naled

JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM/ FALL 2002 • VOL. 22, NO. 3

● INSECTICIDE FACTSHEET

NALED (DIBROM)

Naled is an insecticide in the organophosphate pesticide family used primarily for mosquito control. Dibrom is a
common brand name for naled products. About one million pounds are used annually in the U.S.

Like all organophosphates, naled is toxic to the nervous system. Symptoms of exposure include headaches, nausea,
and diarrhea. Naled is more toxic when exposure occurs by breathing contaminated air than through other kinds of
exposure. In laboratory tests, naled exposure caused increased aggressiveness and a deterioration of memory and
learning.

Naled’s breakdown product dichlorvos (another organophosphate insecticide) interferes with prenatal brain
development. In laboratory animals, exposure for just 3 days during pregnancy when the brain is growing quickly
reduced brain size 15 percent.

Dichlorvos also causes cancer, according to the International Agency for Research on Carcinogens. In laboratory
tests, it caused leukemia and pancreatic cancer. Two independent studies have shown that children exposed to
household “no-pest” strips containing dichlorvos have a higher incidence of brain cancer than unexposed children.

Aerial applications of naled can drift up to one-half mile.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, naled is moderately to highly toxic to birds and fish. It also
reduced egg production and hatching success in tests with birds and reduced growth in tests with juvenile fish.

BY CAROLINE COX Figure 1 convulsions, paralysis, and death.3
Naled
Naled (see Figure 1) is an in- Breakdown Products
O Br
secticide in the organophosphate pes- Naled breaks down into dichlorvos,
ticide family that is commonly used to P Cl another organophosphate insecticide,
kill adult (flying) mosquitoes. Naled Br Cl in animals and soil.4,5 (See Figure 2.)
has been registered for use in the U.S. H3CO O
since 1959 and is sold under the brand Inert Ingredients
name Dibrom. AMVAC Chemical Cor- OCH3
poration has been the major manufac- Like most pesticides, commercial
turer of naled since 1998.1 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl naled-containing insecticides contain
phosphate ingredients other than naled. Many of
Use these ingredients, according to U.S.
Figure 2 pesticide law, are called “inert.” Ex-
About one million pounds of Dichlorvos cept for tests of acute effects, toxicol-
naled are used every year in the U.S. ogy tests required for the registration
Approximately 70 percent of this is O of a pesticide are not conducted with
used for mosquito control; almost the combination of ingredients found
all of this is applied aerially. The re- P Cl in commercial products.6
maining 30 percent is used in agricul- Cl
ture. Major agricultural uses are on H3CO O Most inert ingredients are not identi-
cotton in California and Louisiana, on fied on product labels, and little infor-
alfalfa in Idaho and Oregon, and on OCH3 mation about them is publicly available.
grapes in California.2
naled kills insects by inhibiting acetyl- For information about the inert in-
Mode of Action cholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme in- gredients in Dibrom products, see
volved in the transmission of nerve im- “Inerts in Dibrom Products,” p. 17.
Like all organophosphate insecticides, pulses from one nerve cell to another.
This causes a “jam” in the transmission Symptoms of Exposure
Caroline Cox is NCAP’s staff scientist. system, resulting in restlessness,
Symptoms of exposure to naled and
all organophosphate insecticides
include headaches, muscle twitching,
nausea, diarrhea, difficult breathing,

16 NORTHWEST COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES/NCAP
P. O. B O X 1 3 9 3, E U G E N E, O R E G O N 9 7 4 4 0 / ( 5 4 1 ) 3 4 4 - 5 0 4 4

JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM/ FALL 2002 • VOL. 22, NO. 3

depression, seizures, and loss of con- exposure was less than 1/6 of the low- Figure 3
sciousness.7 est oral dose causing the same effect.11 Acute Toxicity of Naled

