EATERY, HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD, BASIC FACILITIES.

HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A HOARDING?
1) ADVERTISING AND MAR
KETING

Hoardings are often used for advertising and marketing by
companies or organisations. These Advertising Hoardings are an
obvious solution for companies looking to promote a product in a
place with high public footfall. Its also less intrusive than a digital
display or graphic signage advertisement, making best use of the
space. Historically, an advertising hoarding is very cost effective
when compared to a similar sized billboard. Which, when you think
about it, is what these hoardings are temporary fencing panels
optimised for outdoor advertising purposes! These temporary
hoarding panels can range from simple outdoor advertising to
bespoke eye-grabbing installations!
2) ENTICE CUSTOMERS
Relatedly, Hoardings can attract business to a company. To entice
customers from the outside, hoardings can be successful at
creating curiosity for a development or attraction coming soon.
The nature of hiding a site behind a hoarding naturally peaks
people’s curiosity. Subsequently, the correct messaging here can
spark excitement to a fever pitch for the big reveal.
3) BRAND RECOGNITION
Quite simply, Hoardings are often designed to help people
recognise a place or brand. For instance, retailers will often use
them to show which shop is going into a development. Property
developers use them to let people know who is responsible for the
site. The bigger and more bespoke the hoarding, the more
prestigious the brand comes across!
4) DIRECTIONAL MESSAGING
Directional graphics on hoardings are often necessary for vast
locations such as property developments and regenerations.
These often point to sales opportunities such as marketing suites.
As a result, visitors or customers are less likely to get lost and
avoid situations that could reflect badly on the business.
5) Construction Site Hoarding
Above all, health and safety is the main reason for having a building
site hoarding. Separating the general public from the construction
site to prevent unauthorised access improves site security. In
addition, having secure fencing along your site perimeter allows
controlled access to the site for your contractors. However, as well
as separating the public from the potentially hazardous building
works, they can also be used to communicate health and safety
information. These panels provide the perfect backdrop for
warnings about hazards or threats which are essential to safety
and compliance regulations.

PAGE NUMBER 33

TOPIC 4 : SITE pn
SUPERVISION

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1 THE SCOPE OF WORK OF AN ARCHITECTURAL SITE SUPERVISOR

4.1.1 DEFINITION THE SCOPES OF WORK OF ARCHITECTURAL SITE SUPERVISOR

DEFINITON

Job Overview:
Carry out daily site supervision, coordination and quality
assurance of all architectural trades implementation on site.
Supervise all architectural works and ensure all works are carried
out in accordance to approved specifications.
Work closely with subcontractors on project progress and ensure
timely work arrangements.
Carry out quality inspection on site and ensure quality of work to
be completed on scheduled time.
Close coordination of work with both internal and external parties.

4.1.2 EXPLAINATION THE SCOPES OF WORK OF ARCHITECTURAL SITE SUPERVISOR

EXPLAINATION

The nature and scope of the duties, liabilities and responsibility of
architects over supervision of construction are usually determined by
the contractual terms of their appointment. The architect is employed
to carry out their duties in respect of design andsupervision as stated
in the contract with the defined purpose. He/she is engaged primarily
to ensure that the works are executed effectively, economically and
to discharge their responsibilities professionally.
Generally, an architect has a duty to supervise the building works in
order to ensure that the works are being carried out in conformity with
the contractual specifications. In most standard forms of construction
contract, the architect’s primary responsibility is to supervise the
construction in order to ensure that works arenperformed to the
standard specification which the contract requires. Furthermore, an
architect has to provide drawings and information which the
contractor may require to enable the works to be completed within
reasonable time. Even in the absence of expressed provision in the
contract, such a duty will be implied in law.
The architect supervises the work at periodic times during the
construction stage, but not as frequent or same purposes as the
contractor. Architects must be familiar with the work and report the
general progress and quality of the completed work to the owner.
Furthermore, the architect should be responsible for discovering any
nonconforming work and correcting defective work that is available to
be seen.

