Presenting Your Ideas Class 5
3. Click the drop-down arrow next to Computer and HD Displays to select the size and quality
of your video.
4. Select the drop-down arrow next to Use Recorded Timings and Narrations.
a. Choose Don't Use Recorded Timings and Narrations if you don't have or don't want
to use recorded timings. You can adjust the default Seconds to spend on each slide:
in the box below the drop-down menu.
b. Choose Use Recorded Timings and Narrations if you have already recorded timings
and narrations and want to use them in your video.
5. Click Create Video. The Save As dialogue box will appear.
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6. Select the location where you want to save the presentation, then enter a name for the
presentation.
7. Click Save. As PowerPoint creates your video, a status bar will appear at the bottom of the
PowerPoint window. When the bar is complete, your video is ready to view, send, or upload.
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Desktop Publishing Class 5
Desktop Publishing
What is Desktop Publishing?
Desktop publishing is the creation of documents by combining text and images and placing them on
a page creatively and effectively. A key feature is its ability to flow text around graphic objects in a
variety of ways.
Features of Desktop Publishing:
• Most DTP packages provide a large, ready-made range of professional looking templates to
quickly create a publication.
• Frames allow text and images to be freely moved around the page.
• Guidelines, margins and rulers are very useful for the exact placement of frames.
Documents created from Desktop Publishing program:
Following are some of the documents which can be created in a Desktop Publishing program:
• Magazines
• Newsletters
• Brochures
• Leaflets
• Greeting Cards
• Birthday Cards
• Posters
Desktop Publication Programs:
There are many programs which are specifically designed for Desktop Publishing, they include:
• Microsoft Publisher
• Adobe Framemaker
• EDraw Max
• Adobe InDesign
• Adobe Pagemaker
• iStudio publisher
• Open Office
• Quark Xpress
What is EDraw Max:
EDraw Max is a desktop publishing and typesetting software application produced by EDraw Soft. It
can be used to create works such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines, newspapers,
presentations, books and e-books.
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EDraw Max Interface:
Edraw user interface is similar to a Microsoft programs interface, which can minimize the learning
curve. Edraw user interface includes 7 major menus: File, Home, Insert, Page Layout, View, Symbols
and Help. These menus are introduced in detail with illustrations below. A menu's background turns
white after selected. Clicking another menu turns off the menu selected before.
Home Menu:
Insert Menu:
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Page Layout Menu:
View Menu:
Symbols Menu:
Help Menu:
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Create a New Document:
Create a brand-new document:
To create a new Edraw document you can do one of the followings:
1. Choose New from the File menu, and click the Create button on the right.
1. Click the New button on the quick access toolbar.
A blank new document will open in a separate window.
Save a Document
To save an active document, choose Save from the File menu, or click the Save button on the
toolbar.
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When you save the document for the first time, you can choose its name and location in the Save As
dialogue. If you have already saved this document, the modified document will be saved under its
existing name.
To save a modified document under some other name, choose the Save As command under the File
menu. Specify the new name and location in the Save As dialogue. The active document will get a
new name and will be stored in the specified location.
Applying or Customizing a Document Theme:
A Theme refers to a set of unified design elements that provides a look for your document by using
colour, fonts, and graphics. A document theme is a set of formatting choices that include a set of
theme colours, a set of theme fonts (including heading and body text fonts), and a set of theme
effects (including lines and fill effects).
Edraw provides several predefined document themes, but you can also create your own by
customizing an existing document theme, and then saving it as a custom document theme.
Apply a Document Theme
You can change the document theme that is
applied by default in Edraw programs by
selecting another predefined document theme
or a custom document theme. Document
themes that you apply immediately affect the
styles that you can use in your document.
Do one of the following:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Themes group, click Theme.
2. To apply a
predefined
document theme,
click the document
theme that you want
to use under Built-In.
3. To apply a custom
document theme,
click the document
theme that you want
to use under Custom.
Tips: Custom is available only if you create one or more custom document themes.