Toxicity to the Nervous An additional study by the Uni- 200
System versity of California researchers men- Median lethal dose to rats in milligrams per kilogram
tioned above found that small drop- with 95% confidence intervals 150
A symptom of exposure to naled lets of naled (the size produced by
that occurs at low doses (whether by ultra low volume sprayers often used (Smaller lethal dose = higher toxicity) 100
breathing, through the skin, or orally) in mosquito spraying) were about
is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase four times more acutely toxic than 50
(AChE). In studies conducted by naled larger droplets.12
manufacturers, exposure of rats to 0
naled in air at a dose of 0.3 milli- Effects on Behavior
grams per kilogram of body weight Breathing Oral
(mg/kg) per day for three weeks, skin Exposure to naled has multiple
exposures of 20 mg/kg per day for 4 effects on behavior. In a study con- Type of exposure
weeks, and oral exposure of 10 mg/ ducted by naled’s manufacturer, naled
kg per day for 4 weeks caused inhibi- caused reduced muscle strength, slow Source: Berteau, P.A. and W.A. Dean. 1978.
tion of AChE. responses to stimulation, and reduced A comparison of oral and inhalation toxicities
activity in rats. These behavioral of four insecticides to mice and rats. Bull.
Long-term exposure also caused changes occurred at all but the lowest Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 113-120.
AChE inhibition; reduced AChE activ- dose level tested in males and all dose
ity occurred in dogs exposed orally to levels tested in females,13 suggesting Naled is more acutely toxic from exposure via
2 mg/kg per day for 1 year and in rats that females are more sensitive than breathing than from oral exposure.
exposed orally to the same dose for 2 males to naled poisoning.
years.8
Exposure to naled’s breakdown
In addition, the long-term study with product dichlorvos causes increased
dogs found that doses of 2 mg/kg per aggression and impaired memory. The
day also caused mineralization of the Indian biochemists mentioned above
spinal cord.8 found that fighting was about 5 times

Naled’s breakdown product dichlo- “INERTS” IN DIBROM PRODUCTS
rvos inhibits the activity in rats of a
nervous system enzyme called neur- Dibrom Concentrate (EPA Regis- Anemia in newborns can be caused
opathy target esterase. In experiments by exposure during pregnancy.6
conducted by biochemists at the Post- tration No. 5481-480) contains the
graduate Institute of Medical Educa- inert ingredient aromatic hydrocar- 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene is
tion and Research (India), doses of 6 bon solvent (Chemical Abstract Ser- irritating to eyes and skin. It can
mg/kg per day reduced the enzyme’s depress the central nervous system
activity by about 40 percent. Inhibi- vices number 64742-94-5), also and cause headache, fatigue, nau-
tion of this enzyme causes partial pa- called solvent naphtha.1 This sol- sea, and anxiety. It has also caused
ralysis of the hind legs followed by vent contains two aromatic hydro- asthmatic bronchitis.7
incoordination.9
carbons, naphthalene and 1,2,4- 1. U.S. EPA. Office of Prevention, Pesticides
Toxicity Caused by Breathing trimethylbenzene.2 and Toxic Substances. Office of Pesticide
Naled Programs. 2002. Letter from L.V. Moos, In-
Dibrom 8 Emulsive (EPA Regis- formation Resources and Services Division
Naled is more potent when expo- acting director, to NCAP, July 25.
sure occurs through breathing than tration No. 5481-479) contains
when exposure occurs through eating naphthalene.3 2. Shell Chemical Company. 2002. Material
contaminated food or drinking con- safety data sheet: Shellsol® A150.
taminated water. Toxicologists at the Dibrom 8 Miscible (EPA Regis- www.euapps.shell.com/MSDS/GotoMsds.
University of California found that in-
halation was 20 times more toxic to tration No. 34704-351) contains sol- 3. Amvac Chemical Corp. 2002. Material safe-
rats than oral dosing (dosing through vents4 whose ingredients can in- ty data sheet: Dibrom® 8 Emulsive.
the mouth) of naled.10 (See Figure 3.) clude naphthalene and trimethyl- www.cdms.net.
benzene.5
The U.S. Environmental Protection 4. Platte Chemical Co. 2001. Material safety
Agency (EPA) came to a similar con- Naphthalene has been classified data sheet: Dibrom 8 Miscible.
clusion based on tests submitted to by EPA as a possible human car- www.cdms.net.
the agency by naled’s manufacturer:
the dose required to cause cholinest- cinogen because it caused lung tu- 5. Shell Chemical Company. 2002. Material
erase inhibition through inhalation mors in mice following inhalation. safety data sheet: Shellsol A100.
Naphthalene exposure also causes www.euapps.shell.com/MSDS.

headaches, restlessness, lethargy, 6. Hazardous Substance Data Bank. 2002.
nausea, diarrhea, and anemia. Naphthalene. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov.