PAGE NUMBER 34

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1.2 EXPLAINATION THE SCOPES OF WORK OF ARCHITECTURAL SITE SUPERVISOR

DUTIES

Client has an expectation that the architect will perform his duties
under the contract in such a manner as to protect his interests and
that he will perform his duties reasonably, so as to achieve the
objective as contemplated by the contract.
The architect will supervise the work to ensure that as far as is
reasonably possible, that the quality of work is as specified in the
contract. Based on PAM CPD Lecture (2012)
by David Cheah about the roles of the architect, there are three (3)
duties of architect to the employer during the course of supervision
duties. These are:-

The prevention, detection and correction of defective work
To intervene and give instructions if the cont ractor’s working
method or temporary works prove unsuccessful
Interventions to correct any indications of potential failure of the
permanent design
From this nature of duty, it can be described that the responsibility in
supervision are to observe and check something over a period of time
in order to see how it develops, so that the architect can make any
necessary changes track. It can be described as the duty to prevent,
detect and correct the defective works which depends on the degree
of skill of the architect. The architect must supervise the works
reasonably in compliance with statutory provisions to enable him to
issue certifications under the contract that the work has been
satisfactorily carried out in accordance with contract drawings and
specifications.
The architect has a duty not to delay the project.The results based on
an analysis of the factors causing delay of building construction
projects in Malaysia have shown that ineffective and lack of
supervision by the consultants as one of the major factors. Architect’s
failure to properly supervise may caused the project to delay beyond
its completion date and thus causing additional expense in the
performance of the contract. There might be cases where an architect
have been employed and have not been able to measure up to
expectations. A failure to exercise reasonable skill and care by a
professional consultant, be it an architect, engineer or quantity
surveyor would invariably be liable for breach of contract. An
architect that fails to follow contractual provision may be liable to the
building owner as his agent for any additional expense or cost
involved.

PAGE NUMBER 35

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1.3 THE SCOPES OF WORK OF ARCHITECTURAL SITE SUPERVISOR, SITE MEMO, (NCR) NON-COMPLIANCE
REPORT, MATERIAL APPROVAL, METHOD OF STATEMENT, CONSTRUCTION DRAWING, (RFI) REQUEST FOR
INFORMATION, WORKS PROGRAM CHART (CRITICAL PATH METHOD, DAILY RECORD OR SITE DIARY), GANT
CHART, SITE MEETING, DEFECTS LIST, AND SITE REPORT.

SITE MEMO

SHARE NEWS

Memos are used to keep employees informed on
the latest happenings, either company-wide or in a
specific department. For example, when
management issues a change in corporate policy, a
memo is used to explain the change. Other news
shared in a memo might include the latest new hires
or promotions with specific details about each
person and their roles, or new partnerships with
other companies. Memos can be used to inform
staff with updates on how project schedules are
coming along, or about new products or services the
company is introducing. Memos might include an
announcement to be posted in common areas of an
office.

ADDRESS A PROBLEM

Companies might issue a memo to address a
problem that has come to the attention of
management. A memo like this might describe any
information obtained through investigation that
brought the problem to light, and address the
severity level. Problems addressed in memos might
include employee tardiness or absence, customer
dissatisfaction, improperly followed procedures, or
office etiquette problems such as improper use of
cell phones during meetings.

MAKE A REQUEST

Sometimes companies issue memos to make
requests of employees. These might request
attendance at meetings, changes in work
procedures, or permission or cooperation to do a
work-related activity. A request memo often
includes instructions or recommendations for
carrying out the request, such as specific actions. It
might also mention benefits that will result from
taking the actions, potential problems if the request
is not fulfilled, or specific help that will be provided
to complete the request. For example, the
operations department of a company might ask
employees to follow a clean-up schedule for the
break room refrigerator.

PAGE NUMBER 36

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1.3

(NCR) NON-COMPLIANCE REPORT

SO WHAT IS REALLY THE MEANING OF AN NCR
(NON CONFORMANCE REPORT) IN
CONSTRUCTION ?

You may probably find some very fancy definitions
on the internet but because we are talking about
Construction Industry it’s always better to simplify
things and be practical.
We can simply describe it as a Report which outlines:

what went wrong (this is the “nonconformity”),
why it went wrong (Root Cause)
what can we do in order to avoid that from
happening again (corrective action)

SO, WHAT CAN GO WRONG IN A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT?