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Customize a Document Theme
To customize a document theme, you start by changing the colours, the fonts, or the line and fill
effects that are used. Changes that you make to one or more of these theme components
immediately affect the styles that you have applied in the active document. If you want to apply
these changes to new documents, you can save them as a custom document theme.
Customize the Theme Colours
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Themes group,
click Theme Colours button .
2. Click Create New Theme Colours
3. In the Name box, type an appropriate name for
the new theme colours.
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4. Under Theme colours, click the button of the theme colour element that you want to
change. Select a colour you want in the Select Colour palette.
5. Repeat step 3 all of the theme colour elements that you want to change.
6. Click OK.
Customize the Theme Fonts
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Themes group, click the Theme Fonts button .
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2. Click Create Theme Fonts…
3. In the Create Font Theme dialogue, set the text format you want.
4. Click OK.
Select a Set of Theme Effects
Theme effects are sets of lines and fill effects. When you click the Theme Effects button, you can see
the lines and fill effects that are used for each set of theme effects in the graphic that is displayed
with the Theme Effects name. Although you cannot create your own set of Theme effects, you can
choose the one that you want to use in your own document theme.
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Save a Document Theme
Any changes that you make to the colours, the fonts, or the line and fill effects of a document theme
can be saved as a custom document theme that you can apply to other documents.
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Themes group, click Theme.
2. Then click the Save current theme... button.
3. After you open the Edraw program next time, you can find the customized theme you
created just now.
Tips:
You can modify the theme name, theme font name in the
Themes.xml and ThemeFonts.xml. (Find the two files in the install
folder\Config\)
Prevent a Shape from Using Theme Effects or Colours
1. Select the shape.
2. On the Home tab, Click Protect.
3. In the Protect menu list, check the From theme or From
format.
Set Margins:
A page margin is an area between the main content of a page and
the page edges. If this exists, then a grey border will appear on the
canvas where the red arrows point to. In Edraw Max, the default
option is to show the grey border. The unit of the distance is
millimetres and the default value is 10 in the horizontal and vertical
direction. You can choose to show or hide the grey border, and
change the width of the margin.
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To adjust the default page margin value, you can:
Click File menu, go to Options > Grid.
1. Click the up arrows and down arrows to increase or decrease the number.
2. Press Enter to set your adjustment to your diagram.
3. Alternatively, print in the number you need in the blanks directly and press Enter.
4. After the setting is done, go back to the canvas and the grey border will disappear.
Create a Rectangle:
1. Select the Rectangle tool.
2. Do one of the following:
1. To draw a rectangle, drag diagonally
until the rectangle is the desired size.
2. To draw a square, hold down the Shift
key while you drag diagonally until the
square is the desired size.
3. To create a square or rectangle using values, double click where you want the centre
point to be. Specify a width and height, and click OK.
Change Fill Colour of Object:
1. On the Shape Format tab, in the Style group, click the
Shape Fill button.
2. Then choose a fill option that you want.
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Inserting and Placing Images:
1. Go to the Insert tab, and click Insert Picture from File button, then select an image from
your local files.
2. After you've successfully inserted an image, you can edit the image with built-in tools on the
right-side panel. With these tools, setting brightness, contrast, transparency of the picture as
well as clipping the picture to a predefined share comes easy.
Layers of EDraw:
Each document includes at least one named layer. By using multiple layers, you can create and edit
specific areas or kinds of content in your document without affecting other areas or kinds of
content.
You can add layers at any time using the New Layer command on the Layers panel menu or the New
Layer button at the bottom of the Layers panel.
Create Layers:
You can open the layer menu from the right sidebar.
1. To create a new layer, click the New
button on the bottom.
2. Select an active layer from the Active
column. The newly added shape will go
to the active layer.
3. Check the Lock box of a layer, the shapes in
this layer will be locked and cannot be
selected or operated.
4. Uncheck the Show box of a layer, the shapes
in this layer will not be displayed.
5. Uncheck the Print box of a layer, the shapes in this layer will not be printed. For the
background layer, you can’t edit its name or delete it.