7. Hazardous Substance Data Bank. 2002.
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov.

NORTHWEST COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES/NCAP 17
P. O. B O X 1 3 9 3, E U G E N E, O R E G O N 9 7 4 4 0 / ( 5 4 1 ) 3 4 4 - 5 0 4 4

JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM/ FALL 2002 • VOL. 22, NO. 3

Figure 4 entists found that injections of
Exposure to Naled’s Breakdown Product Increases dichlorvos at weekly intervals in
Aggressiveness and Disrupts Learning mice caused a 3-fold increase in the
number of mutations in liver cells.26 A
Number of fighting episodes20 Fighting 8 Learning an team of geneticists from the National
(per minute, with standard deviations)15 Avoidance Research Centre (Egypt) found that
Behavior
Number of trials required to oral doses of dichlorvos given to mice,
learn an avoidance behavior 6 or feeding mice diclorvos-treated
beans, increased the incidence of chro-
(with standard deviations)
10 4 mosome abnormalities in both spleen
and sperm cells.27

52 Ability to Cause Cancer
(Carcinogenicity)
0 0
Unexposed Exposed Unexposed Exposed EPA classifies naled as a “Group E”
chemical. Group E chemicals have
Source: Sarin, S. and K.D. Gill. 1998. Biochemical and behavioral deficits in adult rat following demonstrated “evidence of noncar-
chronic dichlorvos exposure. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behavior 59: 1081-1086. cinogenicity” in laboratory tests.28
Naled’s breakdown product dichlor-
In laboratory animals, exposure to naled’s breakdown product dichlorvos causes more frequent vos, however, is classified as “possi-
fighting and hinders learning. bly carcinogenic to humans,” with “suf-
ficient evidence in experimental ani-
more common among exposed rats development. Biologists at the mals” for its carcinogenicity by the
than among unexposed ones.9 Exposed University of Oslo found that dosing International Agency for Research on
animals also required more trials than guinea pigs with 15 mg/kg of Carcinogens. The agency gave
unexposed ones to learn an avoid- dichlorvos twice daily for three days dichlorvos this classification because
ance behavior, indicating a “severe during pregnancy caused a signifi- it caused forestomach tumors, leuke-
deterioration in their memory and cant (15 percent) decrease in the off- mia, and pancreatic tumors in labora-
learning functions.”14 (See Figure 4.) spring’s brain size. The guinea pigs tory tests with rats and mice.29
were dosed with dichlorvos between
Eye and Skin Irritation the 40th and 50th day of their preg- In children, exposure to dichlorvos
nancy, a time when the fetal brain is has been linked with increased can-
Naled is a “severe” eye irritant and undergoing a growth spurt.21 cer risks. Researchers at the Univer-
is “corrosive” to skin.15 All three fre- sity of North Carolina found an asso-
quently used commercial Dibrom prod- In addition, University of Michigan ciation between exposure to dichlor-
ucts pose similar hazards. Labels of researchers showed that naled expo- vos “no-pest” strips during pregnancy
two of the products warn “causes irre- sure causes delays in the development or during childhood and the incidence
versible eye and skin damage”16,17 and of rat embryos. For example, expo- of three types of childhood cancer:
the third states that it is “corrosive” sure of pregnant rats on the ninth day leukemias, brain tumors, and lym-
and “causes eye damage and skin dam- of their pregnancy caused a signifi- phoma.30 Missouri Department of
age.”18 Skin irritation was documented cant delay in the closing of the Health researchers found similar re-
by physicians soon after naled’s use embryo’s neural tube.22 sults for childhood brain cancer.31
in the U.S. began.19
Naled and dichlorvos can be passed Effects on the Immune System
Effects on the Circulatory from mothers to their offspring through
System nursing. German researchers found Both naled and its breakdown prod-
both insecticides in milk from cows uct dichlorvos inhibited an enzyme in
In a long-term feeding study con- that had been treated with naled.23 white blood cells called monocyte es-
ducted by naled’s manufacturer, naled terase, according to a study conducted
caused anemia in dogs at all but the Ability to Cause Genetic by researchers at the Technicon Sci-
lowest dose level tested. Exposures of Damage (Mutagenicity) ence Center.32 (See Figure 5, p. 19.)
2 mg/kg per day reduced the number Monocyte esterases are an “integral
of red blood cells and the amount of Naled damaged bacteria’s genetic component”33 of the process by which
hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying pig- material in laboratory tests conducted white blood cells eliminate virus-in-
ment) in the blood.20 by geneticists at Monash University fected cells from our bodies and moni-
(Australia)24 as well as biologists at tor for precancerous cells.33
Effects on Reproduction Texas Tech University.25
Synergy
Dichlorvos, naled’s breakdown Naled’s breakdown product
product, interferes with prenatal brain dichlorvos also causes genetic dam- A study submitted to EPA by Shell
age. A team of Greek and Dutch sci- Chemical Co. showed that “the toxic

