Computing Book 4

Spreadsheet Formatting Class 4


Relative Reference:

Relative Reference is the cell reference. When you copy a cell that has a formula, the formula
changes automatically. The change depends on the relative position of rows and columns.
For example, type the contents of columns A and B below and in cell C2, type =A2*B2. If you copy
the formula A2*B2 to cell C3, it will become A3*B3.
















Absolute Reference:

An absolute reference is used when we want to keep a cell, a row or a column constant when
copying a formula. You have to declare it when you create the formula by using the $ (dollar sign).
This way you create an absolute reference which doesn’t change when it’s copied or “filled”.
$E$1 Cell reference will not update while copying or filling.
$E1 Only row reference will update and the column remains the same.
E$1 Only column reference will update and row remains the same.
Note: If you want to quickly add an absolute reference to a cell reference in a formula you can do so
by pressing the F4 button on your keyboard while your cursor is on that cell reference in the
formula.

AutoFill Tool:

AutoFill is a function of Excel to automatically fill in the next value in the next cell. To create an
AutoFill, you have to hold down the right button on the cell and move the cursor horizontally or
vertically then release the button. After releasing the button, the AutoFill value will be automatically
filled into the cell. Excel provides some predefined AutoFill such as day, month, number etc.
1. Open an Excel sheet and enter any day, month or number and hold down right-button and
move horizontally or vertically.












2. The next value will be automatically filled in.












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Spreadsheet Formatting Class 4


How to Change Page Orientation:

1. Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon.
2. Select the Orientation command, then choose either Portrait or Landscape from the drop-
down menu.

























How to Print the Workbook:

Select the File tab. Backstage view will appear. Select Print.
The Print pane will appear.

1. Navigate to the Print pane, then select the desired
printer.

2. Enter the number of copies you wish to print.

3. Select Print. The Print pane will appear.
4. Click Print.































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Spreadsheet Formatting Class 4


Fitting and Scaling:

On occasion, you may need to make small adjustments from the Print pane to fit your workbook
content neatly onto a printed page. The Print pane includes several tools to help fit and scale your
content, such as scaling and page margins.
If some of your content is being cut off by the printer, you can use scaling to fit your workbook to
the page automatically.

Navigate to the Print pane. In our example, we can see in the Preview pane that our content will be
cut off when printed.

1. Select the desired option from the Scaling drop-down menu. In our example, we will select Fit
Sheet on One Page.
2. The worksheet will be condensed to fit onto a single page.

3. When you are satisfied with the scaling, click Print.


1 2 3























































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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


Collecting Information – MS Access

What is a Database:

A database is an organized collection of data or facts relating to a specific topic. It is made up of
fields and records.

Serial No. Name Date of Birth Average Marks Result
1 Asad Qazi 12-10-1994 85 Pass
2 Shamaila Raza 26-06-2004 95 Pass
3 Umair Adnan 21-11-2005 75 Pass
4 Shehla Shah 17-12-2006 80 Pass

A Field:

Each item of data or column in a database is called a field. In the above table, there are five fields.

A Record:
Each row in a database is called a record. The above table contains six records.

Introduction to MS Access:

Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the
relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development
tools. Access is an easy-to-use tool for creating business applications either from templates or from
scratch. With its rich and intuitive design tools, Access can help in creating appealing and highly
functional applications in a minimal amount of time.

MS Access User Interface:








































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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


The Ribbon:

Access 2013 uses a tabbed Ribbon system instead of traditional menus. The Ribbon contains
multiple tabs, each with several groups of commands. You will use these tabs to perform the most
common tasks in Access.






















Use of Data Types in Database:

Every field in a table has properties and these properties define the field's characteristics and
behaviour. The most important property for a field is its data type. A field's data type determines
what kind of data it can store. MS Access supports different types of data, each with a specific
purpose. Here are some of the most common data types you will find used in a typical Microsoft
Access database.