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Changing theme colours:
Each shape element receives a different, but coordinated colour
treatment. With the new Theme feature, you can format the colours
and effects in an entire diagram with a single click.
Edraw provides several predefined document theme colours, but you
can also create your own by customizing an existing document theme
colour, and then saving it as a custom document theme colour.
Apply a Theme Colour
You can change the document theme colour that is applied by default
in Edraw programs by selecting another predefined document theme
or a custom document theme. Document themes that you apply
immediately affect the styles that you can use in your document.
Do one of the following:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Themes group, click Colours.
2. To apply a predefined document theme Colour, click the document theme colour that you
want to use under Built-In.
3. To apply a custom document theme colour, click the document theme colour that you want
to use under Custom.
Tips: Custom is available only if you create one or more custom document theme colours.
Customize the Theme Colours
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Themes group, click Theme
Colours.
2. Click Create New Theme Colours to open the Create New
Theme Colours dialogue.
3. In the Name box, type an appropriate name for the new
theme colours.
4. Under Theme colours, click the button of the theme
colour element that you want to change. Select a
colour you want in the Select Colour palette.
5. Repeat step 3 all of the theme colour elements that
you want to change.
6. Click OK.
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Apply Transparency Effects:
You can adjust the transparency settings found on the Right Side Bar.
Note: By setting the transparency of all aspects of shapes (text block, lines, fills, and shadows) to
100%, you can make both open and closed shapes completely transparent.
Apply Transparency to a Fill
1. Select the shape or shapes whose fill you want to make
transparent.
2. Go to Styles group on Home tab, or the Right Side Bar,
click Fill button to open Fill options.
3. In the Fill options, move the Transparency slider to the
percentage of transparency you want.
Apply Transparency to a Line
1. Select the line or lines whose fill you want to make
transparent.
2. Go to Styles group on Home tab, or the Right Side Bar,
click Line button to open Line options.
3. In the Line options, move the Transparency slider to the
percentage of transparency you want.
Apply Transparency to a Shadow
1. Select the shape or shapes whose shadows you want to
make transparent.
2. Go to Styles group on Home tab, or the Right Side Bar,
click Shadow button to open Shadow options.
3. In Shadow options, move the Transparency slider to the
percentage of transparency you want.
Apply Transparency to a Picture
1. Select the picture or pictures that you want to make them
transparent.
2. Go to Styles group on Home tab, or the Right Side Bar,
click Picture button to open Picture options.
3. In Picture options, move the Transparency slider to the
percentage of transparency you want.
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Screen Modes
The Full Screen button
switches you from normal Map
View to a Full Screen mode
which maximizes your map space and hides all menus and toolbars.
Follow one of the steps below to enter the full map view:
• Click the Full Screen button on the Slideshow tab.
• Press Ctrl + F5 on the keyboard.
Traverse View
In traverse view, you can choose to traverse topics and traverse branches.
To traverse topics, options are:
• Click the Traverse Topics button on Slideshow tab.
• Click the corresponding icon in the bottom toolbar at the right corner to view your
document in full-screen mode.
To traverse branches, you can:
• Click the Traverse Branches button on Slideshow tab.
Display a Slide Show
A mind map presentation is a dynamic slideshow that you create from a mind map. Each slide shows
a detail of the map, such as a branch or an individual topic. At the start, the end, and at key points
during the presentation, you can zoom out so the whole map can be displayed for the audience.
To display a slide show created from a mind map, do the following:
Click the Play Slides button on the Slideshow tab or on
the Slide Preview panel to start a slide show from the current slide.
Tips:
Your slides will be dynamic in slide show mode: move the cursor to the lower part of the canvas, a
toolbar covering seven buttons will appear.
Click the following buttons to achieve the corresponding effect:
• Play slides automatically. • The previous page.
• The next page. • Zoom in.
• Zoom out. • Fit in view.
• Close the slide show.
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Analysing Data Class 5
Analysing Data
Add a border to cells:
1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.
2. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Borders command on the Home tab. The Borders
drop-down menu will appear.
3. Select the border style you want to use. In our example, we will choose to display All
Borders.
4. The selected border style will appear.
You can draw borders and change the line style and colour of the borders with the Draw Borders
tools at the bottom of the Borders drop-down menu.
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Fill colours on cells:
1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.
2. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Fill Colour command on the Home tab. The Fill
Colour menu will appear.
3. Select the fill colour you want to use. A live preview of the new fill colour will appear as you
hover the mouse over different options. In our example, we will choose Light Green.
4. The selected fill colour will appear in the selected cells.
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Format Painter:
If you want to copy formatting from one cell to another, you can use the Format Painter command
on the Home tab. When you click the Format Painter, it will copy all of the formatting from the
selected cell. You can then click and drag over any cells you want to paste the formatting to.
Insert currency symbol on cells:
1. Select the cells you want to format.
2. Then, select “Currency” from the “Number Format” drop-down list in the “Number” section
of the “Home” tab.
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3. To change some of the currency numbers to another type of currency, such as Euros, select
the cells you want to change.
You may have noticed a drop-down list in the Number section of the Home tab that has a
currency symbol on it. This may seem like an easier way to change the currency symbol for
the selected cells. However, this is the Accounting Number Format, not the standard
currency format.
If you select Euro from the Accounting Number Format drop-down list…
You will get Euro symbols on your numbers, but they will display in the accounting format, which
aligns the decimal points in a column. Notice that the currency symbols are not right next to the
numbers. Instead, they are left-aligned.
You can also change the number of decimal places and the format of negative numbers on the
Number tab on the Format Cells dialogue box.
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Use of concatenate function:
The word concatenate is just another way of saying "to combine" or "to join together". The
CONCATENATE function allows you to combine text from different cells into one cell. In our
example, we can use it to combine the text in column A and column B to create a combined name in
a new column.
Before we start writing the function, we will need to insert a new column in our spreadsheet for this
data. In our example, we will insert it to the right of column B.
We are ready to enter our function into cell C2. As usual, we will start with the equals sign (=)
followed by the function name and an open parenthesis:
=CONCATENATE(
Now we are ready to enter our arguments. The arguments tell the CONCATENATE function what
cells to combine. In our example, we want to combine the text in cells A2 and B2, so we will make
each of those an argument:
=CONCATENATE(B2, A2)
You may have noticed that the first and last names don't have a space in between them. That is
because CONCATENATE will combine exactly what you tell it to combine, and nothing more. If you
want punctuation, spaces, or any other details to appear in the cell, you’ll need to tell
CONCATENATE to include it.
To add a space, we can simply add another argument: " " (two double quotes around a space).
Make sure the three arguments are separated by commas:
=CONCATENATE(B2," ",A2)
Perfect! Now we can use the fill handle to copy the formula to the remaining cells in this column.
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Basic functions of Excel:
Excel has a variety of functions available. Here are some of the most common functions you will use:
• SUM: This function adds all of the values of the cells in the argument.
• AVERAGE: This function determines the average of the values included in the argument. It
calculates the sum of the cells and then divides that value by the number of cells in the
argument.
• COUNT: This function counts the number of cells with numerical data in the argument. This
function is useful for quickly counting items in a cell range.
• MAX: This function determines the highest cell value included in the argument.
• MIN: This function determines the lowest cell value included in the argument.
Create a function using the AutoSum command:
The AutoSum command allows you to automatically insert the most common functions into your
formula, including SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MIN, and MAX. In our example below, we will create a
function to calculate the total cost for a list of recently ordered items using the SUM function.
1. Select the cell that will contain the function. In our example, we will select cell D12.
2. In the Editing group on the Home tab, locate and select the arrow next to the AutoSum
command and then choose the desired function from the drop-down menu. In our example,
we will select Sum.
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The selected function will appear in the cell. If logically placed, the AutoSum command will
automatically select a cell range for the argument. In our example, cells D3:D11 were selected
automatically and their values will be added together to calculate the total cost. You can also
manually enter the desired cell range into the argument.