18 NORTHWEST COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES/NCAP
P. O. B O X 1 3 9 3, E U G E N E, O R E G O N 9 7 4 4 0 / ( 5 4 1 ) 3 4 4 - 5 0 4 4

JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM/ FALL 2002 • VOL. 22, NO. 3

effects of naled were potentiated by mon contaminants of urban streams 750 meters (2400 feet) downwind from
co-administration of Ciodrin, malathion, and rivers.37 However, neither naled sprayed areas. They suggest that no-
and methyl parathion.”34 All three are or its breakdown product dichlorvos spray buffer zones greater than 750
insecticides in the organophosphate were included in the national water meters in width “be placed around eco-
family. quality monitoring program currently logically sensitive areas.”41
being conducted by the U.S. Geologi-
Special Susceptibility cal Survey.38 This means that no sys- Effects on Beneficial Insects
tematic information is available about
Malnourished individuals may be naled contamination of U.S. streams, Because it is a broad spectrum in-
particularly susceptible to naled poi- rivers, or wells. EPA also does not secticide, it is not surprising that naled
soning. Researchers from the Institute have monitoring data for naled or its impacts beneficial insects, those that
of Hygiene and Occupational Health breakdown products in ground or sur- provide important economic benefits
(Bulgaria) studied naled’s effects on face water.39 to farmers. In a study submitted as
rats that were fed a low-protein diet part of naled’s registration process,
and found that naled was almost twice Air Contamination naled was “highly toxic”42 to honey
as toxic to them as it was to rats fed a bees. Follow-up studies found that this
normal diet. (See Figure 6.) In addi- Naled can persist in air up to sev- toxicity decreased rapidly during the
tion, the rats fed a low-protein diet eral days after treatment. University of first day after treatment.42 Naled’s
developed liver damage from their California, Davis toxicologists measured toxicity to other species of bees
naled exposure.35 both naled and its breakdown product (alfalfa leafcutting bees and alkali
dichlorvos in the air around a naled- bees) is more persistent than for honey
Contamination of Food treated orange grove for three days bees.43 It can “mimic long residual
after application.40 [persistent] materials,” reducing
The U.S. Department of Agriculture leafcutting bee numbers 48 hours after
documented contamination of straw- Drift treatment.44
berries, peppers, and beans with naled’s
breakdown product dichlorvos.36 Aerial applications of naled drift Parasitoid wasps (wasps that lay
(move from the target site during ap- their eggs in juvenile stages of other
Water Contamination plication) for significant distances. En- insects, which then are killed as the
tomologists from the University of wasps hatch and develop) can also be
Insecticides in naled’s chemical fam- Florida measured naled contamination poisoned by low-level exposure to
ily, the organophosphates, are com-