Type of Data Description


Text or combinations of text and numbers, including numbers that do not require
Short Text
calculating (e.g. phone numbers).

Long Text Lengthy text or combinations of text and numbers.


Number Numeric data used in mathematical calculations.


Date/Time Date and time values for the years 100 through 9999.


Currency values and numeric data used in mathematical calculations involving data
Currency
with one to four decimal places.
A unique sequential (incremented by 1) number or random number assigned by
AutoNumber
Microsoft Access whenever a new record is added to a table.
Yes and No values and fields that contain only one of two values (Yes/No, True/False,
Yes/No
or On/Off).










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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


Organize and Create Tables:

The basic process of starting Access and
creating a database:
1. To create a database from a
template, we first need to open
MS Access.
2. Select Blank desktop database.
Enter the name and click the
Create button.
3. Access will create a new blank
database and will open up the
table which is also completely
blank.
4. After selecting a template
related to your requirements,
enter a name in the File name
field and you can also specify
another location for your file if
you want and save it with your
relevant name.

When you create a database, you store your data in tables. You should always start your design of a
database by creating all of its tables and then creating any other object. Before you create tables,
carefully consider your requirements and determine all the tables that you need.
Create the first table that will store the basic contact information concerning the employees as
shown in the following table:
Field Name Data Type
EmployeelD AutoNumber
FirstName Short Text
LastName Short Text
Address1 Short Text
Address2 Short Text
City Short Text
State Short Text
Zip Short Text
Phone Short Text
Phone Type Short Text

Go to the Field tab and you will see that it is also automatically created. The ID which is an
AutoNumber field acts as our unique identifier and is the primary key for this table.

The ID field has already been created and we now want to rename it to suit our conditions. This is an
Employee table and this will be the unique identifier for our employees.







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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


Click on the Name & Caption option in the Ribbon and you will see the following dialogue box.

Change the name of this field to EmployeeID to make it
more specific to this table. Enter the other optional
information if you want and click Ok.


We now have our employee ID field with the caption
Employee ID. This is automatically set to Auto Number
so we don't need to change the data type.

Now add some more fields by clicking on click to add.


Choose Short Text as the field. When you choose short text,
Access will then highlight that field name automatically and all
you have to do is type the field name.


Type FirstName as the field name. Similarly, add
all the required fields as shown in the table
above.

This can also be accomplished using the Design
View method. Right-click the table name and click on Design View.

Add the rest of the relative fields with their respective data
types.

Once we type the field name MS Access will automatically
assign the SHORT TEXT data type to the field which can be
modified as per our requirement from the drop-down menu.

This drop-down menu can be accessible by simply clicking on
the short text field. Once all the fields are added, click the
Save icon.

You will now see the Save As dialogue box, where you can
enter a table name for the table. Enter the name of your table
in the Table Name field. Here the tbl prefix stands for table.
Click Ok and you will see your table in the navigation pane.











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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


Adding Data in Tables:

There are three ways to add a new record to a table:

1. In the Records group on the Home tab, click the New command.















2. On the Record Navigation bar at the bottom of the window, click the New record button.





















3. Begin typing in the row below your last added record.






































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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


Saving a Record:

Access is designed to save records automatically. After you enter a record, you can either select a
different record or close the object, and Access will save the record.

1. Select the Home tab, and locate the Records group.
2. Click the Save command. The record will be saved.











Create Forms and Reports Through the Wizard:

Forms in Access are like display cases in stores that make it easier to view or get the items that you
want. MS Access is not just a database software it also gives us the liberty to use it as a software
solution for business organizations and to fulfil this purpose using forms are one essential part
where user can access or enter the relevant records in a database. Since forms are objects through
which you or other users can add, edit, or display the data stored in your Access desktop database,
the design of your form is an important aspect.

Creating Forms:

There are a few methods you can use to create forms in Access. One of the common and convenient
ways to create a form is with a wizard.

