BAB 4 JIRIM DAN BAHAN

JIRIM DAN BAHAN

4.1 PERUBAHAN KEADAAN JIRIM

Teori Kinetik Jirim

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang seni dan diskrit.

Zarah-zarah ini sentiasa bergetar, berputar dan bergerak
bebas bergantung kepada keadaan jirim.

Terdapat daya tarikan dan daya tolakan antara zarah.

Zarah-zarah mempunyai tenaga kinetik bergantung
kepada pergerakannya dan juga tenaga keupayaan
bergantung kepada daya yang bertindak antara zarah.

Apabila suhu meningkat, tenaga kinetik zarah juga
meningkat

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PERUBAHAN KEADAAN JIRIM

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4.2 STRUKTUR ATOM

Idea atom diperkenalkan oleh Democritus
dan Leucippus

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DALTON’S MODEL OF ATOM

• Proposed by John Dalton in
1808

• Atom is a hard sphere

• Atoms can’t be divided

• Atoms can’t be created or
destroyed

• Materials that are developed by
the same kind of atoms are
called elements

• Atoms for one specific element
are same but differ for others

• Atoms can be chemically
combined according to specific
ratios to form compounds

THOMSON’S MODEL OF ATOM

• Proposed by Sir

Joseph James

Thomson in 1897

• Atom is a positively
charge sphere

• Electrons with negative + +
charges are scattered +
inside the sphere +
+
+ +
+
electron

RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF ATOM

• Proposed by Ernest Rutherford -
in 1911 +-

• Atom has electrons with electron
negative charges orbiting the
nucleus nucleus

• Nucleus has positive charge
particles called protons

• Almost all atomic mass is
focused in the nucleus

• Most part of an atom are empty
spaces

BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM

• Proposed by Neils Bohr
in 1913

• Electrons surround the
nucleus in specific
orbits

• Every orbit is fixed in -
distance from the -

nucleus and round in electron

shape nucleus

CHADWICK’S MODEL OF ATOM

• Proposed by Sir James -
Chadwick in 1932 -

• Nucleus contains other particles electron
called neutron nucleus( protons & neutrons)

• Neutrons are neutral

• Neutrons’ mass are almost the
same as protons’.

• Electrons orbit the nucleus in
specific orbitals.

CURRENT MODEL OF ATOM

proton + - elektron
neutron + nukleus

- orbit

• Atom consists of electrons orbiting the nucleus

• Nucleus consists of neutrons and protons with
equal mass

• Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific orbitals.

4.3 IDEA TENTANG NOMBOR PROTON DAN
NOMBOR NUKLEON DALAM UNSUR

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NOMBOR NUKLEON DAN NOMBOR PROTON

Nu = Ne + P Nu Tolak
Ne = Nu - P Ne P Tambah
P = Nu -Ne

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ISOTOP

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4.4 PENGELASAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL
BERKALA

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4.4 PENGELASAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL
BERKALA

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UNSUR-UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA

/metaloid

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KEPENTINGAN JADUAL BERKALA

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4.5 SIFAT BAHAN BERDASARKAN ZARAH YANG
TERDAPAT DALAMNYA

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4.6 SIFAT-SIFAT DAN KEGUNAAN BAHAN
LOGAM DAN BUKAN LOGAM

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PERBEZAAN SIFAT LOGAM DAN BUKAN LOGAM

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KEGUNAAN LOGAM DALAM KEHIDUPAN HARIAN

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KEGUNAAN BUKAN LOGAM DALAM KEHIDUPAN
HARIAN

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4.7 KAEDAH PENULENAN BAHAN

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KAEDAH PENULENAN

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PENURASAN

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PENGHABLURAN

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PENYULINGAN RINGKAS

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PENYULINGAN BERPERINGKAT

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APLIKASI KAEDAH PENULENAN

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