“quality point of view” only) in a construction site/project:
Something was not built as per the approved Design Drawings or it’s not within the tolerances
specified in the design drawings.
The approved methodology (Method Statement) was not followed during the construction.
The approved Inspection and Test Plan (ITP) was not followed.
Any other approved documentation was not followed (Quality Procedures, instruction from the
Client etc).
A different material than the approved one was used on site.
A test on a material or anywhere else failed.
A Design failure.
There is no available documentation to cover an activity (Method Statements, Design Drawings,
ITPs, Risk Assessments etc) or the existing documents do not describe the activity sufficiently.

PAGE NUMBER 37

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1.3

(NCR) NON-COMPLIANCE REPORT

2 MAIN CATEGORIES OF NCRS IN A The main categories of NCRs in a construction
CONSTRUCTION SITE: Project are:

An NCR (nonconformity Report) is a nightmare 1. Use As-is.
for everyone in the construction industry 2. Repair
(eventhough it shouldn’t be…). 3. Demolish and rework

It’s a nightmare for the guys on site because You may probably find other diferent fancy terms
their work is being judged and they probably depending on the project and the system but the
have to spend time (and money…) to rework or meaning (and use) is more or less the same.
repair. In reality these terms could easily be explained as

It’s a nightmare for the commercial guys of a follows:
Project because an NCR might lead to
significant claims and compensation events Use As-is: “Ok…we messed it up but there is nothing
sooner or later. we can do to correct it. So, we have to accept that
fact somehow, ensure that it is acceptable by our
Client and move on, ensuring that it’s not gonna
It’s a nightmare for the Designers who have to happen again”
assess a nonconforming situation and spend Repair: “We messed it up but we found the way to
time on investigating the case. repair it and bring it to an acceptable level. The

And finally. it’s a nightmare for the Quality repairs will be inspected and accepted in order for
Professionals on site who have to keep a the NCR to get closed.”
balance between Client’s representatives Demolish and rework: “We cannot leave it as it is or
requests and the progress of the works. we cannot repair it at all. The faulty structure/item
Closing an NCR on site could be extremely easy has to be demolished/removed and reworked before
and quick or it could be extremely difficult and we move on. The new structure/item will be
time wasting for many people. inspected for closure of that NCR.

NCRS THAT ARE EASY AND QUICK TO CLOSE (APPROX. 20%):

The NCR refers only to an entity directly related to the person who identifies the NCR (colleague, same
company, same shift etc). The corrective action or the correction is applied easily and quickly on site
with mutual understanding between both parties. Good job….happy days!
The NCR is blocking the next phase of the works and it has to be closed very quickly. Everyone needs to
move on in the project and they give their best in order to close it quickly. Good job….happy days!
The NCR is identified by the Client (or Client’s representatives) and it is communicated to the
Contractor through a formal letter or other way of communication. However, this doesn’t mean that the
NCR can easily be closed but in general it makes things move a little faster on site because it’s mainly
the only case where the Senior management might get involved in the whole process.

PAGE NUMBER 38

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1.3

MATERIAL APPROVAL

SO WHAT IS (MATERIAL APPROVAL) IN
CONSTRUCTION ?

In Saudi Arabia the construction industry is the
second after Oil industry and plays an important role
in the country’s economy. In 2012 alone, the
Construction Industry contributed with 4.6% of the
Saudi Arabia Gross Domestic Product, and
accounted for more than 9.2% of Non-Oil Sector (NAI
2012). However, the lack of efficiencies of the
construction industry which affecting the
submittals-approve process are well known and
includes: low productivity rates, poor quality of work
[1], cost overruns, delays, constant changes, rework
and claims. During construction projects, contractors
and suppliers provide submittal documents to the
architect and engineers in order to document the
exact materials and components that will be used in
the building. Submittal review is a critical check-and
balance during construction to ensure that the end
result conforms to the design intent reflected in the
architect and engineers’ drawings. Also submittals
are required because many times the specifications
allow the contractor the option of using one of
several competing products, or the specified system
may need to be fabricated. The submittal allows the
owner or architect engineer (A/E) to ascertain that
METHOD OF APPROVAL the product or fabricated system meets the
requirements of the contract documents. The most
To properly address the subject of submittal- common form of submittals is shop drawings, but
approval process in construction contracts this submittals can also be product data sheets, samples
research investigated both technical and and quality assurance/quality control information.
theoretical approaches since the problem is a The following paper addresses the submittal-
hybrid of these two fields. The technical approval process and the performance measure of
materials researched include: technical papers the process. The research question is therefore: How
submittal-approval process can be formulated to
and articles, construction and engineering get better performance
textbooks, critical path method _CPM_
scheduling manuals, specifications for public
and private construction projects, papers
presented at conferences, and mathematical
formulas for computing performance.
Theoretical materials researched included
performance, project management textbooks,
treatises on construction submittals approval,
articles and papers written by specialist in
construction, and proceedings of construction
conferences and seminars.