Figure 5 Figure 6
Naled (and Dichlorvos) Malnutrition Increases Naled’s Toxicity
Inhibit the Immune System
250
4 Note: Smaller lethal dose
indicates higher toxicity
3
Concentration inhibiting a white blood cell enzyme 200
(monocyte esterase) by 50 %
150
(parts per billion in blood sample)
Median lethal dose

(milligrams per kilogram of body weight in rats)
2 100

50
1

0 0 Low protein diet
Naled Normal diet

Dichlorvos Source:
Kaloyanova, F. and M. Tasheva. 1983. Effect of protein malnutrition
Source: on the toxicity of pesticides. In Pesticide chemistry: Human welfare and
Lee, M.J. and H.C. Waters. 1977. Inhibition of monocyte esterase the environment. Vol. 3. Mode of action, metabolism, and toxicology,
activity by organophosphate insecticides. Blood 50:947-951. ed. Miyamoto, J and P.C. Kearney. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Pp.
527-529.

Naled inhibits the activity of an immune system enzyme. It is also more toxic to malnourished animals than animals fed a normal diet.

NORTHWEST COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES/NCAP 19
P. O. B O X 1 3 9 3, E U G E N E, O R E G O N 9 7 4 4 0 / ( 5 4 1 ) 3 4 4 - 5 0 4 4

JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM/ FALL 2002 • VOL. 22, NO. 3

naled. According to U.S. Department also affects bird reproduction. Mallard killed by naled. According to a naled
of Agriculture researchers, a wasp that ducks eating food treated with naled manufacturer, a concentration of 8 ppb
parasitizes fruit flies was killed by a laid fewer eggs, produced fewer vi- kills stoneflies.50 Research conducted
naled and protein bait mixture de- able eggs, and hatched fewer duck- by the Arctic Health Research Center
signed to kill fruit flies.45 lings than unexposed mallards.48 (Alaska) showed that water striders
were killed 300 feet from a naled
Naled is also highly toxic to a Effects on Fish fogger.51 Stoneflies are important nu-
predatory mite.46 trient cyclers in streams and water strid-
According to EPA, naled is very ers are scavengers and predators.52,53
A University of Florida zoologist highly toxic to lake trout; highly toxic
studied areas in Florida where regular to rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, and Aquatic arthropods are also im-
mosquito spraying occurred with catfish; and moderately toxic to sun- pacted by naled. Waterfleas are killed
Dibrom and another insecticide. He fish, minnow, and bass. The most by less than 0.5 ppb of naled in tests
found a “major loss” in insect diver- sensitive species in tests submitted conducted by naled’s manufacturer,
sity in sprayed sites. Wasps showed to EPA by naled’s manufacturer was and less than 0.2 ppb disrupts
“some of the most dramatic drops in lake trout, with an LC50 (median le- waterflea growth. Shrimp are killed
species diversity.”47 Scale insects, thal concentration; the dose required by less than 10 ppb.54
whose populations are normally con- to kill 50 percent of test animals) of
trolled by parasitic wasps, increased.47 87 parts per billion (ppb).49 According to EPA, naled is “very
highly toxic” to oysters.55
Effects on Birds Naled also causes effects on fish
other than death. In a test conducted Sea urchins are also sensitive to
According to EPA, naled is moderately by naled’s manufacturer, a concentra- naled exposure. University of Miami
to highly toxic to birds. The most sen- tion of 15 ppb impaired the growth of researchers showed that concentrations
sitive species tested by naled’s manu- fathead minnows.49 of less than 4 ppb disrupt normal
facturer during the registration process development of embryos.56
was the Canada goose, killed by 37 Effects on Other Aquatic
mg/kg of naled.48 Animals Effects on Endangered
Species
According to tests conducted by Ecologically important insects are
naled’s manufacturer, this insecticide Evaluations by both EPA and the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have
Figure 7 concluded that use of naled puts en-
Naled Mosquito Spraying Reduces Populations of Rare Butterflies dangered mammals, fish, mussels, and
other species at risk.57
4
In addition, there is field evidence
Number of Florida lacewing butterflies per hectare 3 of naled’s hazards for endangered
(average of 63 sampling dates in 1997 and 1998) species. Dibrom spraying (along with
2 spraying of another insecticide) was
“directly correlated with the precipi-
1 tous decline in the Schaus Swallowtail
populations on Key Largo [FL],”47 ac-
0 Sprayed sites cording to a University of Florida zo-
Unsprayed sites ologist. This swallowtail is listed as an
endangered species under both Florida
Source: Salvato, M. 2001. Influence of mosquito control chemicals on butterflies (Nymphalidae, and federal law.47
Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae) of the lower Florida Keys. J. Lepidop. Soc. 55:8-14.
A University of Florida entomolo-
Naled spraying reduced populations of a rare butterfly, the Florida lacewing, in the Florida gist studying a different rare butterfly,
Keys. the Florida lacewing, found higher
populations in unsprayed areas than
in sprayed areas. (See Figure 7.) He
concluded that “it is likely that chemi-
cal applications play an important role
in affecting the population size and
behavior of these species.”58