3. Press Enter on your keyboard. The function will be calculated, and the result will appear in
the cell. In our example, the sum of D3:D11 is $606.05.
The AutoSum command can also be accessed from the Formulas tab on the Ribbon.
Note: You can also use the Alt+= keyboard shortcut instead of the AutoSum command. To use this
shortcut, hold down the Alt key and then press the equals sign.
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Use of IF Condition:
The IF function can perform a logical test and return one value for a TRUE result, and another for a
FALSE result. The IF function checks whether a condition is met and returns one value if true and
another value if false. The IF function can be combined with logical functions like AND and OR.
Purpose: Test for a specific condition
Return Value: The values you supply for TRUE or FALSE
Syntax: Syntax: IF (logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])
Arguments
logical_test: A value or logical expression that can be evaluated as TRUE or FALSE.
value_if_true: [optional] The value to return when logical_test evaluates to TRUE.
value_if_false: [optional] The value to return when logical_test evaluates to FALSE.
For example, take a look at the IF function in cell B2 below.
Explanation: If the price is greater than 500, the IF function returns High, else it returns Low.
Always enclose Text in double quotation marks.
Note: You can use the following comparison operators: = (equal to), > (greater than), < (less than),
>= (greater than or equal to), <= (less than or equal to) and <> (not equal to).
Insert header and footer:
You can make your workbook easier to read and look more professional by including headers and
footers. The header is a section of the workbook that appears in the top margin, while the footer
appears in the bottom margin. Headers and footers generally contain information such as page
number, date, and workbook name.
1. Locate and select the Page Layout view command at the bottom of the Excel window. The
worksheet will appear in the Page Layout view.
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2. Select the header or footer you want to modify. In our example, we will modify the footer at
the bottom of the page.
3. The Header & Footer Tools tab will appear on the Ribbon. From here, you can access
commands that will automatically include page numbers, dates, and workbook names. In
our example, we'll add page numbers.
4. The footer will change to include page numbers automatically.
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Building a Website Class 5
Building a Website
What is a Web Page?
A web page is a document with text, images, sound and video that can be accessed on the web from
any device that is connected to the Internet. You have to use a web browser to be able to read a
web page.
What is a Website:
A website is a set of web pages
joined together. All the websites
are kept on computers on the
Internet, which are called web
servers.
The first page of a website is
called the Homepage. From
there, you can go anywhere you
want using links to the other web
pages. These links are called Hyperlinks. You can use a hyperlink to go to another web page on the
same website or to another website. You can also use a hyperlink to pop up more information on a
subject or to show an image in detail.
Setting up Mobirise:
Mobirise is a free offline app for Window and Mac to easily create small/medium websites, landing
pages, online resumes and portfolios, promo sites for apps, events, services, and products. You
probably already know about it if you're reading this manual.
To create your own website, firstly, you will need to download and install Mobirise app on your PC.
1. Go to the official site of
Mobirise and notice its URL in
the address bar to ensure that
you are working with an
official product -
https://mobirise.com/
2. Next - download the install
files. Download suitable files -
it depends on what you are
using - Windows or MAC.
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3. You will get a .zip file. Just
unpack it and run the .exe file
to install the app.
Congratulations! Now you have a
powerful and simple tool for creating
your own personalized web sites.
Note: To update your app to the next
version you must do all the same
procedure - download and install the
proper file. After this, Mobirise will be
updated.
Creating an Account:
Once, you have downloaded and installed Mobirise website builder you need to register your
account. Launch the app - you will see its interface, a first page of the project and a login window.
1. Just type your email address in the empty field. Mobirise will send you an email with a
password for your account.
2. You will receive a password in the email that you registered with.
3. Type the password in the empty field of a new pop-up window.
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If you did everything right the app will show you this message:
You can also register using your Google or Facebook accounts. Click on "Login with Google" or
"Login with Facebook" in the sign-up window respectively.
