unit 1 2018 sample chem

ININTTRROO

CHEMISTRY BOOSTERSTM ©© 1 1

(The Physical Setting)
REGENTS BOOSTERS SERIESTM

R. Hertz,
Chief Boosters Pal

ISBN: 978-0-9747339-8-2

IINNTTRROO Copyright

© 2018 REGENTS BOOSTERSTM

R. Hertz
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2 2 ©©

Table of Contents ININTTRROO

INTRO: 1 ©© 3 3
Unit 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY 9
Unit 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE 29
Unit 3: PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS 65
Unit 4: BONDING 106
Unit 5: MATTER 142
Unit 6: MATH IN CHEMISTRY 203
Unit 7: SOLUTIONS & SOLUBILITY 262
Unit 8: KINETICS & EQUILIBRIUM 292
Unit 9: ACIDS & BASES 328
Unit 10: OXIDATION & REDUCTION 358
Unit 11: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 400
Unit 12: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 473

Happy studying!

IINNTTRROO IMPORTANT NOTE!

4 4 ©© Introducing Reffy!

I’m going to introduce you to your newest best friend. His name
is Reffy, short for “Reference Tables for Physical Setting/CHEMISTRY 2011
Edition”. He will help you out a lot if you’re willing to spend time with him.
He talks Chem. language, so I’ll teach you his language step by step.

Oh, boy,
this is so
exciting! I’ll
be making
a friend by
learning
chemistry!

These cards have been updated
to reflect the most recent core
curriculum changes. All previously
required information that was
removed from the curriculum is not
included in this edition.

How to Use Regents BoostersTM ININTTRROO

Flashcards: Complex material is broken down into small ©© 5 5
chunks of information. The top box on each page is the
title; the bottom box contains the info you need to know
on the topic. To test yourself, cover the bottom box.
Hints: Intuitive hints are sprinkled throughout the
cards to help you remember the material. There are all
different types of hints: acronyms (words made from
initials), easy sentences based on the material, and
many more.
Common Regents Question: Alert to common Regents
question

Example: Example follows each concept to show how to
apply the material

IINNTTRROO How to Use Regents BoostersTM

6 6 ©© Note: Important detail indicated

Reference Table: Each Reference Table is explained
clearly with instructions and examples on how to apply the
material.
Mr. Boosters: You can depend on him for “peanut gallery”
style comments.

Definitions: The vocabulary word is shown in caps lock,
followed by a colon and the definition.

Example − ELEMENTS: The smallest part of matter that can’t be
broken down into smaller substances

Hints and funny comments can be found on the right side
of the card.

What They’re Saying About Regents BoostersTM ININTTRROO

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–Science Geek Not (Student)

One last note before we start:
We will begin learning all the info now.
(I know you can’t wait!)
In order to excel on your regents, you must
practice many, many regents questions. The
more you practice, the better you do.

UINITTR1O: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY ©© 99

UNIT 1
INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY: The study of matter and its changes

• MATTER: Anything that has mass and takes up space
(“stuff”)
So what’s the “matter”?
Chocolate, phone, shirt

• Types of Matter: Let’s learn
1. Substances about both types
2. Mixtures of matter. Then
you’ll be as smart
Types of substances Types of mixtures as I am. Well,
almost…
10 © a. Element a. Homogenous
b. Compound b. Heterogeneous

Substance UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

SUBSTANCE: Matter that is uniform

• Substances are HOMOGENEOUS, Substance ©
which means that each molecule is uniform throughout. means the matter
is all the same.
• This concept is referred to as FIXED/DEFINITE RATIO
or FIXED/DEFINITE PROPORTION. Homogeneous:
All homes have the
• There are two types of substances: same purpose
1. elements & 2. compounds (to live in).
Homogeneous means
This is one water molecule that the
(two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). matter is the same.
There are a few water molecules here, but each molecule
is 100% identical to its neighbor. Each molecule contains
two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

11

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Element

Type of Substance

ELEMENT: Substance that can’t be decomposed (broken down)

1. Single atoms of an element I wish I could be
an element. Then
Example: K (potassium), or O (oxygen), or C (carbon) I wouldn’t break
Six single atoms of one element (K) down in Chemistry
class!
OR
12 © 2. Pairs of the same type of element.

Example: I2, which means pairs of iodine atoms
Four pairs of atoms of the same element
(4 pairs of K2)

(All of the elements are listed on Reference Table, p. 6.)

Compound UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

Type of Substance

COMPOUND: Two or more elements chemically combined
that can be decomposed (broken down) chemically

• Compound are homogeneous: They contain fixed Compounds
proportions of chemical combinations. are chemically
combined.

• The elements in a compound are chemically combined and can only ©
be broken apart chemically. (We will discuss chemical combinations soon.)
C6H12O6: The carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are chemically combined.

• BINARY COMPOUND: A type of compound that contains two types of elements

H2O (water) contains 2 types of elements (hydrogen and oxygen).
Compound: at least two different This is a water molecule:
elements are attached to each other. two hydrogen and one oxygen.

• Compounds can be separated through electrolysis.

13

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Mixture

Type of Matter

MIXTURE: Two or more different substances mixed together

Particles are physically combined and can be broken
down physically.

This represents a mixture: Reminds me of
substances physically combined. my salad I had
Physically combined elements do NOT for lunch. A
touch each other. bunch of different
vegetables all
mixed together.