Effects on Plants

Insecticides are typically not ex-
pected to damage plants. However,
University of California researchers
showed that naled treatment caused
brown lesions in celery and bronzing

20 NORTHWEST COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES/NCAP
P. O. B O X 1 3 9 3, E U G E N E, O R E G O N 9 7 4 4 0 / ( 5 4 1 ) 3 4 4 - 5 0 4 4

JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM/ FALL 2002 • VOL. 22, NO. 3

of strawberries.59,60 The strawberry Appl. Pharmacol. 41: 183. 38. U.S. Geological Survey. 1999. Pesticides ana-
damage was accompanied by reduced 13. Ref. #4, pp. 23-24. lyzed in NAWQA samples: Use, chemical analy-
photosynthesis (using sunlight to pro- 14. Sarin, S. and K.D. Gill. 1999. Dichlorvos induced ses, and water-quality criteria. http://
duce sugars) and closing of leaf open- ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/anstrat.
ings (stomata).60 Brazilian researchers alterations in glucose homeostasis: Possible im-
found that naled also “drastically re- plications on the state of neuronal function in 39. Ref. # 5, pp. 20, 22.
duced” tomato pollen germination.61 rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 199:97-92. 40. Hall, G.L. et al. 1997. Development and valida-
15. Ref. #4, p. 15.
In aquatic plants, naled reduces 16. Amvac. Undated. Dibrom Concentrate insecti- tion of an analytical method for naled and dichlo-
photosynthesis. In laboratory tests, a cide. Label. www.cdms.net. rvos in air. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45:145-148.
naled concentration of 1 ppm reduced 17. Amvac. Undated. Dibrom 8 Emulsive. Naled in- 41. Hennessey, M.K., H.N. Nigg, and D.H. Habek.
photosynthesis by estuary algae by secticide. Label. www.cdms.net. 1992. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) adulticide
over 50 percent.62 18. Platte Chemical Co. 1995. Dibrom 8 Miscible. drift into wildlife refuges of the Florida Keys.
Label. www.epa.gov/pesticides. Environ. Entomol. 21: 714-721.
Efficacy of Mosquito 19. Edmundson, W.F. and J.E. Davies. 1967. Occu- 42. Ref. # 5, pp. 5-6.
Treatments pational dermatitis from naled. Arch. Environ. 43. Johansen, C.A. et al. 1983. Pesticides and bees.
Health 15: 89-91. Environ. Entomol. 12: 1513-1518.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Con- 20. Ref. #4, p. 17. 44. Torchio, P.F. 1983. The effects of field applica-
trol and Prevention has written that 21. Mehl, A. et al. 1994. The effect of trichlorfon tions of naled and trichlorfon on the alfalfa
“adulticiding, application of chemicals and other organophosphates on prenatal brain leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fabricus).
to kill adult mosquitoes by ground or development in the guinea pig. Neurochem. Res. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 56:62-68.
aerial applications, is usually the least 19:569-574. 45. Purcell, M.F., J.D. Stark, and R.H. Messing.
efficient mosquito control technique.”63 22. Beaudoin, A.R. and D.L. Fisher. 1981. An in 1994. Insecticide effect on three tephritid fruit
Naled is no exception. For example, vivo/in vitro evaluation of teratogenic action. flies and associated braconid parasitoids in Ha-
researchers from the New York De- Teratol. 23:57-61. waii. J. Econ. Entomol. 87(6): 1455-1462.
partment of Health showed that 11 23. Dedek, W. et al. 1980. Abbau und ausscheidung 46. U.S. EPA. Undated. Naled reregistration stan-