Receive our congratulations - now you have Mobirise account which you can use to purchase
extensions and themes, and get news about Mobirise!
Please, consider the following details:
• You can log in with this email/account only on 2 devices.
• All extensions are attached to one account, i.e. to email which was mentioned, during
activation of the extension.
• It is impossible to change the email address of an account, but you are free to create more
accounts with different emails.
How to create a new page:
1. Open the main menu
2. Open the Pages list
3. Click on Create New Page
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Working with Themes:
When you are starting the project, you must choose one of the available themes.
1. Themes that you can see in the window when you are starting a project are free.
2. If you want to get more Mobirise themes, then you will have to purchase them.
3. Click on “More themes” button and you will see another list. These are themes and
extensions that you can purchase.
Tips:
• You cannot change the theme of your project once it has been selected.
• You can use third party themes or even try to create your own theme (not in the application,
though), but we don’t guarantee that they will work properly in the app
Site Settings
How to open Site Settings
1. Open the main menu
2. Open the Sites list
3. Click on the blue Gear icon
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Site Settings
• Site Name: you can set a name
of your site that is displayed in
the Sites list. This site name is
shown only in the app.
• Site Files: find two buttons here:
"Export Site" and "History"
• Export Site: you can export your
project files to another location.
• History: you can revert previous
versions of your project back.
• Theme: you can see the theme
your project is based on. Unfortunately, the site theme cannot be changed.
• Favicon: A favicon is a small image that is seen on a tab in browsers and also in a list of
bookmarks. You can use your menu logo as a favicon in the app or set a separate image for
it.
• Resize images: all images are resized in Mobirise by default. You can uncheck this option to
use original images.
Starting a new Project:
1. Open the main menu
2. Open the Sites List
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3. Click on the Create New Site button
4. Select the theme for your site
5. Enter your site name
6. Click OK
Menu and Footer:
Every modern site needs to have a nice and convenient menu
on the top of its pages. In Mobirise you can add this kind of
drop-down menu in your project.
1. Click red "+" in the bottom right corner to add a new
block.
2. You will see that the menu block is the very first one.
Just click to add it to your project.
3. Click the blue Gear icon in the top right corner to
change a size of the logo; hide/show brand name,
menu items, buttons text, title; change the block
background and other useful stuff.
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4. Click on the menu item to add a link, change the font style or colour, to add an icon,
submenus, and so on.
Menu block is the same for all of the pages of your project!
You can also add some footer on the bottom of your pages. The footer may include your contacts,
social links (Facebook, Twitter etc.), privacy policies and even embedded map with your address.
You’ll find this block at the end of the blocks list. You can make different footers for your project
pages, unlike a header menu.
Remember that you can delete blocks by clicking on the red trash can icon
How to set a page title:
When you set the Page Title in the app, it defines the title of the document. This title is shown on a
tab in browsers. Change your page URL to change its filename.
1. Open the main menu
2. Open the Pages list
3. Double-click on the Page Title of a need page
4. Enter the needed Page Title
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or
5. Click on the Page Title of a need page
6. Edit your page title in the Page Title field
How to create a button?
1. Click on an existing button
2. Click on the Add button
How to add a link to an image?
1. Click on the image
2. Set your link in the Link section
3. Click OK
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How to add a link to a specific part of the page?
1. Select the text or click on a button and then on the Link button to open the Link window. Or
click on the image
2. Open the Block on Page list
3. Select the needed block
4. Click on the Insert Link button
Site Styles:
To make your site even more original and attractive, use the Site Styles option. With this feature,
you can quickly and conveniently edit the colour tones, font styles, and do other cool things.
1. Open the left-side menu and go to Sites list
2. Find the site you want to edit and click on the Edit Site styles button
3. The other way - click on the right-bottom button - blue Brush button
The right-side menu will open. Here you can:
• Set the main colour for the site and also a colour for buttons and links
• Set the font size and colour for every title of your site
• Also, you can turn on Rounded buttons, Animation on scroll and Scroll to top button
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How to change the font size?