PAGE NUMBER 39

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1.3

METHOD OF STATEMENT

METHOD OF STATEMENT IN CONSTRUTION:

Method statements are widely used in construction
as a means of controlling specific health and safety
risks that have been identified (perhaps following the
preparation of a risk assessment), such as lifting
operations, demolition or dismantling, working at
height, installing equipment, the use of plant, and so
on.
A method statement helps manage the work and
ensures that the necessary precautions have been
communicated to those involved.
The process of preparing a written method
statement provides evidence that:

Significant health and safety risks have been
identified.
The co-operation of workers has been ensured.
Safe, co-ordinated systems of work have been
put in place.
Workers have been involved in the process.

Method statements are not a requirement of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations,
however they are identified by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) as being one way of satisfying
the requirements of the regulations and as an effective means of assessing risks, managing risks,
collecting workers’ views and briefing workers.
The fact that method statements are not a requirement of the CDM Regulations is evidence of the
HSE's intention that implementation of the requirements of the CDM Regulations should not be a
paper exercise, where the filling out of a standard template is sufficient, but that it should be an
integral and fundamental part of the construction process.
The format in which method statements are prepared, reviewed and used should be set out at the
outset of a project, perhaps within the Project Execution Plan (PEP), ensuring not only that the method
statement is produced by a competent person, but that it is peer-reviewed as part of the quality
assurance (QA) system prior to its use.

PAGE NUMBER 40

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1.3

CONSTRUCTION DRAWING

DEFINITION

Construction drawing is the general term used for
drawings that form part of the production
information that is incorporated into tender
documentation and then the contract documents for
the construction works. This means they have legal
significance and form part of the agreement
between the employer and the contractor.

The main purpose of construction drawings is to
provide a graphic representation of what is to be
built. Construction drawings should be concise and
coordinated to avoid, wherever possible, ambiguity
and confusion. Delays and misunderstandings can be
minimised by properly coordinating the drawings.
For more information, see Document control.

Specifications will detail the materials, standards,
techniques, and so on required to carry out the
works. Construction drawings provide the graphical
representation, indicating the arrangement of
components, detailing, dimensions, and so on. They
may sometimes contain some of the information set
out in specifications, but this should be avoided if
possible, by referring to specifications rather than
duplicating information. Where there is a crossover,
A complete set of construction drawings tends care must be taken to ensure proper co-ordination
to comprise floor plans, elevations, sections, so there is no confusion. If there is a disparity
and detail drawings, that together provide a
complete representation of the building. On between the two, the specifications will tend to take
many projects, each major trade will have precedence over the drawings.

separate trade drawings, e.g. electrical,
plumbing, and so on.

Construction drawings may be prepared by
hand, but it is more common for them to be
prepared using computer-aided design (CAD)
(or computer-aided drafting) software.

PAGE NUMBER 41

TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION

4.1.3

(RFI) REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

WHAT IS AN RFI IN CONSTRUCTION?

In construction, a request for information (RFI)
seeks the clarification of plans, drawings,
specifications, and agreements. The construction RFI
is a formal written process in which parties, such as
the contractor and designer, clarify information gaps
in construction documents.

While this process sounds straightforward, RFIs
often become a source of delay, expense, conflict,
and even legal claims. Therefore, all participants in
construction projects have a stake in understanding
how RFIs work and how to use them properly.
Construction RFIs come into play at various points in
the construction process. During bidding, a
contractor may submit an RFI to gain a fuller
understanding of the project’s details and fine-tune
a quote.

More commonly however, a contractor or
subcontractor will submit a construction RFI while
building is under way in order to ask the designer or
engineer to clarify a drawing or specification. The
contractor or supplier may also use an RFI to
document a concern about the specified materials,
seek more information about the owner’s intended
use, or recommend a change or substitution of
components.

PAGE NUMBER 42