years of naled spraying was “success- von 32P-naled in der milch. Die Nahrung 24:767- dard - Nontarget insects. p. 2.
ful in achieving short-term reductions 772. (Abstract in English.) 47. Emmel, T.C. 1991. Overview: Mosquito control,
in mosquito abundance,”64 but popu- 24. Hanna, P.J. and K.F. Dyer. 1975. Mutagenicity pesticides, and the ecosystem. In Mosquito con-
lations of the disease-carrying mosquito of organophosphorus compounds in bacteria and trol pesticides: Ecological impacts and manage-
of concern “increased 15-fold”64 over Drosophila. Mut. Res. 28: 405-420. ment alternatives, ed. T.C. Emmel and J.C.
the 11 years of spraying. 25. Shiau, S.Y., R.A. Huff, and I.C. Felkner. 1981. Tucker. Gainesville FL: Scientific Publishers, Inc.
Pesticide mutagenicity on Bacillus subtilis and 48. Ref. #1, p. 32.
References Salmonella typhimurium detectors. J. Agric. Food 49. Ref. #1, p. 34-35.
Chem. 29:268-271. 50. Ref. # 5, pp. 8-9.
1. U.S. EPA. 2002. Interim reregistration eligibility 26. Pletsa, V. et al. 1999. Induction of somatic mu- 51. Gorham, J.R. 1974. Malathion and naled as mos-
decision for naled. Case number 0092. (Unpub- tations but not methylated DNA adducts in λlacZ quito adulticides in Alaska. Mosq. News 34:286-
lished document.) p. 3. transgenic mice by dichlorvos. Cancer Let. 290.
146:155-160. 52. Speight, M.R., M.D. Hunter, and A.D. Watt. 1999.
2. Ref. # 1, pp. 4-6. 27. Amer, S.M., F.A.E. Aly, and S.M. Donya. 2000. Ecology of insects: Concepts and applications.
3. Ware, G.W. 2000. The pesticide book. Fresno Cytogenetic effect of the organophosphorous in- Oxford, UK. Blackwell Science. p. 176.
secticide DDVP and its residues in stored faba 53. Daly, H.V., J.T. Doyen, and A.H. Purcell. 1998.
CA: Thomson Publications. Pp. 181-183. beans in somatic and germ cells of the mouse. Introduction to insect biology and diversity. Ox-
4. U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticide Programs. Health Cytologia 65:295-303. ford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press. p.424.
28. Ref. #4, p. 18. 54. Ref. # 5, pp. 8-10.
Effects Division. 1999. Human health risk as- 29. International Agency for Research on Carcino- 55. Ref. #1, pp. 34-35.
sessment: Naled. www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/ gens. 1991. Occupational exposures in insecti- 56. Rumbold, D.G. and S.C. Snedaker. 1997. Evalu-
status.htm. Pp. 22-23. cide applications, and some pesticides. IARC ation of bioassays to monitor surface microlayer
5. U.S. EPA. 1997. EFED’s Reregistration Chapter Monographs 53: 267. toxicity in tropical marine waters. Arch. Environ.
C for naled. Memo from J. Peckenpaugh, S. 30. Leiss, J.K. and D.A. Savitz. 1995. Home pesti- Contam. Toxicol. 32:135-140.
Temes, and C. Laird, Environmental Fate and cide use and childhood cancer: A case-control 57. Ref. #1, p.44.
Effects DIv., to K. Monk, Special Review and study. Amer. J. Publ. Health 85: 249-252. 58. Salvato, M. 2001. Influence of mosquito control
Reregistration Div. www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/ 31. Davis, J.R. et al. 1993. Family pesticide use chemicals on butterflies (Nymphalidae,
status.htm. p. 17. and childhood brain cancer. Arch. Environ. Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae) of the lower Florida