If you want to change the font size for some text elements on your site, you should know, that you
can only select the needed text type. In Site Styles, you can set the font sizes for project text types.
Set the size in EM, you can use the sliders to set the size or enter it manually.
In older Mobirise themes, you can set the font and font-size separately for each block.
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How to add Google Maps to a website?
If you want to add a Google Map to your website, drag and drop a website block with a map, click on
the blue "gear" button in the upper right corner of the block to open block parameters. Paste a
location into the Map field.
The Google Maps API might not work for your map. In this case, you can add a Google Map iFrame
instead.
To embed a Google Map iFrame into your website, follow these steps below.
• Go to maps.google.com. Type the location in the search box and click on Share.
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• In the new window click on Embed a map and copy the HTML code of the map.
• Open Mobirise. Drag and drop a block with a map. Click on the blue "gear" button in the
upper right corner of the block to see parameters. Embed the copied HTML code into the
Map field.
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How to change a Favicon?
1. Open the main menu
2. Open the Sites List
3. Open the needed site
4. Open the Site Settings
5. Click on Change Favicon
6. Select the needed image
7. Click OK
How to reorder pages in the pages list?
1. Open the main menu
2. Open the Pages list
3. Drag the Page Title of a need page
4. Move it up or down the list and drop it
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Interactive Stories Class 5
Interactive Stories
Computer Programs:
A computer program is a series of instruction that tells a computer to perform an action. Computer
programs are a defined set of algorithms or processes that are completed in order to achieve a task.
A program is created using a programming language, which allows a computer programmer to write
lines of code that the computer can understand.
Everything that a computer does is achieved using a program, whether that be browsing the web
with or processing a document using Microsoft Word.
What is Scratch?
Scratch is a free visual programming language developed to help simplify the process of creating and
programming animations, games, music, interactive stories and more.
With Scratch, you can program your own interactive stories, games, and animations — and share
your creations with others in the online community.
Scratch is designed especially for ages 8 to 16 but is used by people of all ages. Millions of people are
creating Scratch projects in a wide variety of settings, including homes, schools, museums, libraries,
and community centres.
Scratch is a project of the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. It is provided free of
charge.
How Scratch Works:
In Scratch, we write programs called SCRIPTS. Each SCRIPT controls an object called a SPRITE. The
orange cat that you see when you start up Scratch is an example of a Sprite. Here is an example of
what a script looks like.
Script Sprite
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The Scratch Interface:
• The STAGE is the background that our program runs on.
• The SPRITE PANE shows all of the sprites that are part of our program.
• The BLOCKS PALETTE contains the blocks that we can use to make our scripts. Each block
represents one instruction in our program.
• We build our scripts by dragging blocks from the BLOCKS PALETTE to the SCRIPTS AREA.
File Menu:
• New — Creates a new project from a blank template.
• Save — Saves the current project in the directory from which it came from. If the project is
new it opens a file browser, allowing you to save a project as a new file, except when online.
• Save as a Copy — Creates a copy of the current project.
Edit Menu:
• Undelete — Undeletes a sprite, costume, sound, or script that was recently deleted.
• Small stage layout — Makes the stage shrink to a smaller size.
• Turbo Mode — Sets the player into Turbo Mode, where the code is executed very quickly.
Duplicate Button:
The duplicate button (stamp icon) duplicates anything on the screen. It duplicates sprites (in the
sprites area or stage), costumes, costume selections, sounds, blocks, and scripts.
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Delete Button:
The delete button (scissors icon) deletes anything on the screen. It deletes sprites (in the sprites area
or stage), costumes, costume selections, sounds, blocks, and scripts.
Enlarge Button:
Clicking on a sprite in the stage, costume editor, or a selection in the costume editor will make the
sprite or selection grow bigger.
Shrink Button:
Clicking on a sprite in the stage, costume editor, or a selection in the costume editor will make the
sprite or selection shrink.
Help Button:
The � button opens the Tips Window. Clicking on a part of the editor or a block will give help on
that section.