• Open your Database and go to the Create tab. In
the Forms group, in the upper right-hand corner,
you will see the Form Wizard button.
• Click on that button to launch the Form Wizard
• On this first screen in the wizard, you can select
fields that you want to display on your form, and
you can choose from fields from more than one
table or a query.
• Let us assume we want to simply have a quick
form that we are going to use for data entry for
our employee information.
• From the Tables/Queries drop-down list, select
tblEmployees table. Click on the double arrow to
move all the fields at once and click next.
• After clicking next the Form Wizard will ask for the
layout that we would like for our Form. We have
the columnar, tabular, datasheet and justified
layouts. We will choose the columnar layout here
and then click Next.





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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


• On the next window, we need to give a title to our form i.e. EmployeeForm.


























• Once you have given your form a title, there will be two more options below by which you
can open the form to see what that form looks like, or you can begin entering information
into your table.
• Or you can choose the option to modify the form's design.
• Choose the first option to open the form to view or enter information and click Finish.
• Take a look at the following image.
• This is what form looks like.
• This is a single item form, meaning
one record is displayed at a time and
further down you can see the
navigation buttons, which is
telling us that this is displaying the
record 1 of 5.
• If you click on that button  it will
move to the next record.
• If you want to jump to the very last
record in that form or that table, use
the button right beside that right
arrow that's the last record button.
• If you want to add new employee
information, press this button to
add a record.

















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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


Reports:

Reports offer a way to view, format, and summarize the information in
your Microsoft Access database. For example, you can create a simple
report of phone numbers for all your contacts.


• Open your Database and go to the Create tab. In
the report group, in the upper right-hand corner,
you will see the Report Wizard button.
• Click on that button to launch the Form Wizard
• On this first screen in the wizard, you can select
fields that you want to list on your report, and you
can choose from fields from more than one table or
a query.
• You can also create reports by using the queries
generated by you in printable format.
• Let us assume we want to a report of our records
which are available in two different tables. This
report will consist of employee ID, First name,
Last Name, city, phone and StartSalary. First five
fields are from tbleEmployee and one field of
StartSalary from tblHRData.
• After adding five fields from tbleEmployee
change the table to tblHRData and add
StartSalary field.
• In the next step select the by tblHRData option
and click next.

• In the next window there will be an option for a grouping a
record under any field, which is used for complex reports,
simply click next to the sorting window.
• In this window you can sort the fields as per the preference
needed for the report and click next, options for sorting
these fields are limited to four.
• In the next window select the layout and orientation of your
report as per your preference.
• There would be a checkbox below these settings indicating
“Adjust the field width so all fields fit on a page”. Keep this
option checked as it will automatically adjust all the
placement smartly and properly.











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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4


• In the next window name your report as per your preference, below this option, you will see
an option for preview and modification select the Preview option and click finish.
















• This would be the output of your report.
• As you can see the Employee ID heading is somehow left out. This can be fixed using the
design view mode.
nd
• To access the design view mode right click on the Payroll Details Report Tab and click on 2
last option of design
view.
• From this option,
you can resize the
fields of First Name
and Last name a little short to adjust
Employee ID field like a text box in MS
Word.
• Save and close the report and reopen it
from the object menu on the left.










































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Collecting Information – MS Access Class 4




























































































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Modelling and Simulation Class 4


Modelling and Simulation

A Model:

When students entered the classroom, they saw something that looked like a doll’s house in the school
hallway. They saw someone explaining about it to the school’s headmistress “I wonder what that really
is”, said one of the students pointing towards it. Let’s ask our teacher, suggested another student.

























The teacher explained, “this is a real model of the new computer lab which will be built for our school”.
As you are aware, designing and making a building involves a lot of money, so we cannot afford to
make mistakes. Therefore, we have built this model to see if this is what the real computer lab should
look like. If there is no problem with the design, then the architect can go ahead and start building it.