6. 40 Code of Federal Regulations § 158.340. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 87-92. Keys. J. Lepidop. Soc. 55:8-14.
7. Reigart, J.R. and J.R. Roberts. 1999. Recogni- 32. Lee, M.J. and H.C. Waters. 1977. Inhibition of 59. Koike, S.T. et al. 1997. Association of the in-
tion and management of pesticide poisonings. monocyte esterase activity by organophosphate secticide naled with celery petiole lesion dam-
Fifth edition. U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticide Pro- insecticides. Blood 50:947-951. age. Crop Protec. 16: 753-758.
grams. p. 34. www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/ 33. Newcombe, D.S. 1992. Immune surveillance, 60. Trumble, J.T. 1988. Impact of pesticides for to-
healthcare. organophosphorous exposure, and lymphoma- mato fruitworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) sup-
8. Ref. #4, p. 15-17, 28. genesis. Lancet 339: 539-541. pression on photosynthesis, yield, and nontar-
9. Sarin, S. and K.D. Gill. 1998. Biochemical and 34. U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Sub- get arthropods in strawberries. J. Econ. Entomol.
behavioral deficits in adult rat following chronic stances. 1982. Naled registration standard: Toxi- 81: 608-614.
dichlorvos exposure. Pharmacol. Biochem. cology chapter. Memo from I. Mauer, Hazard 61. Araújo de Lacerda, C.A. et al. 1994. Interferencia
Behavior 59: 1081-1086. Evaluation Div., to B. Kapner, Special Pesticides in vitro de agrotóxicos na germinaçao e no
10. Berteau, P.A. and W.A. Dean. 1978. A compari- Review Div., Dec. 22. p. 13. desenvolvimento do tubo polínico do tomateiro,
son of oral and inhalation toxicities of four in- 35. Kaloyanova, F. and M. Tasheva. 1983. Effect of cultiva Santa Cruz Kada. Pesq. Agropec. Bras.,
secticides to mice and rats. Bull. Environ. protein malnutrition on the toxicity of pesticides. Brasilia 29:1651-1656. (Abstract in English.)
Contam. Toxicol. 19: 113-120. In Pesticide chemistry: Human welfare and the 62. Ware, G.W. and C.C. Roan. 1970. Interaction of
11. Ref. #4, pp. 26-28. environment. Vol. 3. Mode of action, metabo- pesticides with aquatic microorganisms and
12. Berteau, P.E., W.A. Deen, and R.L. Dimmick. lism, and toxicology, ed. Miyamoto, J and P.C. plankton. Residue Rev. 33:15-45.
1977. Effect of particle size on the inhalation Kearney. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Pp. 527-529. 63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
toxicity of naled aerosols. (Abstract.) Toxicol. 36. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 2002. Pesticide data 2001. Epidemic/epizootic West Nile virus in the
program: Annual summary calendar year 2000. United States: Revised guidelines for surveil-
Appendix E. p. 13. www.ams.usda.gov/science/ lance, prevention, and control. p.30.
pdp/00summ.pdf. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/
37. U.S. Geological Survey. 1999. The quality of wnv-guidelines-apr-2001.pdf.
our nation’s waters—nutrients and pesticides. 64. Howard, J.J. and J. Oliver. 1997. Impact of naled
USGS Circular 1225. p. 62. http://water.usgs.gov/ (Dibrom 14®) on the mosquito vectors of east-
pubs/circ/circ1225. ern equine encephalitis virus. J. Amer. Mosq.
Cont. Assoc. 13:315-325.

NORTHWEST COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES/NCAP 21
P. O. B O X 1 3 9 3, E U G E N E, O R E G O N 9 7 4 4 0 / ( 5 4 1 ) 3 4 4 - 5 0 4 4