All Tips:
These are informational sections with helpful
tutorials and information about the scratch
website itself.
Sprite:
Each object in our program is a sprite. The default
sprite is the orange cat, but you can pick from a
library of different sprites. Let’s get rid of the cat.
Right-click on the cat and select delete.
Add a Sprite:
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Add a Background:
You can add new backdrops on the Stage.
Click to choose a New backdrop from the Library (such as "Spotlight-Stage").
Script Area:
To get our sprites to animate, move, or interact with one another on the stage, we need to create
one or more scripts for each sprite. If you click on a sprite from the list, the project editor will show
the existing stacks of blocks in the scripts area.
To create a game, story, or animation in Scratch, we stack blocks together to form a script that gives
instructions to the project sprites.
In the middle of the project editor screen, we have categories of blocks that are grouped by the
kinds of tasks they represent.
They are Motion, Looks, Sound, Pen, Data, Events, Control, Sensing, Operators, and More Blocks.
We mix the blocks together to form our artwork. Each type of block is colour coded so that we can
easily identify them by their type in our scripts.
Motion (Movement Blocks):
Sprite is moved by 10 steps in the current direction.
Rotate the sprite to 15 degrees clockwise.
Rotate the sprite to 15 degrees counterclockwise.
Move the sprite with the specified X and Y coordinates
using the centre of the sprite. Using this block is equal to
two blocks: "Set X to" and "Set Y to" simultaneously.
Rotate the sprite in the specified direction.
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Looks Block:
Sprite will display the word "Hello!" Script execution will
be suspended.
Sprite displays the word "Hello!" without stopping the
script. The phrase will constantly accompany sprite until
changed.
Sprite will display "Hmm…" Script execution will be
suspended.
Sprite will change its current costume to the next
costume.
Sound Block:
Play the sound "meow" chosen from the library of
sounds, without stopping script execution.
Silence! Stops all sounds
The first drum to play one-quarter of a beat. In the
drop-down list, select one of eighteen drums.
Wait for one-quarter of a beat.
Change the beat by 20 or more beats per minute.
Set the beat at 60 or more beats per minute.
Pen Block:
Clears all printed and drawn-by-a-pen blocks on the
stage.
Pull down the Pen. After this command, all actions with a
Pen will be accompanied by a line on a stage.
Move the Pen Up. After this command, an action with
the Pen will not leave any traces on a stage.
Set Pen colour. The colour choice can be made using the
cursor.
Change the pen colour to 10 or any other colour. The
change in colour is the same as "colour effect".
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Set Pen size to 1 or more pixel.
Set Pen shade to 50%.
Event Block:
Block "begin program execution". The program executes
if the green flag is pressed.
Block "keyboard control". It is executed if a key chosen
from the drop-down menu is pressed.
Block "Mouse control". It is executed if you click a sprite
with the mouse.
Control Block:
The script will pause for the specified number of seconds.
Block "Cyclic repeat". This block repeats execution of all
the scripts it contains.
Block "Constant cyclic executing". This block repeats
execution of all the scripts it contains.
Condition block "if". If a condition in the block heading is
"true", then the blocks which are inside will be executed.
Sample Code (Dance Move):
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Sample Code (Making a square in different line colours):
Sample Code (Make a sprite jump):
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Robotics
Robotics is becoming increasingly important at all levels of education and a variety of educational
robots have been developed. Each robotics set comes with detailed instructions on how to set up
your robot and how to program it to follow specific commands. Then you can make changes to the
robot by adding or removing parts and can change the program to do whatever you like!
Edison Robot:
Edison is a programmable robot. It is suited both to learning
basic concepts as well as complex processes as it supports
Python programming. Edison can expand its features as it is
compatible with LEGO® building blocks, providing unique
capabilities to create new robotic models.
Edison carries three hardware buttons. With the record button, you download a program to the
robot, the play button, starts the execution of the program and by pressing the stop button, the
program is stopped. It is also equipped with different sensors to understand its environment and
interact with it.
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Edison Robot can be programmed by scanning the following barcodes:
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