A model is useful as it gives an idea of what the outcome will be like. For example, a factory which
manufactures cars can make a model of a car using a computer to see what it will look like. If they
think it is good, they can then start making cars according to that design.

Simulation:

Simulations show us how something will react when in real-life scenarios. For example, the car
modelled in the factory will be tested using a simulation program on the computer. The simulation
program will show what happens to the car when the brakes are applied while travelling at different
speeds.
From that, the car designer will know whether it is safe to build the car, or if some changes are needed
to make sure that it is safe. In this way, testing the design will not harm anyone and it is not too
expensive to try again after modifications have been made



















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Modelling and Simulation Class 4


Uses of Modelling and Simulation:

Modelling and simulations are used in many different areas. Here are some examples:

Designing and Testing:
Most designers like to use the computer to design
and test their products such as vehicles, machinery,
buildings and bridges.




Skill Development:
Trainee pilots use simulations to practice and
develop their skills in flying an aircraft and landing
safely.





Entertainment:
Computer games which involve skiing, bike or car
racing also use simulator programs.





Education:
Educational simulations are used by teachers and
students to learn about different processes and
topics in detail.



























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Let’s Program Class 4


Let’s Program

Computer Programs:

A computer program is a series of instructions that tell a computer to perform an action. Computer
programs are a defined set of algorithms or processes that are completed in order to achieve a task.

A program is created using a programming language, which allows a computer programmer to write
lines of code that the computer can understand.

Everything that a computer does is achieved using a program, whether that be browsing the web
with or processing a document using Microsoft Word.

What is Scratch?

Scratch is a free visual programming language developed to help simplify the process of creating and
programming animations, games, music, interactive stories and more.

With Scratch, you can program your own interactive stories, games, and animations — and share
your creations with others in the online community.

Scratch is designed especially for ages 8 to 16 but is used by people of all ages. Millions of people are
creating Scratch projects in a wide variety of settings, including homes, schools, museums, libraries,
and community centres.

Scratch is a project of the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. It is provided free of
charge.

How Scratch Works:
In Scratch, we write programs called SCRIPTS. Each SCRIPT controls an object called a SPRITE. The
orange cat that you see when you start up Scratch is an example of a Sprite. Here is an example of
what a script looks like.

Script Sprite




























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Let’s Program Class 4


The Scratch Interface:







































• The STAGE is the background that our program runs on.
• The SPRITE PANE shows all of the sprites that are part of our program.
• The BLOCKS PALETTE contains the blocks that we can use to make our scripts. Each block
represents one instruction in our program.
• We build our scripts by dragging blocks from the BLOCKS PALETTE to the SCRIPTS AREA.

File Menu:

• New — Creates a new project from a blank template.
• Save — Saves the current project in the directory from which it came from. If the project is
new it opens a file browser, allowing you to save a project as a new file, except when online.
• Save as a Copy — Creates a copy of the current project.

Edit Menu:

• Undelete — Undeletes a sprite, costume, sound, or script that was recently deleted.
• Small stage layout — Makes the stage shrink to a smaller size.
• Turbo Mode — Sets the player into Turbo Mode, where the code is executed very quickly.

Duplicate Button:

The duplicate button (stamp icon) duplicates anything on the screen. It duplicates sprites (in the
sprites area or stage), costumes, costume selections, sounds, blocks, and scripts.







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Let’s Program Class 4


Delete Button:

The delete button (scissors icon) deletes anything on the screen. It deletes sprites (in the sprites area
or stage), costumes, costume selections, sounds, blocks, and scripts.

Enlarge Button:
Clicking on a sprite in the stage, costume editor, or a selection in the costume editor will make the
sprite or selection grow bigger.

Shrink Button:
Clicking on a sprite in the stage, costume editor, or a selection in the costume editor will make the
sprite or selection shrink.

Help Button:

The � button opens the Tips Window. Clicking on a part of the editor or a block will give help on
that section.

All Tips:
These are informational sections with helpful tutorials and information about the scratch website
itself.