14 ©

Type of Mixtures UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

There are 2 types of mixtures:

• HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE: When I remember ©
1. Contains at least 2 different this, I’ll be a real
substances that are physically combined “geneous”!
2. Is uniform throughout

• HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE:
1. Contains at least 2 different
substances that are physically combined
2. Is NOT uniform throughout

There are many Regents questions on homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

15

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Homogenous Mixture: Aqueous Solution

16 © AQUEOUS SOLUTION: Solution in water

• An aqueous solution is a type of homogenous mixture
(each molecule in the mixture contains the same elements and
the same number of elements).

• The particles in the solution are mixed evenly
throughout the mixture.

NaCl(aq) – salt solution: Salt dissolves evenly in water. So each molecule of salt water
will be identical.
There are many Regents questions on this topic.

Sample Regents Questions UUNNITIT1:1:ININTTRROOTTOOCCHHEEMMISISTTRRYY

June 2011 #74 ©©

Answer 1717

• Mixture 1: Homogeneous
• Mixture 2: Heterogeneous
Explanation:
• In a homogeneous mixture, the substance in the water is completely dissolved and

evenly mixed . Since mixture 1 has “no visible solid on the bottom of the beaker,” it is a
homogeneous mixture.
• In a heterogeneous mixture, the particles in the water are not completely dissolved. Since
mixture 2 has “black solid on bottom of beaker,” it is a heterogeneous mixture.

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Physical vs. Chemical Properties

PROPERTY: Unique characteristic used to identify a substance

There are 2 types of properties: Let’s learn about both
1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES types of properties.
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES And if you really behave,
I’ll even tell you about
property changes!

Pay close attention. There are many Regents questions on this topic.

18 ©

Physical Properties UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Characteristics that you can
observe or measure (without making a chemical change)

Examples of physical properties: color, taste, phase Simply ©
(solid, liquid, gas), density, melting point, boiling speaking, physical
point, ability to conduct electricity property means
PHYSICAL CHANGE: The physical property changes. anything we can
observe with our
The ice cube melts. (phase change) physical senses.
Hey, that makes
Physical changes can be reversed. sense!

A melted ice cube can refreeze again.

19

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Chemical Properties

20 © CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: The behavior of a substance when it goes
through a chemical change

CHEMICAL CHANGE: The substance changes into another substance.
• When the substance interacts with other substances, it changes.
• The substance is reacting to form a new compound.

Examples of chemical changes: burning wood,
mixing baking soda and vinegar, rusting,
tarnishing, corrodig and any other reaction
between two elements

Chemically combined elements DO touch each other.

Sample Regents Questions UUNNITIT1:1:ININTTRROOTTOOCCHHEEMMISISTTRRYY

June 2011 #20 ©©

Answer 2121

Choice #4
Explanation:
A chemical change means that the substance changes into another substance.
Burning something will change its chemical makeup.

The first three choices are examples of physical changes. These changes are
visible and can be reversed.

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Substances vs. Mixtures

What’s the difference between a compound and a mixture?

• Compounds and mixtures both contain at least two different substances.
• What’s the difference between them?

1. A substance is chemically combined.
2. A mixture is physically combined.

element x element y mixture of compound of
elements x and y elements x and y
22 ©

Sample Regents Questions UUNNITIT1:1:ININTTRROOTTOOCCHHEEMMISISTTRRYY

June 2013 #42 ©©

Answer 2323

Choice #4
Explanation:
The elements of a chemical compound are attached and can only be broken down
chemically (choices 1, 2, and 3).
Choice #4 is a not a chemical compound. The elements are not attached and
therefore cannot be separated chemically.

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Separating Mixtures

When we separate a substance from a mixture, the Let’s learn about five
substance’s physical properties stay the same. different methods for
separating mixtures:
When I take a piece of pepper (a substance) out of my 1. Boiling/Distillation/
salad (a mixture), the cucumber doesn’t change.
Evaporation
P ay close attention. There are many Regents questions on 2. Filtration
this topic. 3. Chromatography

24 ©

Boiling/Distillation/Evaporation UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

If we boil a mixture of water and another substance, the ©
water will boil out and we’ll only be left with the other
substance. This is because the water and the substance
have different boiling points.

If we boil salt water, the water evaporates and we’re left with just the salt.

25

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Filtration

FILTRATION: Process by which solids are separated
from a liquid mixture

If we filter a mixture of solid and liquid: During
a. The liquid and anything soluble (able to dissolve) in the filtration,
water will flow through the small holes of the filter. the mixture
just gets
Salt is soluble (dissolves in water), so it will flow through the filter. filtered.

26 © b. The solids (that are not soluble) will not flow through the filter.

Sand is not soluble and will not flow through the filter.
So if we filter a mixture of sand and salt water:

a. The salt and water will flow through the filter.
b. The sand will not flow through the filter.

Sample Regents Questions UUNNITIT1:1:ININTTRROOTTOOCCHHEEMMISISTTRRYY

Jan 2012 #23 ©©

Answer

Choice #4
Explanation:
Since salt is very soluble, it completely dissolves in the water. The sand is less
soluble and will not completely dissolve in water. Therefore, the salt will flow
through the filter, and the sand will not.

2727

UNIT 1: INTRO TO CHEMISTRY Chromatography

CHROMATOGRAPHY: A process that separates a mixture into its
different colors

• How it works:
1. Place a dot or line of a sample mixture on chromatography paper.
2. Place the end of the chromatography paper in a solvent (liquid or solution).
3. When the solvent reaches the sample mixture, the sample mixture will start
to run and the colors will be separated.

28 © • Why does this happen? Chromatography Dot separated
Different components move paper diniftfoefrievnet
at different speeds along Black ink (that is colors
the chromatography paper. really a mixture of Liquid
different colors)