Sprite:
Each object in our program is a sprite. The default sprite is the orange cat, but you can pick from a
library of different sprites. Let’s get rid of the cat. Right-click on the cat and select delete.










































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Let’s Program Class 4


Add a Sprite:



























Add a Background:

You can add new backdrops on the Stage.





















Click to choose a “New backdrop” from the Library (such as "Spotlight-Stage").







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Let’s Program Class 4


Script Area:

To get our sprites to animate, move, or interact with one another on the stage, we need to create
one or more scripts for each sprite. If you click on a sprite from the list, the project editor will show
the existing stacks of blocks in the scripts area.

To create a game, story, or animation in Scratch, we stack blocks together to form a script that gives
instructions to the project sprites.

In the middle of the project editor screen, we have categories of blocks that are grouped by the
kinds of tasks they represent.

They are Motion, Looks, Sound, Pen, Data, Events, Control, Sensing, Operators, and More Blocks.
We mix the blocks together to form our artwork. Each type of block is colour coded so that we can
easily identify them by their type in our scripts.

Motion (Movement Blocks):

Sprite is moved by 10 steps in the current direction.


Rotate the sprite to 15 degrees clockwise.



Rotate the sprite to 15 degrees counterclockwise.

Move the sprite with the specified x and Y coordinates
using the centre of the sprite. Using this block is equal to

two blocks: "Set X to" and "Set Y to" simultaneously.

Rotate the sprite in the specified direction.


Looks Block:

Sprite will display the word "Hello!" Script execution will
be suspended.
Sprite displays the word "Hello!" without stopping the
script. The phrase will constantly accompany sprite until

changed.
Sprite will display "Hmm…" Script execution will be
suspended.

Sprite will change its current costume to the next
costume.








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Let’s Program Class 4


Sound Block:

Play the sound "meow" chosen from the library of
sounds, without stopping script execution.


Silence! Stops all sounds

The first drum to play one-quarter of a beat. In the
drop-down list, select one of eighteen drums.


Wait for one-quarter of a beat.



Change the beat by 20 or more beats per minute.


Set the beat at 60 or more beats per minute.


Pen Block:

Clears all printed and drawn-by-a-pen blocks on the
stage.

Pull down the Pen. After this command, all actions with a
Pen will be accompanied by a line on a stage.
Move the Pen Up. After this command, an action with
Pen will not leave any traces on a stage.

Set Pen colour. The colour choice can be made using the
cursor.
Change the pen colour to 10 or any other colour. The
change in colour is the same as "colour effect".


Set Pen size to 1 or more pixel.



Set Pen shade to 50%.






















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Let’s Program Class 4


Event Block:

Block "begin program execution". The program executes
if the green flag is pressed.

Block "keyboard control". It is executed if a key chosen
from the drop-down menu is pressed.

Block "Mouse control". It is executed if you click a sprite
with the mouse.


Control Block:

The script will pause for the specified number of seconds.


Block "Cyclic repeat". This block repeats execution of all
the scripts it contains.


Block "Constant cyclic executing". This block repeats
execution of all the scripts it contains.


Condition block "if". If a condition in the block heading is
"true", then the blocks which are inside will be executed.



Sample Codes:

Sample Code (Dance Move):

































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Let’s Program Class 4


Sample Code (Making a square in different line colours):

















































Sample Code (Make a sprite jump):




































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References


Some of the information contained in this document may have been retrieved or derived from the
following websites:

Microsoft Support https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office
GCF Global https://www.gcflearnfree.org/
WonderShare Filmora https://filmora.wondershare.com/
Scratch MIT https://scratch.mit.edu/
Mobirise https://mobirise.com/help/
Edison https://meetedison.com/robot-programming-software/
WonderShare Edraw https://www.edrawsoft.com/guide/edrawmax/
WonderShare http://support.wondershare.com/
Code.org https://code.org/




























































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